scholarly journals Dynamics of the chemical composition of rainwater throughout Hurricane Irene

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2321-2330 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Mullaugh ◽  
J. D. Willey ◽  
R. J. Kieber ◽  
R. N. Mead ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Total Chloride ◽  
Hurricane Irene

Abstract. Sequential sampling of rainwater from Hurricane Irene was carried out in Wilmington, NC, USA on 26 and 27 August 2011. Eleven samples were analyzed for pH, major ions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Hurricane Irene contributed 16% of the total rainwater and 18% of the total chloride wet deposition received in Wilmington NC during all of 2011. This work highlights the main physical factors influencing the chemical composition of tropical storm rainwater: wind speed, wind direction, back trajectory and vertical mixing, time of day and total rain volume. Samples collected early in the storm, when winds blew out of the east, contained dissolved components indicative of marine sources (salts from sea spray and low DOC). The sea-salt components in the samples had two maxima in concentration during the storm the first of which occurred before the volume of rain had sufficiently washed out sea salt from the atmosphere and the second when back trajectories showed large volumes of marine surface air were lifted. As the storm progressed and winds shifted to a westerly direction, the chemical composition of the rainwater became characteristic of terrestrial storms (high DOC and NH4+ and low sea salt). This work demonstrates that tropical storms are not only responsible for significant wet deposition of marine components to land, but terrestrial components can also become entrained in rainwater, which can then be delivered to coastal waters via wet deposition. This study also underscores why analysis of one composite sample can lead to an incomplete interpretation of the factors that influence the chemically divergent analytes in rainwater during extreme weather events.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the chemical composition of rainwater throughout Hurricane Irene

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 26995-27020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Mullaugh ◽  
J. D. Willey ◽  
R. J. Kieber ◽  
R. N. Mead ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Total Chloride ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Hurricane Irene

Abstract. Sequential sampling of rainwater from Hurricane Irene was carried out in Wilmington, NC, USA on 26 and 27 August 2011. Eleven samples were analyzed for pH, major ions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Hurricane Irene contributed 16% of the total rainwater and 18% of the total chloride wet deposition received in Wilmington NC during all of 2011. This work highlights the main physical factors influencing the chemical composition of tropical storm rainwater: wind speed, wind direction, air mass back trajectory and vertical mixing, time of day and total rain volume. Samples collected early in the storm, when winds blew out of the east, contained dissolved components indicative of marine sources (salts from sea spray and low DOC). The seasalt components in the samples had two maxima in concentration during the storm the first of which occurred before the volume of rain had sufficiently washed out seasalt from the atmosphere and the second when the air mass dipped to low elevations over the Atlantic Ocean followed by rapid vertical mixing. As the storm progressed and winds shifted to a westerly direction, the chemical composition of the rainwater became characteristic of terrestrial storms (high DOC and NH4+ and low seasalt). This work demonstrates that tropical storms are not only responsible for significant wet deposition of marine components to land, but terrestrial components can also become entrained in rainwater, which can then be delivered to coastal waters via wet deposition. This study also underscores why analysis of one composite sample can lead to an incomplete interpretation of the factors that influence the chemically divergent analytes in rainwater during extreme weather events.

scholarly journals Study of wet precipitation and its chemical composition in South of Brazil

2008 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elba C. Teixeira ◽  
Daniela Migliavacca ◽  
Sadi Pereira Filho ◽  
Andréa C.M. Machado ◽  
Juliana B. Dallarosa
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Anthropogenic Influence ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Soil Dust ◽  
Wet Precipitation ◽  
South Of Brazil

The purpose of this study is to analyze the chemical composition of wet precipitation in samples collected at three stations in the Candiota region in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Samples were collected in 2004. Variables analyzed in wet precipitation were pH, conductivity, and concentration of Cl-, NO3-, SO4(2-) F-, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NH4+, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, and Cr. SO2 and NO2 distribution over the time were also evaluated. Results have showed that pH < 5.6 are found mostly at Candiota airport (85%), followed by Aceguá (72%) and Três Lagoas (65%). Enrichment Factor of the studied ions in wet deposition revealed higher Ca2+ and SO4(2-) enrichment in Três Lagoas. Factor Analysis applied to metals and major ions allowed identifying the major sources. While Cl-, Na+, Mg2+ are of marine origin, SO4(2-), NO3-, NH4+ ,F- come from anthropogenic sources. Except for Fe and Mn originating from the soil dust, the metals studied showed to have anthropogenic influence The average SO2 and NO2 concentration, as well as SO4(2-) and NO3- in wet precipitation in the Candiota region showed higher concentrations during the warmer months.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and source apportionment of atmospheric aerosols on the Namibian coast

