Industrial Solar Simulator Calibrator based on special solar module

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Garcia Gonzalez ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Operating Temperature ◽  
Mathematical Expression ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Solar Module ◽  
Electronic Reading

Mexico is currently emerging in the photovoltaic manufacturing market due to favorable geographical conditions like 5.5 hours of sun every day (5000W/m2) and a strategic commercial partner (USA) for exportation of photovoltaic products, therefore a gradual advance in the photovoltaic field as a source of clean energy generation in Mexico is inevitable, this causes a need to classify solar simulators located in photovoltaic manufacturing facilities across the whole country. The construction of a standard for the classification of large area solar simulators in non- uniformity irradiance (MMNU) was achieved, considering specifications of the international standards IEC90604-9 and IEC90604-2. The procedure for using this MMNU substantially improves the classification time of a large area solar simulation and its versatility of use in an industrial environment, resulting in suitable on-site measurements. The MMNU is composed of six electronic reading circuits and 36 cells which are connected individually, it can generate an irradiance map up to 72 regions and the measurement uncertainty within the operating temperature conditions of 29 C to 31 C was 1.1 % using the mathematical expression for non-uniformity in the standard IEC90604-9. Various strategies have been outlined to reduce the measurement uncertainty of the entire system, like reducing its thermal drift during measurement and improving the measurement uncertainty in electrical voltage by creating a new electronic reading module that would include a more robust microcontroller and A/D converter with higher resolution.

Sense the pen: Classification of online handwritten sequences (text, mathematical expression, plot/graph)

2021 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 114588
Author(s):  
Junaid Younas ◽  
Muhammad Imran Malik ◽  
Sheraz Ahmed ◽  
Faisal Shafait ◽  
Paul Lukowicz
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expression

High Efficiency High Stable Large Area Perovskite Solar Module Including 2D Strategy and Polymeric Hole Transport Material

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narges Yaghoobi Nia ◽  
Mahmoud Zendehdel ◽  
Barbara Paci ◽  
Amanda Generosi ◽  
Zhaoxiang Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Hole Transport ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Solar Module

scholarly journals International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury: Cases With Classification Challenges

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kirshblum ◽  
F. Biering-Sørensen ◽  
R. Betz ◽  
S. Burns ◽  
W. Donovan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Injury ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Cord Injury

scholarly journals CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES TO CLASSIFICATION OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTING SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 384 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Y. E. Putihin ◽  
Y. N. Akimova ◽  
N. V. Ostrovskaya ◽  
I. A. Manvelova ◽  
E. V. Negashev
Keyword(s):  
Accounting Standards ◽  
International Standards ◽  
International Accounting ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
International Accounting Standards ◽  
Accounting Systems ◽  
National Accounting ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

International Accounting Practice Accounting is multifaceted and heterogeneous. First distinguish between international standards and national standards. National accounting standards for each country is being developed independently. The leading countries in the field of national accounting standards are the United Kingdom and the United States, which is determined by the role of these countries in international financial markets. In different countries, national accounting standards are called differently; in addition, various bodies are involved in their development: in some these are state bodies, in other countries professional organizations. International accounting standards are implemented and developed at 2 levels: international, global and regional. In the regional aspect, the main role belongs to the EU Accounting Commission, which regulates these matters in the EU countries. World standards are developed by several organizations: International Federation of Accountants, Committee on International Accounting Standards, Intergovernmental Group of Experts on International Standards Reporting and Accounting Center for Transnational United Nations Corporation, Economic development and cooperation. There is a great variety of accounting systems around the world. The differences between them are explained mainly by the different business environments in which they operate. Among many classifications, which are based on various principles, two main classifications can be distinguished. The first one is based on the “geographical” principle, i.e.: the UK-US system, the Continental system, the Latin American system. In the second classification, systems are clustered based on their typical properties and hierarchy. The upper level defines the objectives that the accounting system focuses on. Next, systems are rated based on whether the state insists on applying the theoretical approach or the actual legislative requirements and business needs. It might be difficult to classify a system as belonging to a specific group if the country’s accounting system is unstable. Thus, in the 60s of the 20th century, New Zealand started to separate from the UK, although many provisions of its accounting system were taken directly from the standards developed by the English Institute of Financial Accountants. In view of the existing challenges and various approaches to the classification of national accounting systems, the importance of such classification can hardly be overestimated. The proximity of national accounting systems in countries that belong to the same model suggests the possibility of harmonization of accounting principles at the international level. Based on the above: - the possibility of grouping national accounting systems into clusters makes it possible to level out the differences between them during standardization; - the convergence of economies of different countries due to the globalization of the world economy contributes to the unification of accounting principles at the global level.

