Diagnostics of an acute bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia and tactics of antibacterial therapy using amoxicillin

Author(s):  
Е.И. Краснова ◽  
В.В. Проворова ◽  
Н.И. Хохлова ◽  
Т.А. Колпакова ◽  
Т.И. Петренко

Наиболее частыми формами инфекций нижних дыхательных путей в практике врача являются острый бронхит и внебольничная пневмония. Врачу приходится принимать решение о тактике ведения таких пациентов с учетом клинической картины и результатов обследования. Внебольничная пневмония является распространенным и потенциально угрожающим жизни заболеванием органов дыхания. Острота проблемы состоит в том, что в периоды эпидемий гриппа или других респираторных вирусных инфекций, когда активируется Streptococcus рneumoniae, отмечается рост заболеваемости внебольничной пневмонией. Однако последние годы показали, что этиология пневмонии значительно расширилась и среди причин внебольничной пневмонии важное место помимо бактерий стали занимать пневмотропные вирусы (новый коронавирус SARS-CoV-2, MERS, вирусы гриппа А, в т. ч. пандемичесий H1N1, птичьего гриппа, бокавирусы, метапневмовирусы и др.). Ассоциация бактерий и вирусов утяжеляет течение болезни. В мире пневмонией ежегодно болеют 5-8 человек на 1 тыс. взрослого населения, в Европе – 2-15. В России случаи внебольничной пневмонии у взрослых превышают 1,5 млн в год. В 2020 г. в России зарегистрирован значительный рост заболеваемости по внебольничной пневмонии – в 3,6 раза (1856,18 на 100 тыс. населения), в том числе по вирусной пневмонии – в 109 раз (783,08 на 100 тыс. населения), что обусловлено распространением нового коронавируса SARS-CoV-2. Рассмотрены подходы к диагностике и медикаментозной терапии бронхита и внебольничной пневмонии. Оценена клиническая эффективность лечения, включающего прием амоксициллина, результаты позволяют рекомендовать амоксициллин для использования в амбулаторной практике. The most frequent forms of lower respiratory tract infections in practice of the doctor are the acute bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia. The doctor should make the decision on tactics of maintaining such patients taking into account a clinical picture and results of inspection. Community-acquired pneumonia is a common and potentially life-threatening respiratory disease. The severity of the problem is that during periods of influenza epidemics or other respiratory viral infections, when Streptococcus pneumoniae is activated, there is an increase in the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia. However, recent years have shown that the etiology of pneumonia has expanded significantly, and among the causes of community-acquired pneumonia, in addition to bacteria, pneumotropic viruses began to occupy an important place (new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, MERS, influenza A viruses, including pandemic H1N1, avian influenza, bocaviruses, metapneumoviruses, etc.). The association of bacteria and viruses makes the disease worse. In the world, 5-8 people per 1,000 adults suffer from pneumonia annually, in Europe – 2-15. In Russia, cases of community-acquired pneumonia in adults exceed 1,5 million per year. In 2020, Russia registered a significant increase in the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia – 3,6 times (1856,18 per 100 thousand population), including viral pneumonia – 109 times (783,08 per 100 thousand population) due to the spread of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Approaches to diagnostics and medicamentous therapy of bronchitis and community-acquired pneumonia are considered. Clinical performance of the treatment including intake of amoxicillin is estimated, results allow to recommend amoxicillin for use in out-patient practice.

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
M. Mishyna ◽  
M. Gonchar ◽  
O. Logvinova ◽  
H. Isaieva ◽  
M. Basiuk

