scholarly journals Effect of method of preservation on the chemical composition of Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 246-256
Author(s):  
N. J. Ekanem ◽  
U. Okah ◽  
F. O. Ahamefule ◽  
O. J. Ifut ◽  
K. Ikwunze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Enterolobium Cyclocarpum ◽  
Experimental Treatments

Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves are less acceptable by ruminants due to their high contents of anti-nutritional factors. The effect of preserving Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves as hay and silage or silage: hay combinations on the proximate, fibre fractions, anti-nutritional factors, minerals and vitamins compositions were investigated in this study. Six experimental treatments consisting of 100% fresh Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves, 100% ensiled Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves, 100% sun dried Enterolobium cyclocarpum leaves, 75% silage: 25% hay, 50% silage: 50% hay and 25% silage: 75% hay were formulated. Each treatment was replicated 3 times and analyzed for chemical composition. The crude protein content ranged from 14.70 – 22.05%, which significantly differed (p<0.05) across treatments with the highest value in the fresh leaves. The values for neutral detergent fibre ranged from 56.64 – 57.92 %, acid detergent fibre from 37.14 – 39.87 % and acid detergent lignin from 13.30 – 14.96 %, they all differed significantly (p<0.05) across treatments with highest values in the 100% ensiled treatment. Preservation as silage significantly (p<0.05) reduced the concentrations of tannin, phytate and hydrocyanic acid, while preservation as hay significantly (p<0.05) reduced the concentration of saponin. The mineral contents of the EC leaves preserved as silage, hay and silage: hay combinations (Treatments 2 - 6) compared favourably with the mineral contents of the fresh leaves (Treatment 1). Preserved EC leaves (Treatments 2 – 6) had significantly (p<0.05) higher concentrations of vitamin C (444.21 –657.60 mg/100g) than the fresh leaves (308.79mg/100g). Thus preservation of E. cyclocarpum leaves as silage or hay improved its chemical composition and reduced its contents of anti-nutritional factors.

scholarly journals Processing enhanced the nutritional contents of Enterolobium cyclocarpum seeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 214-217
Author(s):  
O. O. Falola
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Hammer Mill ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Nutritional Factors ◽  
Crude Fiber Content ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Enterolobium Cyclocarpum

An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of different methods of processing on the nutritional and anti-nutritional contents of Enterolobium cyclocarpum seeds. The seeds were harvested and processed into four different treatments: T1 (raw), T2 (boiled), T3 (Soaked), and T4 (roasted). The seeds were later ground in hammer mill and taken to laboratory to determine crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash, nitrogen free extract (NFE). Mineral contents such as calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magne sium(Mg), and sodium(Na)were also analysed. Some anti-nutritional factors such as saponnin, tannins, oxalate and phytate were also determined. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance. It was observed that crude protein of the treated seeds were significantly higher than the raw. T2 recorded the highest (36.31%) followed by T3 (34.52%) and T4 (33.24%) while the lowest was observed in T1 (19.33%), Ether extract followed the same trend. Crude fiber ranged from 15.92% in T1 – 2.42% in T2. Results obtained for calcium (8.90–6.00%), magnesium (5.45-4.85%), sodium (2.38-1.69%) and phosphorus (2.85-1.36%) were significantly higher in T1among the treatments. Oxalates (0.19-0.11%), phytates (0.33-0.19%), tannin (0.05-0.02%), and saponnin (0.41-0.33%) were observed to be significantly lower in the processed seeds than the raw. It can be concluded boiling had significant increase in protein content and decrease in crude fiber content of the seeds.

A note on forage evaluation for buffalo by various techniques

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-346
Author(s):  
J. Kishan ◽  
U. B. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Trifolium Alexandrinum ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Cellulose Digestibility

AbstractThe relative efficiency of voluntary consumption, chemical composition, digestibility in vitro and in vivo, was tested for predicting the nutritive value of five forages: berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum); green oat (Avena sativa); oat hay; cow pea (Vigna spp.) and maize (Zea mays). The digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein, acid-detergent lignin and energy were significantly correlated with DM intake. Digestibilities in vitro of DM and cellulose after 12-h incubation were significantly related to digestibilities in vivo of DM and energy. The values for cellulose digestibility in vitro at 24 h were similar to those for digestibility of energy in vivo. Significant correlations were obtained between the crude protein content of forages and the voluntary DM intake and digestibility of nutrients. Increased cellulose and acid-detergent fibre contents were each related with decreased DM intake and digestibility of nutrients.

SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GRASSES HARVESTED FROM THE NATURAL PASTURE IN OGUN STATE SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
O. A. OKUKENU ◽  
B. T. AKINYEMI ◽  
P. A. DELE ◽  
A. A. OLAJIDE ◽  
A.O. JOLAOSHO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
P Value ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Dominant Grasses

The research was carried was carried out to evaluate the chemical composition of the dominant grasses harvested from the natural pasture in selected villages in Ogun State, South-western Nigeria at different seasons. The study was carried out using a 4 × 6 factorial arrangement comprising four seasons (early rain, late rain, early dry and late dry) at six locations (Afami, Atokun, Ibooro, Ileniku, Ipaaya, and Okerori). Results showed that the crude protein (CP) content significantly (p<0.05) varied from 5.56 % for Okerori to 7.34 % for Ibooro and the grasses harvested at Afami had the highest (72.75 %) neutral detergent fibre (NDF) values with the least (68.75 %) value recorded for Okerori, while the acid detergent fibre (ADF) values ranged from 41.00 % for Atokun to 48.25 % for Okerori. Also, CP value as affected by the season ranged from 4.23 % for late rainy to 9.44 % for the early rainy season and NDF values from 67.33% for late dry to 72.33 % for late rainy season while the early dry season had the highest value (48.00 %) for ADF with the least value (40.33 %) was recorded for the early rainy season. The phosphorus (P) value was highest at Ipaaya (2.99 g/kg) with the least value observed at Okerori (1.62 g/kg). The value for calcium ranged from 2.55 g/kg at Afami to 6.59 g/kg at Okerori. The P value of grasses as affected by seasons ranged from 1.46 g/kg for early dry to 2.66 g/kg for early rainy seasons.

scholarly journals Chemical analysis of fodder climbers found in Sunsari district, Nepal

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
T. N. Mandal ◽  
T. P. Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Slight Variation ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mineral Contents

Altogether 19 fodder climbers were collected with local information for their quality, feeding season and preference by livestock from Sunsari district, Nepal. Fodder climbers were distributed under 15 angiospermic families. Among them, 6 climber species were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, N-free extract, total ash and mineral contents (K, Ca, and P). Dry matter content ranged from 24.12 to 45.43%. Crude protein content showed slight variation. Ether extract ranged from 2.13- 4.23%, while Crude fiber content ranged between 18.62 and 22.52%. N-free extract showed narrow variation in the content while Total ash content exhibited a wide variation ranging from 5.67 to 11.52%. Among the minerals, Phosphorus showed distinct variation in the content from 0.19 to 0.46%. Fodder quality assessed by local people was compared with the result of chemical composition. On the basis of local information and chemical composition, Hedera nepalensis and Hedyotis scandens were considered as very good fodder climbers.

The nutritive value of Panicum maximum (Guinea grass): I. Yields and chemical composition related to season and herbage growth stage

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Johnson ◽  
W. A. Hardison ◽  
L. S. Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Guinea Grass

The results of more than fifty estimates1 of herbage yield and ninety-seven analyses of chemical composition are presented in the first of several reports on nutritive evaluation studies of Panicum maximum (guinea grass). Effects of stage of maturity and season are discussed.Herbage yield increased at an increasing rate with maturity, and was depressed by about 40 % in the dry season compared to the wet season. The most significant differences in chemical composition were a decrease in crude protein from 9·8 % to 6·6% and a corresponding increase in crude fibre from 32·1 % to 39·4% as the grass matured from about 2½ weeks to about 2½ months in age. An increased level of nitrogen fertilization resulted in crude protein content being nearly doubled and crude fibre somewhat reduced.

scholarly journals Potentials of two varieties of cashew apple pulp as feedstuff for ruminants

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-209
Author(s):  
U. Okpanachi ◽  
C. I. Agu ◽  
L. E. Igoche ◽  
F. A. Oyedapo
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Cashew Apple ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
General Basis ◽  
Red Variety ◽  
Fibre Fraction