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danitza Klopper ◽  
Paola Formenti ◽  
Andreas Namwoonde ◽  
Mathieu Cazaunau ◽  
Servanne Chevaillier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Mineral Dust ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Back Trajectory ◽  
Secondary Products

Abstract. The chemical composition of aerosols is of particular importance to assess their interactions with radiation, clouds and trace gases in the atmosphere, and consequently their effects on air quality and the regional climate. In this study, we present the results of the first long-term dataset of the aerosol chemical composition at an observatory on the coast of Namibia, facing the southeast Atlantic Ocean. Aerosol samples in the mass fraction of particles smaller than 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10) were collected during 26 weeks between 2016 and 2017 at the ground-based Henties Bay Aerosol Observatory (HBAO; 22°6’ S, 14°30’ E, 30 m above mean sea level). The resulting 385 filter samples were analysed by X-ray fluorescence and ion-chromatography for 24 inorganic elements and 15 water-soluble ions. Statistical analysis by positive matrix factorization and back-trajectory modelling identified five major sources, sea salt (mass concentration: 70.8 ± 0.2 %), marine biogenic (13.5 ± 0.8 %), mineral dust (9.9 ± 0.1 %), secondary products (3.2 ± 1.0 %) and heavy metals (2.3 ± 2.5 %). While the contribution of sea salt aerosol was persistent, as the dominant wind direction was south-westerly and westerly from the open ocean, the occurrence of mineral dust was episodic and coincided with high wind speeds from the south-southeast and the north-northwest, along the coastline. Concentrations of heavy metals measured at HBAO were higher than reported in the literature from measurements over the open ocean. The heavy metals (V, Cr, Nd and Mn) measured at the site were attributed to mining activities and the combustion of heavy fuels in commercial ship traffic across the Cape of Good Hope sea route. Fluoride concentrations up to 25 µg m−3 were measured, as in heavily polluted areas in China. This is surprising and a worrisome result that has profound health implications and deserves further investigation. Although no clear signature for biomass burning could be determined, the source of secondary products identified by PMF was described by a mixture of aerosols typically emitted by biomass burning, but also by other biogenic activities. Episodic contributions with moderate correlations between NO3−, nss-SO42− (higher than 2 µg m−3) and nss-K+, were observed, further indicative of the potential for an episodic source of biomass burning. Sea salt accounted for up to 57 % of the measured mass concentrations of SO42− and the non-sea salt fraction contributed mainly to the secondary product and marine biogenic sources identified by PMF. The marine biogenic contribution is attributed to efficient oxidation in the moist marine atmosphere of sulphur-containing gas-phase emitted by marine phytoplankton in the fertile waters offshore in the Benguela Upwelling System. The data presented in this paper provide first-ever information on the temporal variability of aerosol concentrations in the Namibian marine boundary layer and the links to meteorological conditions shaping the transport patterns of aerosols from different sources. This data can be used to provide context for intensive observations in the area.

scholarly journals Long term variation in chemical composition of precipitation and wet deposition of major ions at Minicoy and Portblair : Islands in Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-498
Author(s):  
VIJAY KUMAR SONI ◽  
P. S. KANNAN ◽  
S. G. GHANEKAR ◽  
USHA RAVINDRAN ◽  
A. N. GAIKWAD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Bay Of Bengal ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Deposition Flux ◽  
Wet Deposition Flux

