scholarly journals A Model for Determining the Market Rental Rate for Properties Classified in the Segment with a Limited Number of Offers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Svetlana PUPENTSOVA ◽  
Maria LIVINTSOVA ◽  
Olga SHABROVA
Keyword(s):  
Iteration Method ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Market Design ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Rental Rate ◽  
The Cost

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop a model for determining the rental income from fixed assets of an enterprise in an undeveloped market. Design/methodology/approach: The rental income is determined using the iteration method and the simulation method in the cost-based approach model.

scholarly journals Uncertainty Cost Functions in Climate-Dependent Controllable Loads in Commercial Environments

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2885
Author(s):  
Daniel Losada ◽  
Ameena Al-Sumaiti ◽  
Sergio Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Electricity Sector ◽  
Cost Functions ◽  
Density Estimator ◽  
Monte Carlo Simulation Method ◽  
Commercial Building ◽  
Complementary Method ◽  
The Cost

This article presents the development, simulation and validation of the uncertainty cost functions for a commercial building with climate-dependent controllable loads, located in Florida, USA. For its development, statistical data on the energy consumption of the building in 2016 were used, along with the deployment of kernel density estimator to characterize its probabilistic behavior. For validation of the uncertainty cost functions, the Monte-Carlo simulation method was used to make comparisons between the analytical results and the results obtained by the method. The cost functions found differential errors of less than 1%, compared to the Monte-Carlo simulation method. With this, there is an analytical approach to the uncertainty costs of the building that can be used in the development of optimal energy dispatches, as well as a complementary method for the probabilistic characterization of the stochastic behavior of agents in the electricity sector.

Autopilot design for an aircraft by using Luenberger observer design

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (5) ◽  
pp. 858-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Taimoor ◽  
Li Aijun ◽  
Rooh ul Amin ◽  
Hongshi Lu
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Linear Quadratic Regulator ◽  
Observer Design ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Luenberger Observer ◽  
Level Flight ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
The Cost

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design linear quadratic regulator (LQR) based Luenberger observer for the estimation of unknown states of aircraft. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the LQR-based Luenberger observer is deliberated for autonomous level flight of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) which has been attained productively. Various modes like phugoid and roll modes are exploited for controlling the rates of UAV. The Luenberger observer is exploited for estimation of the mysterious states of the system. The rates of roll, yaw and pitch are used as an input to the observer, while the remaining states such as velocities and angles have been anticipated. The main advantage of using Luenberger observer was to reduce the cost of the system which has been achieved lucratively. The Luenberger observer proposes sturdiness at the rate of completion to conquest over the turmoil and insecurities to overcome the privileged recital. The FlightGear simulator is exploited for the endorsement of the recital of the Luenberger observer-based autopilot. The level flight has been subjugated lucratively and has been legitimated by exploiting the FlightGear simulator. The authenticated and the validated results are offered in this paper. Microsoft Visual Studio has been engaged as a medium between the MATLAB and FlightGear Simulator. Findings The suggested observer based on LQR ensures the lucrative approximation of the unknown states of the system as well as the successful level flight of the system. The Luenberger observer is used for approximation of states while LQR is used as controller. Originality/value In this research work, not only the estimation of unknown states of both longitudinal and lateral model is made but also the level flight is achieved by using those estimated states and the autopilot is validated by using the FlightGear, while in most of the research work only the estimation is made of only longitudinal or lateral model.

Fully Stress Laminated Timber Bridge

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Feliciangeli ◽  
Krzysztof Mierzwa ◽  
Mariana Antunes
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Feasible Solution ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Pedestrian Bridges ◽  
Important Challenge ◽  
Zero Carbon ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Local Materials

<p>The combination of zero carbon emission infrastructures and low construction costs has become the most important challenge for civil engineers. Specifically, in developing countries, governments and communities should demand infrastructures which embrace a different design methodology using low impact materials and innovative building sequences to achieve sustainable, safe and accelerated constructions. The proposed footbridge, located in Central Africa, is a timber truss based on local materials which extends the timber stress lamination technology to all its parts. The resulting system is a structure made of small and light timber components that ease the construction and reduce the cost, representing a feasible solution for pedestrian bridges in developing countries. This design underlines the importance of concepts like constructability, sustainability and safety which should be shared by any construction in the 21th century.</p>