The study was aimed at assessing the effects of two varieties of cashew (Anacardium occidentale) apple pulp as feedstuff for ruminants. Samples of the yellow and red varieties of cashew apple pulp were collected, processed and analysed for mineral, crude fiber fraction and pH. Results showed that sodium value in red variety was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of the yellow variety. Potassium value in red variety was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of the yellow variety. Values for calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in the yellow variety were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those of the red variety. Values for cellulose, hemicelluloses and neutral detergent fibre in the red variety were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those of the yellow variety. Acid Detergent Lignin value for the yellow variety was significantly higher (P<0.01) than that of the red variety. Values for acid detergent fibre, crude protein, carbohydrate and pH were not significantly affected (P>0.05). Yellow cashew apple pulp from the results of this study is richer in minerals when compared to the red variety. Results from the crude fibre fraction suggest that the yellow cashew apple pulp variety may have a better digestibility when compared to the red variety. Although the values of the various parameters from the 2 varieties show that they are fit to be used as feeding stuff for ruminants, the yellow variety appears to be better on the general basis.

scholarly journals Effect of substituting maize grain with cobs treated with combinations of urea and wood ash on chemical composition and in sacco degradability

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 239-244
Author(s):  
A. Abdulazeez ◽  
O. R. Madibela ◽  
C. M. Tsopito
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Wood Ash ◽  
Composition Chimique ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Maize Cobs ◽  
In Sacco Degradability ◽  
In Sacco

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of substituting maize grain with maize cobs treated with 25% urea (U) plus 75% wood ash (WA) on chemical composition and in sacco degradability. Maize grain was substituted with graded levels of 25U75WA in the dietary ingredients and the treatments were: 100M = 100% maize grain, 66M34C = 66% maize grain plus 34% treated maize cobs, 34M66C = 34% maize grain plus 66% treated maize cobs and 100C = 100% treated maize cobs. Samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ash, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL); they were incubated in saccofor 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hrs and their DM degradation kinetics described using the equation y = a + b ct (1- e- ). Results indicated that as maize grain is substituted with treated maize cobs, NDF, ADF and ADL also increased, however only the neutral detergent soluble (NDS) for treatment 100C was reduced. At 72 hrs of incubation, treatment 34M66C had the highest DM degradation, rapidly soluble fraction 'a' and potential degradability 'a+b'. It was concluded that maize cobs treated with combinations of urea and WA could substitute 66% of maize grain in sheep diets.     Une expérience a été menée pour déterminer l'effet de la substitution du grain de maïs par des épis de maïs traités avec 25 % d'urée (U) plus 75 % de cendre de bois (WA) sur la composition chimique et la dégradabilité du sac. Le grain de maïs a été remplacé par des niveaux gradués de 25U75WA dans les ingrédients alimentaires et les traitements étaient : et 100C = 100 % d'épis de maïs traités. Les échantillons ont été analysés pour la matière sèche (MS), la matière organique (MO), les cendres, les protéines brutes (CP), les fibres au détergent neutre (NDF), les fibres au détergent acide (ADF) et la lignine au détergent acide (ADL) ; ils ont été incubés dans sacco pour 6, 12, 24, 48 et 72 heures et leur cinétique de dégradation de la matière sèche décrite en utilisant l'équation y = a + b (1-e-ct). Les résultats ont indiqué que lorsque le grain de maïs est remplacé par des épis de maïs traités, NDF, ADF et ADL ont également augmenté, mais que seul le détergent neutre soluble (NDS) pour le traitement 100C a été réduit. À 72 heures d'incubation, le traitement 34M66C présentait la plus forte dégradation de MS, la fraction rapidement soluble « a » et la dégradabilité potentielle « a+b ». Il a été conclu que les épis de maïs traités avec des combinaisons d'urée et d'AO pouvaient remplacer 66% des grains de maïs dans l'alimentation des moutons.