scholarly journals MAIN ASPECTS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL SUPPORT AND COST MANAGEMENT OF THE ENTERPRISE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonina Kosiak ◽  
Olena Lytovchenko
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Cost Management ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
International Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Reporting Standards ◽  
Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Support Organization ◽  
The Right

One of the most important indicators of production and economic activity of enterprises, which has a direct impact on financial performance is costs. The article defines the economic meaning of the concept of "costs", "production costs". Features of accounting and analytical support, organization of accounting and cost management, cost classification are considered. Classification is one of the methods of cognition and study of phenomena, processes, objects, which consists in their division into classes on the basis of certain features, properties and patterns of relations between them. The classification of costs helps to assess the costs incurred, to find possible features to increase cost efficiency and make the right decisions about their management. Classification of costs is the basis of their accounting, analysis and planning in the enterprise. Cost management takes into account such components as rationing, planning, cost accounting, deviation control and cost analysis, cost management and decision making. The problem of cost management is quite relevant for Ukrainian enterprises. Today, all businesses face the problem of applying International Financial Reporting Standards. The peculiarities of cost reflection according to International Financial Reporting Standards and National Accounting Standards (standards) are studied and analyzed. Achieving a high or sufficient level of each of the production or management processes of financial activities of economic entities must be accompanied by certain costs, the economic content of which will vary depending on the object. However, the owners (managers) of the enterprise or its individual structural unit must be clearly aware of what exactly the costs contribute to the creation and maintenance of the organization and their timely optimization. The Conceptual Basis of Preparation and Submission of Financial Statements means true presentation, prevalence of substance over form, prudence, completeness. These requirements formed the basis for the formation of accounting principles in International Standards and, accordingly, in Ukraine.

Evolution of Hotel Classification System in Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Dmitry Aleksandrovich KOZLOV
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Classification System ◽  
State Standards ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
World Tourism Organization ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Tourism Organization

The main aim of this paper is to analyze the approaches to the system of classification of accommodation facilities in the Russian Federation. The United Nations World Tourism Organization pays great attention to the unification of classification systems for accommodation facilities in all countries of the world, issuing appropriate recommendations on tourism statistics systems, classification of economic activities, as well as criteria for interregional harmonization. In the Russian Federation, there are a number of laws, regulations, state standards, building and sanitary norms and rules concerning the classification of accommodation facilities. They are so imperfect that they have to be revised almost annually or even several times a year. The general statistics of accommodation facilities currently do not correspond to world recommendations. The classification system needs to be revised and brought into line with international standards as much as possible.

Realizing Value from Adherence to Crude Oil Custody Transfer Automatic Sampling Standards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Potten
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Uncertainty ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
High Energy ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Production Flow ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Automatic Sampling

Abstract The successful implementation of a crude oil custody transfer sampling system is a key component to achieving a desired measurement uncertainty for a crude oil metering station or loading/unloading point. Our analysis of thousands of installations worldwide provides practical examples of how operators can be confident that when they install a sampling system, it will deliver the uncertainty that they need to meet the overall custody transfer requirements. Crude oil sampling for custody transfer becomes more challenging as production flow rates decline, oil fields mature, and water cut content increases. It is therefore important that the performance of a sampling system is evaluated on a regular basis and that any limitations are identified. Any risk of change in performance or measurement uncertainty can then be prioritized or minimized. International standards and contracts determine the allowable uncertainty for net oil (oil minus water) for custody transfer/allocation. For accurate allocation of the sources of crude oil or the application of tax tariffs, fluids must be measured prior to being comingled. Automatic crude oil sampling can be challenging because it can require high-energy mixing with low power consumption and negligible pressure loss to overcome stratification and allow representative sampling. The certification, or "proving", of the sampling system provides a basis for establishing and verifying the system's true uncertainty at worst case conditions. There is an abundance of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and studies on crude oil (and water) mixing. However, these are abstract because of the uncertainty in where the water is located and how it may be dispersed at the boundary conditions of any simulation. To provide more robust simulations, we expanded on the established methods by combining simulation data with known theoretical calculations and engineering laboratory test data as well as hundreds of certifications (proving) results from around the world. Automatic sampling systems using dynamic mixing technology delivers a unique solution that enables operators to minimize the quality measurement uncertainty, improve overall balance, and reduce financial loss (and unaccounted for) in custody transfer quality measurements.

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