account was developed from an analysis of the various elements to be accounted for. The logic that prevailed in the selection of the order of presentation of charges was based on the distinction be­ tween the major economic and financial operations usually con­ ducted by the firm. First, production operations necessitate the purchase of material, the payment of wages to employees and of taxes to the state, and the incurring of various operating expenses. Next, a category was created to register financial charges resulting from the firm’s financing policy. Finally, a category was devoted to the cost of permanent productive means related to the period: depreciation of fixed assets. On the revenue side of the trading account, resources coming from the sale of production or pur­ chased goods were shown first, since they result from the primary activity of the firm. Next, sales revenues from two secondary sources were shown in separate categories. Production by the firm of its own fixed assets, which was considered revenue since it represented a transfer of charges to the balance sheet, also ap­ peared under a separate heading. Finally, a category was allocated to revenues from financial operations such as interest and divi­ dends. Aside from financial accounting provisions, the plan con­ tained an important section on cost accounting. As mentioned earlier in the case of the CNOF Plan, to maximize both the stan­ dardization of financial accounting and the flexibility and adapt­ ability of the cost accounting system, the plan reserved a separate class for cost accounts, number 9. Separation of cost accounting also favored the progressive introduction of cost accounting, with­ out delaying the application of the financial accounting section of the plan. The role assigned to cost accounting by the plan was threefold, including the periodic determination of: 1. The cost of manufactured or purchased products; 2. Inventories, using the perpetual inventory method; 3. The results of operations by each branch or subdivision of the firm's activities In the general plan, a main structure for industrial accounting was prescribed, leaving the problem of application to particular cases to company plans. Two measures ensured the flexibility and adaptability of the plan. First of all, the use of the decimal system meant that any account could be subdivided by adding extra digits to the account number. Secondly, the free accounts left in the general plan could be used to fill specific needs. 294

2014 ◽  
pp. 350-350
Keyword(s):  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Cost Accounting ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Financing Policy ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
General Plan ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Perpetual Inventory Method ◽  
Cost Accounting System ◽  
The Cost

Factors explaining a cost-based pricing essence

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1850-1865
Author(s):  
Juliana Ventura Amaral ◽  
Reinaldo Guerreiro
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Company Size ◽  
Price Setting ◽  
Marketing Theory ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Industrial Companies ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
The Cost

Purpose Empirical studies have found that cost-based pricing remains dominant in pricing practice and suggest that practice conflicts with marketing theory, which recommends value-based prices. However, empirical studies have yet to examine whether cost-plus formulas represent the pricing approach or essence. Design/methodology/approach This study aims to address the factors that explain price setting whereby the cost-plus formula is not just the pricing approach but also the pricing essence. This examination is grounded in a survey conducted on 380 Brazilian industrial companies. Findings The results show that, for price-makers, the cost-based pricing essence is positively associated with four factors (two obstacles to deploying value-based pricing, company size and differentiation), but it is negatively related to one factor (premium pricing strategy). For price-takers, the cost-based pricing essence is positively associated with four factors (two obstacles to deploying value-based pricing, coercive isomorphism and use of full costs), but it is negatively related to five factors (one obstacle to deploying value-based pricing, company size, competitors’ ability to copy, normative isomorphism and experience). Originality/value The key contribution of this paper is demonstrating that cost-plus formulas do not go against the incorporation of competitors and value information. This study reveals that it is possible to set prices based on either value or competitors’ prices while simultaneously preserving the simplicity of the cost-plus formulas. Via the margin, firms may connect costs to information about competition and value. The authors also demonstrate the drawbacks of not segregating companies into price-makers and price-takers and an excessive focus on the pricing approach at the expense of pricing essence.

Prediction of clothing mobility using a musculoskeletal simulator

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-147
Author(s):  
Yosuke Horiba ◽  
Ayumu Tokutake ◽  
S. Inui
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Elbow Flexion ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Musculoskeletal Model ◽  
Joint Torque ◽  
Musculoskeletal Simulation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Clothing Design ◽  
Dressed State

Purpose Mobility is one of the important elements in clothing design. The purpose of this paper is to examine the predictability of clothing mobility via musculoskeletal simulation. Design/methodology/approach In order to carry out the musculoskeletal simulation considering the influence of clothing, simulation of the dressed state was attempted. This paper simulated the dressed state and measured the motion-related deformation of the clothing to estimate the force applied to the human body based on the material property of the clothing samples. The dressed state was simulated using an external force in the musculoskeletal model. Findings When the elbow flexion torque with an elbow supporter was calculated using the above-mentioned method of musculoskeletal simulation, it was confirmed that the lower the stretchability of the sample, the higher the elbow flexion torque. In addition, the sensory evaluation performed under the same condition as that in the simulation showed that the lower the joint torque during the motion, the higher the subjective mobility, and that the higher the joint torque, the lower the subjective mobility. Thus, it is suggested that musculoskeletal simulation of the dressed state can predict the clothing mobility. Research limitations/implications However, the method proposed in this paper requires the measurement of the deformation of the clothing to estimate the force applied to the human body. Thus, it is difficult to apply this in the measurement of general clothing that allows enough space between it and the human body, requiring further improvement of the dressed state simulation method. Originality/value Because it is difficult to estimate the force applied by the clothing to the human body, only a few studies have performed analysis on the effect of clothing by using musculoskeletal simulation. Conversely, although the force applied by the clothing to the human body needs to be estimated in advance by the measurement of the deformation, the utility of the simulation in clothing design seems to be high because the simulation can estimate clothing mobility and the effects of clothing on muscle activity.