Lkkj & bl ’kks/k Ik= esa vjc lkxj ds feuhdkW;  rFkk caxky dh [kkM+h ds iksVZCys;j }hi ds nks LFkkuksa ds o"kZ 1981 ls 2002 rd ds 22 o"kkZsa ds jklk;fud feJ.k ds dsoy vknzZ&o"kZ.k vk¡dM+kas dk fo’ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA fofo/k vk;fud ldsUnzh;dj.k ds chp ds lglaca/kksa dks Li"V djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ’kjn_rq ds nkSjku gqbZ o"kkZ ds ty esa lYQsV] ukbVªsV vkSj gkbMªkstu vk;uksa dh vf/kdre lkUnzrk ikbZ xbZ gS A _rq okj oxhZdj.k ds nkSjku ekWulwu _rq esa lHkh vk;uksa ds vknZz o"kZ.k vfHkokg ds vf/kdre gksus dk irk pyk gS A nksuksa gh LFkkuksa ij vEyh; fu{ksi.k esa c<+ksrjh dh izo`fr ns[kh xbZ gS A futZu}hi ij Tokykeq[kh dh fØ;k’khyrk iksVZCys;j ds o"kkZty esa jklk;fud feJ.k dks izHkkfor djrh gS A lYQsV vk;u ¼½ dk okf"kZd vknzZ o"kZ.k feuhdkW; esa 15-6 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs;j izfr o"kZ rFkk iksVZCys;j es 25-5 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVsvj izfr o"kZ ik;k x;k gS rFkk ukbVªsV vk;u ¼½ dh fu{ksfir ek=k feuhdkW; esa 38-0 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs;j izfr o"kZ vkSj iksVZCys;j esa 74-6 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs;j izfr o"kZ rd ikbZ xbZ gS A /kuk;u vk;uksa esa lksfM;e vk;u ¼Na+½ rFkk dSfY’k;e vk;u ¼Ca2+½ ds rRo vf/kd ek=k esa tek gksrs gSa ftuesa eSXusf’k;e vk;u ¼Mg2+½ds lkFk&lkFk iksVkf’k;e vk;u ¼K+½ Hkh feys gksrs gSa A   The data on chemical composition of wet only precipitation from two island stations Minicoy in Arabian Sea and Portblair in Bay of Bengal, representing 22 year period, 1981-2002 have been analyzed. An attempt has been made to explain the correlation between various ionic concentrations. The maximum concentrations of sulfate, nitrate and hydrogen ions in rainwater are observed during winter season. When classified by season the wet deposition flux for all the ions is greatest in the monsoon season during which precipitation is substantially high. A tendency for increase in acidic deposition is observed at both the stations. The volcanic activity at Barren island appears to influence the chemical composition of rainwater at Portblair. The annual wet deposition of SO42- ranged from 15.6 kg ha-1 yr-1 at Minicoy to 25.5 kg ha-1 yr-1 at Portblair, and the corresponding amounts of NO3- deposited ranged from 38.0 kg ha-1 yr-1 at Minicoy to 74.6 kg ha-1 yr-1 at Portblair. Of the cations Na+ and Ca2+ are the elements deposited in largest quantities followed by Mg2+ and K+.

scholarly journals A 15-year record (2001–2015) of the ratio of nitrate to non-sea-salt sulfate in precipitation over East Asia

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2835-2852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syuichi Itahashi ◽  
Keiya Yumimoto ◽  
Itsushi Uno ◽  
Hiroshi Hayami ◽  
Shin-ichi Fujita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Phase I ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Emission Ratio