Nutritional characteristics of selected species of Acacia growing in naturally saline areas of Western Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 341 ◽  
Author(s):  
GF Craig ◽  
DT Bell ◽  
CA Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Nutritional Characteristics ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Fodder Shrubs ◽  
High Concentrations

The forage potential of 11 species of Acacia from naturally saline areas of Western Australia was assessed by analysing their nutritive characteristics and acceptability to sheep. The crude protein content of new shoots was greater than that of mature phyllodes [8-25 v. 6-12% dry matter (DM) respectively]. This was reflected in higher in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) values (34-59% in shoots v. 22-54% in phyllodes). IVDMD appeared to be reduced by high concentrations of neutral and acid detergent fibre (NDF and ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL). The least acceptable species generally had high values of NDF. The most promising species for use as perennial fodder shrubs were Acacia ampliceps, A. brunzalis, A. cyclops and A. ligustrina. Mature phyllodes of these species had IVDMD >40%, ADL <20% and crude protein level of all foliage in the range 8-17% DM. A. patagiata and A. ixiophylla were acceptable to sheep; however, crude protein levels and IVDMD of phyllodes were relatively low. Although new shoot material of A. eremaea, A. inceae, A. aff. lineolata, A. mutabilis and A. redolens had relatively high levels of crude protein, mature phyllodes of these species had low levels of protein, IVDMD <40% and high NDF concentrations (>50% DM), which suggests that these species would be unsuitable as animal feed. The ability of salt-tolerant acacias to grow in marginal land means they may provide supplementary forage in times of drought.

Nutritional value of Phalaris minor seeds and its comparison with conventional cereal grains for livestock feeding

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine Kaur ◽  
S. Thakur ◽  
Mahendra Singh
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Phalaris Minor ◽  
Acid Detergent Lignin ◽  
Mineral Profile ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Livestock Feeding

The aim of the present study was to determine the nutritional value of Phalaris minor seeds in comparison to conventional cereal grains. P. minor seeds had higher ether extract (6.3%), total ash (7.5%), acid insoluble ash (AIA, 4.5%), acid detergent fibre (ADF, 10.2%), cellulose (5.5%), acid detergent lignin (ADL, 2.0%), neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP, 4.0%) and acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP, 2.7%) content in comparison to conventional cereal grains. The crude protein of P. minor seeds (12.3%) was similar to that of wheat (12.0%), but higher than other conventional cereal grains including maize (9.0%). The amino acid composition of P. minor seeds was more or less similar to conventional cereal grains. P. minor seeds had a superior mineral profile (Ca, P, Na, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn) than conventional cereal grains. In vitro evaluation revealed that net gas production was lowest (P less than 0.05) in P. minor seeds (216.37 L/kg DM/24 h). The methane production (L/kg DM/24 h)from P. minor seeds (43.03)was lower (P less than 0.05) than that from wheat (54.33) and barley (57.35). The organic matter digestibility of P. minor seeds (83.27%) was similar to that of barley (81.69%).It was concluded that P. minor seeds could be considered as potential source of nutrients for livestock.

Effects of increasing the inclusion level of Atriplex amnicola in the diet of sheep

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1029
Author(s):  
M. B. P. Kumara Mahipala ◽  
G. L. Krebs ◽  
P. McCafferty ◽  
K. Dods
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Mineral Contents ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

The effects of increasing the level of inclusion of fresh Atriplex amnicola Paul G.Wilson foliage in an oaten chaff (Avena sativa L.) diet fed to sheep were investigated. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain varying amounts [0, 161, 362, 496, 650 and 836 g/kg diet dry matter (DM)] of A. amnicola, and these diets were fed to individually penned sheep according to a Latin square design. Feed and faecal samples were analysed for crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, and ash contents. Mineral contents and 24 h in vitro gas production were measured in freeze-dried feed samples. As the level of inclusion of A. amnicola increased, digestibility of DM, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre increased (P < 0.05), reaching the peak at the 496 g/kg DM inclusion level and then decreasing (P < 0.05) thereafter. Acid detergent fibre digestibility followed a similar trend, but peak digestibility was at 362 g/kg DM inclusion level. Digestibility of crude protein continued to increase (P < 0.05) with increasing inclusion of A. amnicola. Gas production (24 h) from A. amnicola was lower (P < 0.05) than that from oaten chaff (24.4 v. 45.3 mL/200 mg DM) and also had lower metabolisable energy content (in vitro ME, 6.3 v. 8.6 MJ/kg DM). As the level of inclusion of A. amnicola in the diet increased, gas production and in vitro metabolisable energy content decreased (P < 0.05). The 496 g/kg DM inclusion level provided the optimum N : energy ratio for fermentation of dietary fibre. At this level of inclusion the diet was rich in Na, Ca, P, Mg, K, S, Mn and Zn. High inclusion levels improved the crude protein value of the diet but compromised fibre digestibility.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document