DISTRIBUTION OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN. Mishyna М., Gonchar M., Logvinova O., Isaieva H., Basiuk M. The study aimed to investigate prevalence of microorganisms depending on the site of isolation and disease. The study involved 48 children aged 1 year to 17 years. Acute bronchitis (54, 17%), community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (33, 33%), bronchial asthma (12, 50%) were diagnosed. Were isolated 173 strains of microorganisms. Gram-positive microorganisms were detected 106 strains (61, 3%), Gram-negative microorganisms - 49 strains (28, 3%), fungi - 18 strains (10, 4%). We investigated 100 samples from nose (nasal swabs), pharynx (throat swabs) and sputum. In 83 cases were isolated Gram-positive microorganisms, in 36 cases were isolated Gram-negative microorganisms, in 18 cases - fungi. Analysis reviled that Staphylococcus aureus most often isolated from patients with acute bronchitis; Gram-negative microorganisms most often detected from throat swabs, comparing with microorganisms detected from nose swabs and sputum. Keywords: microorganisms, biofilms, respiratory diseases, children.   Анотація ПОШИРЕНІСТЬ ЗБУДНИКІВ ІНФЕКЦІЙ ДИХАЛЬНИХ ШЛЯХІВ У ДІТЕЙ. Мішина М.М, Гончарь М. О., Логвінова О.Л., Ісаєва Г.О., Басюк М.А. Метою дослідження було вивчити переважання умовно-патогенних мікроорганізмів, які викликають захворювання органів дихання у дітей, в залежності від місця виділення та захворювання. У дослідженні було 48 дітей у віці від 1 року до 17 років. Пацієнти були з такими діагнозами: гострі бронхіти (54, 17%), негоспітальні пневмонії (33, 33%), бронхіальна астма (12, 50%). Було виділено 173 штама умовно-патогенних мікроорганізмів. Грампозитивних мікроорганізмів було виділено 106 штамів (61, 3%), грамнегативних мікроорганізмів – 49 штамів (28, 3%), грибів – 18 штамів (10, 4%). Було досліджено 100 зразків з зіву, носу, мокротиння. Грампозитивні мікроорганізми були виділені з 83 зразків, грамнегативні – з 36 зразків, гриби – з 18 зразків. Проведене дослідження довело, що Staphylococcus aureus найчастіше виділявся у пацієнтів з гострими бронхітами. Грамнегативні мікроорганізми частіш за все виділялись зі зразків із зіву в порівнянні з мазками з носу та мокротинням. Ключові слова: мікроорганізми, біоплівки, захворювання органів дихання, діти.   Абстракт РАСПРОСТРАНЕННОСТЬ ВОЗБУДИТЕЛЕЙ ИНФЕКЦИЙ ДЫХАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПУТЕЙ У ДЕТЕЙ. Мішина М.М., Гончарь М. О., Логвінова О.Л., Ісаєва Г.О., Басюк М.А. Целью исследования было изучить преобладание условно-патогенныхмикроорганизмов, вызывающих заболевания органов дыхания у детей, в зависимости от места забора материала и заболевания. Исследование включало 48 детей в возрасте от 1 года до 17 лет. Пациенты находились с такими заболеваниями: острые бронхиты (54, 17%), внегоспитальные пневмонии (33, 33%), бронхиальная астма (12, 50%). Всего было выделено 173 штамма условно-патогенных микроорганизмов. Грамположительных микроорганизмов было выделено 106 штаммов (61, 3%), грамотрицательных микроорганизмов – 49 штаммов (28, 3%), грибов – 18 штаммов (10, 4%). Было исследовано 100 образцов из зева, носа, мокроты. Грамположительные микроорганизмы были выделены из 83 образцов, грамотрицальные – из 36 образцов, грибы – из 18 образцов. В ходе исследования было доказано, что Staphylococcus aureus чаще всего выделялся от пациентов с острыми бронхитами. Грамотрицательные микроорганизмы чаще всего выделялись из мазков из зева по сравнению с мазками из носа и мокротой. Ключевые слова: микроорганизмы, биопленки, заболевания органов дыхания, дети.


1998 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. T. CHEW ◽  
S. DORAISINGHAM ◽  
A. E. LING ◽  
G. KUMARASINGHE ◽  
B. W. LEE

To evaluate the seasonal trends of viral respiratory tract infections in a tropical environment, a retrospective survey of laboratory virus isolation, serology and immunofluorescence microscopy in two large general hospitals in Singapore between September 1990 and September 1994 was carried out. Respiratory tract viral outbreaks, particularly among infants who required hospitalization, were found to be associated mainly with respiratory syncytial (RSV) infections (72%), influenza (11%) and parainfluenza viruses (11%). Consistent seasonal variations in viral infections were observed only with RSV (March–August) and influenza A virus (peaks in June, December–January). The RSV trends were associated with higher environmental temperature, lower relative humidity and higher maximal day-to-day temperature variation. Although the influenza A outbreaks were not associated with meteorological factors, influenza B isolates were positively associated with rainfall. These data support the existence of seasonal trends of viral respiratory tract infections in the tropics.


2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aripuanã Sakurada Aranha Watanabe ◽  
Emerson Carraro ◽  
João Manuelo Grisi Candeias ◽  
Maria Rita Donalísio ◽  
Élcio Leal ◽  
...  

INTRODUCTION: Acute respiratory tract infections are the most common illness in all individuals. Rhinoviruses have been reported as the etiology of more than 50% of respiratory tract infections worldwide. The study prospectively evaluated 47 elderly individuals from a group of 384 randomly assigned for acute respiratory viral infections (cold or flu) and assessed the occurrence of human rhinovirus (HRV), influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus (hMPV) in Botucatu, State of São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Forty-nine nasal swabs collected from 47 elderly individuals following inclusion visits from 2002 to 2003 were tested by GenScan RT-PCR. HRV-positive samples were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: No sample was positive for influenza A/B or RSV. HRV was detected in 28.6% (14/47) and hMPV in 2% (1/47). Of 14 positive samples, 9 isolates were successfully sequenced, showing the follow group distribution: 6 group A, 1 group B and 2 group C HRVs. CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of HRV during the months of the influenza season requires further study regarding HRV infection impact on respiratory complications among this population. Infection caused by HRV is very frequent and may contribute to increasing the already high demand for healthcare during the influenza season.


Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Alexie Mayor ◽  
Adélaïde Chesnay ◽  
Guillaume Desoubeaux ◽  
David Ternant ◽  
Nathalie Heuzé-Vourc’h ◽  
...  

Respiratorytract infections (RTIs) are frequent and life-threatening diseases, accounting for several millions of deaths worldwide. RTIs implicate microorganisms, including viruses (influenza virus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)), bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis) and fungi (Pneumocystis spp., Aspergillus spp. and very occasionally Candida spp.). The emergence of new pathogens, like the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, and the substantial increase in drug resistance have highlighted the critical necessity to develop novel anti-infective molecules. In this context, antibodies (Abs) are becoming increasingly important in respiratory medicine and may fulfill the unmet medical needs of RTIs. However, development of Abs for treating infectious diseases is less advanced than for cancer and inflammatory diseases. Currently, only three Abs have been marketed for RTIs, namely, against pulmonary anthrax and RSV infection, while several clinical and preclinical studies are in progress. This article gives an overview of the advances in the use of Abs for the treatment of RTIs, based on the analysis of clinical studies in this field. It describes the Ab structure, function and pharmacokinetics, and discusses the opportunities offered by the various Ab formats, Ab engineering and co-treatment strategies. Including the most recent literature, it finally highlights the strengths, weaknesses and likely future trends of a novel anti-RTI Ab armamentarium.


2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo de Amorim Corrêa ◽  
Andre Nathan Costa ◽  
Fernando Lundgren ◽  
Lessandra Michelin ◽  
Mara Rúbia Figueiredo ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the vast diversity of respiratory microbiota, Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most prevalent pathogen among etiologic agents. Despite the significant decrease in the mortality rates for lower respiratory tract infections in recent decades, CAP ranks third as a cause of death in Brazil. Since the latest Guidelines on CAP from the Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia (SBPT, Brazilian Thoracic Association) were published (2009), there have been major advances in the application of imaging tests, in etiologic investigation, in risk stratification at admission and prognostic score stratification, in the use of biomarkers, and in the recommendations for antibiotic therapy (and its duration) and prevention through vaccination. To review these topics, the SBPT Committee on Respiratory Infections summoned 13 members with recognized experience in CAP in Brazil who identified issues relevant to clinical practice that require updates given the publication of new epidemiological and scientific evidence. Twelve topics concerning diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and preventive issues were developed. The topics were divided among the authors, who conducted a nonsystematic review of the literature, but giving priority to major publications in the specific areas, including original articles, review articles, and systematic reviews. All authors had the opportunity to review and comment on all questions, producing a single final document that was approved by consensus.


2005 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
S. A. Sobchenko ◽  
O. S. Schetchikova ◽  
N. V. Yakovleva

The aim of the study was to investigate features of respiratory infection inducing acute non-atopic late-onset asthma (NLA). Virologic and microbiologic examinations of brash biopsy samples of rhinopharyngeal and bronchial mucosa and bronchial lavage fluid were performed in 116 NLA patients admitted to a hospital in autumn and winter. The leading cause of acute NLA was found to be respiratory viral infections. We noted that different clinical NLA types had different sensibility to various viruses: adenoviruses mainly caused exacerbations of aspirin-induced asthma, respiratory syncytial and influenza A viruses were prevalently determined in non-atopic asthma. Patients with posttuberculotic lesions of the lungs mostly had viral and bacterial associations. Such mixed infection resulted in more severe and prolonged exacerbations of NLA.


2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Radovanov ◽  
V. Milosevic ◽  
I. Hrnjakovic ◽  
V. Petrovic ◽  
M. Ristic ◽  
...  

At present, two influenza A viruses, H1N1pdm09 and H3N2, along with influenza B virus co-circulate in the human population, causing endemic and seasonal epidemic acute febrile respiratory infections, sometimes with life-threatening complications. Detection of influenza viruses in nasopharyngeal swab samples was done by real-time RT-PCR. There were 60.2% (53/88) positive samples in 2010/11, 63.4% (52/82) in 2011/12, and 49.9% (184/369) in 2012/13. Among the positive patients, influenza A viruses were predominant during the first two seasons, while influenza B type was more active during 2012/13. Subtyping of influenza A positive samples revealed the presence of A (H1N1)pdm09 in 2010/11, A (H3N2) in 2011/12, while in 2012/13, both subtypes were detected. The highest seroprevalence against influenza A was in the age-group 30-64, and against influenza B in adults aged 30-64 and >65.


2018 ◽  
pp. bcr-2018-226154
Author(s):  
Simon Mifsud ◽  
Maria Alessandra Zammit ◽  
Ramon Casha ◽  
Claudia Fsadni

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion is a frequent cause of hyponatraemia. It is a dilutional hyponatraemia secondary to impaired urinary dilution in the absence of renal disease or any identifiable non-osmotic stimulus known to induce antidiuretic hormone secretion. SIADH can arise secondary to various respiratory tract infections; however, the association between SIADH and influenza A infection is described in only a few cases in the literature. The authors present a case report of influenza A that may have caused a profound SIADH-related hyponatraemia.


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