Abstract. Acidifying species in precipitation can have severe impacts on ecosystems. The chemical composition of precipitation is directly related to the amount of precipitation; accordingly, it is difficult to identify long-term variation in chemical concentrations. The ratio of the nitrate (NO3−) to non-sea-salt sulfate (nss-SO42−) concentration in precipitation on an equivalent basis (hereinafter, Ratio) is a useful index to investigate the relative contributions of these acidifying species. To identify the long-term record of acidifying species in precipitation over East Asia, the region with the highest emissions worldwide, we compiled ground-based observations of the chemical composition of precipitation over China, Korea, and Japan from 2001 to 2015 based on the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET). The spatial coverage was limited, but additional monitoring data for Japan, southern China, and northern China around Beijing were utilized. The period of analysis was divided into three phases: Phase I (2001–2005), Phase II (2006–2010), and Phase III (2011–2015). The behaviors of NO3− and nss-SO42− concentrations and hence the Ratio in precipitation were related to these precursors. The anthropogenic NOx and SO2 emissions and the NOx ∕ SO2 emission ratio were analyzed. Further, satellite observations of the NO2 and SO2 column density to capture the variation in emissions were applied. We found that the long-term trend in the NO3− concentration in precipitation was not related to the variation in NOx emission and the NO2 column. In comparison, the nss-SO42− concentration in precipitation over China, Korea, and Japan was partially connected to the changes in SO2 emissions from China, but the trends were not significant. The long-term trends of Ratio over China, Korea, and Japan were nearly flat during Phase I, increased significantly during Phase II, and were essentially flat again during Phase III. This variation in Ratio in East Asia clearly corresponded to the NOx ∕ SO2 emission ratio and the NO2 ∕ SO2 column ratio in China. The initial flat trend during Phase I was due to increases in both NOx and SO2 emissions in China, the significantly increasing trend during Phase II was triggered by the increase in NOx emissions and decrease in SO2 emissions in China, and the return to a flat trend during Phase III was caused by declines in both NOx and SO2 emissions in China. These results suggest that emissions in China had a significant impact not only on China but also on downwind precipitation chemistry during the 15-year period of 2001–2015. In terms of wet deposition, the NO3− wet deposition over China, Korea, and Japan did not change dramatically, but the nss-SO42− wet deposition declined over China, Korea, and Japan from Phase II to III. These declines were caused by a strong decrease in the nss-SO42− concentration in precipitation accompanied by a reduction in SO2 emission from China, which counteracted the increase in precipitation. These findings indicated that the acidity of precipitation shifted from sulfur to nitrogen.

scholarly journals Multi-year chemical composition of the fine-aerosol fraction in Athens, Greece, with emphasis on the contribution of residential heating in wintertime

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 14371-14391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Theodosi ◽  
Maria Tsagkaraki ◽  
Pavlos Zarmpas ◽  
Georgios Grivas ◽  
Eleni Liakakou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Elemental Carbon ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosols ◽  
Residential Heating ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. In an attempt to take effective action towards mitigating pollution episodes in Athens, precise knowledge of PM2.5 composition and its sources is a prerequisite. Thus, a 2-year chemical composition dataset from aerosol samples collected in an urban background site in central Athens from December 2013 to March 2016 has been obtained and a positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied in order to identify and apportion fine aerosols to their sources. A total of 850 aerosol samples were collected on a 12 to 24 h basis and analyzed for major ions, trace elements, and organic and elemental carbon, allowing us to further assess the impact of residential heating as a source of air pollution over Athens. The ionic and carbonaceous components were found to constitute the major fraction of the PM2.5 aerosol mass. The annual contribution of the ion mass (IM), particulate organic mass (POM), dust, elemental carbon (EC), and sea salt (SS) was calculated at 31 %, 38 %, 18 %, 8 %, and 3 %, respectively, and exhibited considerable seasonal variation. In winter, the share of IM was estimated down to 23 %, with POM + EC being the dominant component accounting for 52 % of the PM2.5 mass, while in summer, IM (42 %) and carbonaceous aerosols (41 %) contributed almost equally. Results from samples collected on a 12 h basis (day and night) during the three intensive winter campaigns indicated the impact of heating on the levels of a series of compounds. Indeed, PM2.5, EC, POM, NO3-, C2O42-, non sea salt (nss) K+ and selected trace metals including Cd and Pb were increased by up to a factor of 4 in the night compared to the day, highlighting the importance of heating on air quality in Athens. Furthermore, in order to better characterize wintertime aerosol sources and quantify the impact of biomass burning on PM2.5 levels, source apportionment was performed. The data can be interpreted on the basis of six sources, namely biomass burning (31 %), vehicular emissions (19 %), heavy oil combustion (7 %), regional secondary (21 %), marine aerosols (9 %), and dust particles (8 %). Regarding night-to-day patterns their contributions shifted from 19 %, 19 %, 8 %, 31 %, 12 %, and 10 % of the PM2.5 mass during day to 39 %, 19 %, 6 %, 14 %, 7 %, and 7 % during the night, underlining the significance of biomass burning as the main contributor to fine particle levels during nighttime in winter.