Stigmatized products: how conflicting laws can influence decisions to proceed

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
Stephanie Geiger-Oneto ◽  
Betsy D. Gelb ◽  
Travis Simkins
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
State Legislatures ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
State Laws ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Single Use ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Different Levels

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to offers the authors’ perspective on a problem rarely considered by those making strategic decisions: conflicting laws at different levels of jurisdiction, specifically those related to stigmatized products. Design/methodology/approach The authors use as examples of product categories from marijuana to single-use plastic bags, describing the conflicting laws that add to costs for marketers and consumers. Findings The authors find that conflicting laws add to the uncertainty, legal expenses, and therefore, the cost of marketing a stigmatized product, whether stigmatized because of its impact on the environment, on health or on moral grounds. Research limitations/implications The examples are not exhaustive, but their implications are significant: that as state legislatures are preempting local bans, Congress may preempt state laws. Originality/value This paper adds one more complexity to decision-making in the area of products to offer and/or merger/acquisition decisions that may bring company products that face conflicting laws.

The X-bar control chart with restriction of the capability indices

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Carlos Oprime ◽  
Glauco Henrique de Sousa Mendes
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Control Chart ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Simulation Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Capability Index ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Capability Indices

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to find the configuration of the number (m) and size (n) of the sample in Phase I that would make it possible to detect the out-of-control (OOC) state of the process with the smallest number of samples and ensure a capability index (Cpk) that would meet the customer’s requirements. Design/methodology/approach The suggested approach addresses this problem using simulation techniques and design of experiments (DOE). The simulation techniques made it possible to reproduce the normal operating conditions of the process. The DOE was used to construct a predictive model for control chart performance and thus to determine combinations of m and n in Phase I that would meet the capability objectives of the process. A numerical example and a simulation study were conducted to illustrate the proposed method. Findings Using simulation techniques and DOE, the authors can find the number (m) and size (n) of the sample in Phase I that would make it possible to detect the OOC state of the process with the smallest number of samples and ensure a Cpk that would meet the customer’s requirements. Originality/value In the real situations of many companies, choosing the numbers and sizes of samples (m and n) in Phases I and II is a crucial decision in relation to implementing a control chart. The paper shows that the simulation method and use of linear regression are effective alternatives because they are better known and more easily applied in industrial settings. Therefore, the need for alternatives to the X control chart comes into play.

A deterministic inventory model in reverse supply chain

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 318-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasmita Mohapatra ◽  
Ajay Kumar Behera ◽  
Rabindra Mahapatra ◽  
Harish Das
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Reverse Supply Chain ◽  
Retail Outlet ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Unique Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Mathematical Model

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a unique model for the production–recycling–reuse of aluminium refreshment cans. It is presumed that disposed-off 250-ml aluminium cans are collected from the retail outlet. The cans are thereafter arranged into non-tainted and tainted categories. Design/methodology/approach The current model considers all the factors, i.e. producing, recycling and remanufacturing, whereas the previous models provide emphasis only one factor. Six procedures were considered in the improvement of the mathematical model. Findings In this paper, a recycling–reuse model that remanufactures non-tainted aluminium beverage cans and uses regrind from damaged non-tainted aluminium beverage cans mixed with parent aluminium material in the production of new cans was developed and analysed to reduce the amount of aluminium beverage cans that are disposed off in a scrapyard. The model is assumed to have no shortcomings, and the different percentages regarding the classes of cans are taken to be deterministic. Originality/value The model incorporates several unique aspects, including accounting for the cost of land use and associated environmental damage through the calculation of a present value that is charged to the manufacturer.

Investigating cost efficiency in the branch network of a Greek bank: an empirical study

2008 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Athanasios G. Noulas ◽  
Niki Glaveli ◽  
Ioannis Kiriakopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Commercial Bank ◽  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dea Method ◽  
The Cost

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the cost efficiency of 58 branches of a major Greek commercial bank, in six major Greek cities, for the years 2000 and 2001.Design/methodology/approachThe efficiency is measured through the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method. Using regression analysis, the effect of size on cost efficiency is also examined.FindingsThe results indicate that there is a room for substantial efficiency improvements. The average inefficiency is about 30 per cent. It has also been observed that rural branches tend, on average, to be more efficient than urban branches.Research limitations/implicationsA direction of future research would be to extend the analysis of determinants of bank branch efficiency in order to investigate the role that the region and the characteristics of the branch play in relation to efficiency.Originality/valueThe paper provides a comparative evaluation of the efficiency of 58 branches of a major Greek commercial bank using the DEA method.

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