Lake Superior Atmospheric Wet Deposition 1980-1983

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-376
Author(s):  
C. H. Chan ◽  
L. H. Perkins
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Deposition ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Lake Superior ◽  
Relative Accuracy ◽  
Lake Chemistry ◽  
Total Load ◽  
Wet Precipitation ◽  
Percentage Basis ◽  
Nitrogen Loadings

Abstract Wet deposition estimates were computed from monthly wet precipitation samples collected in the Lake Superior Basin. Sulphate and nitrogen loadings from wet precipitation corresponded to 142 and 40 thousand tonnes per year. On a percentage basis, wet deposition of sulphate and nitrogen accounted for 21% and 54%, respectively, of the total load. Atmospheric sources for other major ions ranged from 1 to 10%. Atmospheric deposition at the eastern end of Lake Superior was higher than the western end of the Basin. The relative accuracy of these estimates were examined in relation to the changes in lake chemistry in Lake Superior from 1973 to 1983.

scholarly journals Solute in high arctic glacier snow cover and its impact on runoff chemistry

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 156-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Hodgkins ◽  
Martyn Tranter
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Sea Salt ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosol ◽  
Wet Snow ◽  
Potential Contributor ◽  
Arctic Glacier

The chemical composition of snow and meltwater in the 13 km2 catchment of Scott Turnerbreen, Svalbard, was investigated during the spring and summer of 1993. This paper assesses the provenance of solute in the snowpack and its impact on runoff chemistry. Dry snow contains 420μeql-1 of solute, is slightly acidic (pH 5.4) and is dominated by Na+ and Cl-. Wet snow is more dilute (total concentration 340μeql-1), and less acidic (pH 5.9). This is consistent with the elution of ions from the snowpack by meltwater. Snowpack solute can be partitioned into the following fractions: sea-salt aerosol, acid aerosol and crustal. About 98% of snowpack solute is sea salt, yielding 22000 kg km-2a-1. The behaviour of snowpack-derived Cl- in runoff is distinctive, peaking at over 800 μeql-1 early in the melt season as runoff picks up, before declining quasi-exponentially. This represents the discharge of snowmelt concentrated by elution within the snowpack which subsequently becomes relatively dilute. A solute yield of 140 kg km-2 a-1 can be attributed to anthropogenically generated acid aerosols, representing long-range atmospheric transport of pollutants, a potential contributor to Arctic runoff acidification.

scholarly journals Productivity and Quality Responses of Salt-Stressed Roses to Supplemental Calcium

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162
Author(s):  
Alma R. Solís-Pérez ◽  
Raul I. Cabrera
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Sodium Accumulation ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Counter Ions ◽  
Supplemental Calcium ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Chlorophyll Index

Plants of Rosa × spp. L. ‘Happy Hour’ grafted on the rootstocks R. × ‘Manetti’ and R. × ‘Natal Briar’ were salinized with 12 mM NaCl and received supplemental calcium (Ca) applications (as CaSO4) of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mM. Additional plants were salinized with 6 mM Na2SO4 and supplemented with 5 mM CaSO4 and compared to non-salinized, no supplemental Ca control plants. Cumulative flowers harvested, shoot length and leaf chlorophyll index were similar for both rootstocks across salt treatments, but Manetti plants had higher dry weights in flowers and most plant tissues except roots. Productivity and water relations in NaCl-salinized plants were not responsive to supplemental Ca. Conversely, calcium-supplemented plants salinized with Na2SO4 had better productivity and quality than those with NaCl, and were similar to non-stressed control plants. Salt injury symptoms were evident only on NaCl-treated plants, regardless of Ca supplements, and closely associated with chloride, but not sodium, accumulation, in leaf tissues. The extent of the ameliorative properties of supplemental calcium applications on salinized rose plants is influenced by the salinity level, the chemical composition of the salinizing solution (major ions and counter-ions) and the cultivar (scion) and rootstock selection.

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