Impacts of climate and emission changes on nitrogen deposition  in Europe: a multi-model study

Abstract. The impact of climate and emissions changes on the deposition of reactive nitrogen (Nr) over Europe was studied using four offline regional chemistry transport models (CTMs) driven by the same global projection of future climate over the period 2000–2050. Anthropogenic emissions for the years 2005 and 2050 were used for simulations of both present and future periods in order to isolate the impact of climate change, hemispheric boundary conditions and emissions, and to assess the robustness of the results across the different models. The results from these four CTMs clearly show that the main driver of future N-deposition changes is the specified emission change. Under the specified emission scenario for 2050, emissions of oxidised nitrogen were reduced substantially, whereas emissions of NH3 increase to some extent, and these changes are largely reflected in the modelled concentrations and depositions. The lack of sulfur and oxidised nitrogen in the future atmosphere results in a much larger fraction of NHx being present in the form of gaseous ammonia. Predictions for wet and total deposition were broadly consistent, although the three fine-scale models resolve European emission areas and changes better than the hemispheric-scale model. The biggest difference in the models is for predictions of individual N compounds. One model (EMEP) was used to explore changes in critical loads, also in conjunction with speculative climate-induced increases in NH3 emissions. These calculations suggest that the area of ecosystems that exceeds critical loads is reduced from 64% for year 2005 emissions levels to 50% for currently estimated 2050 levels. A possible climate-induced increase in NH3 emissions could worsen the situation, with areas exceeded increasing again to 57% (for a 30% NH3 emission increase).

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Impacts of climate and emission changes on nitrogen deposition in Europe: a multi-model study

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-14-6663-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (5) ◽

pp. 6663-6720 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

D. Simpson ◽

C. Andersson ◽

J.H. Christensen ◽

M. Engardt ◽

C. Geels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Critical Loads ◽

N Deposition ◽

Scale Model ◽

Gaseous Ammonia ◽

Nh3 Emission ◽

Model Study ◽

Emission Changes ◽

Emission Change ◽

The Impact ◽

Oxidised Nitrogen

Abstract. The impact of climate and emissions changes on the deposition of reactive nitrogen (Nr) over Europe was studied using four offline regional chemistry transport models (CTMs) driven by the same global projection of future climate over the period 2000–2050. Anthropogenic emissions for the years 2005 and 2050 were used for simulations of both present and future periods in order to isolate the impact of climate change, hemispheric boundary conditions and emissions, and to assess the robustness of the result across the different models. The results from these four CTMs clearly show that the main driver of future N-deposition changes is the specified emission change. Under the specified emission scenario for 2050, emissions of oxidised nitrogen were reduced substantially, whereas emissions of NH3 increase to some extent, and these changes are largely reflected in the modelled concentrations and depositions. The lack of sulphur and oxidised nitrogen in the future atmosphere results in a much larger fraction of NHx being present in the form of gaseous ammonia. Predictions for wet and total deposition were broadly consistent, although the three fine-scale models resolve European emission areas and changes better than the hemispheric-scale model. The biggest difference in the models is for predictions of individual N-compounds. One model (EMEP) was used to explore changes in critical loads, also in conjunction with speculative climate-induced increases in NH3 emissions. These calculations suggest that the area of ecosystems which exceed critical loads is reduced from 64% for year 2005 emissions levels to 50% for currently estimated 2050 levels. A possible climate-induced increase in NH3 emissions could worsen the situation, with areas exceeded increasing again to 57% (for a 30% NH3 emission increase).

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Response of secondary inorganic aerosol concentrations and deposition fluxes of S and N across Germany to emission changes during high PM<sub>10</sub> episodes in spring 2009

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-13-15783-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 15783-15827 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. Banzhaf ◽

M. Schaap ◽

R. J. Wichink Kruit ◽

H. A. C. Denier van der Gon ◽

R. Stern ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Western Europe ◽

Transport Model ◽

N Deposition ◽

Chemistry Transport Model ◽

Deposition Fluxes ◽

Nh3 Emission ◽

Non Linear ◽

Inorganic Aerosol ◽

Emission Changes ◽

North Western

Abstract. In this study, the response of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) concentrations to changes in precursor emissions during high PM10 episodes over Central Europe in spring 2009 was investigated with the Eulerian Chemistry Transport Model (CTM) REM-Calgrid (RCG). The model performed well in capturing the temporal variation of PM10 and SIA concentrations and was used to analyse the different origin, development and characteristics of the selected high PM10 episodes. SIA concentrations, which attribute to about 50% of the PM10 concentration in north-western Europe, have been studied by means of several emission scenarios varying SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions within a domain covering Germany and within a domain covering Europe. It was confirmed that the response of sulphate, nitrate and ammonium concentrations and deposition fluxes of S and N to SO2, NOx and NH3 emission changes is non-linear. The deviation from linearity was found to be lower for total deposition fluxes of S and N than for SIA concentrations. Furthermore, the study has shown that incorporating explicit cloud chemistry in the model adds non-linear responses to the system and significantly modifies the response of modelled SIA concentrations and S and N deposition fluxes to changes in precursor emissions. The analysis of emission reduction scenarios demonstrates that next to European wide emission reductions additional national NH3 measures in Germany are more effective in reducing SIA concentrations and deposition fluxes than additional national measures on SO2 and NOx.

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Global and regional radiative forcing from 20 % reductions in BC, OC and SO<sub>4</sub> – an HTAP2 multi-model study

10.5194/acp-2016-443 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Camilla Weum Stjern ◽

Bjørn Hallvard Samset ◽

Gunnar Myhre ◽

Huisheng Bian ◽

Mian Chin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

East Asia ◽

Radiative Forcing ◽

General Circulation ◽

Anthropogenic Aerosols ◽

Aerosol Forcing ◽

Source Regions ◽

Model Study ◽

Range Transport ◽

Emission Changes ◽

The Impact

Abstract. In the Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution Phase 2 (HTAP) exercise, a range of global atmospheric general circulation and chemical transport models performed coordinated perturbation experiments with 20 % reductions in emissions of anthropogenic aerosols, or aerosol precursors, in a number of source regions. Here, we compare the resulting changes in the atmospheric load and vertically resolved profiles of black carbon (BC), organic aerosols (OA) and sulfate (SO4) from 10 models that include treatment of aerosols. We use a set of temporally, horizontally and vertically resolved profiles of aerosol forcing efficiency (AFE) to estimate the impact of emission changes in six major source regions on global radiative forcing (RF) pertaining to the direct aerosol effect. Results show that mitigations in South and East Asia have substantial impacts on the radiative budget in all investigated receptor regions, especially for BC. In Russia and the Middle East, more than 80 % of the forcing for BC and OA is due to extra-regional emission reductions. Similarly, for North America, BC emissions control in East Asia is found to be more important than domestic mitigations, which is consistent with previous findings. Comparing fully resolved RF calculations to RF estimates based on vertically averaged AFE profiles allows us to quantify the importance of vertical resolution to RF estimates. We find that locally in the source regions, a 20 % emission reduction strengthens the radiative forcing associated with SO4 by 25 % when including the vertical dimension, as the AFE for SO4 is strongest near the surface. Conversely, the local RF from BC weakens by 37 % since BC AFE is low close to the ground. The influence of inter-continental transport on BC forcing, however, is enhanced by one third when accounting for the vertical aspect, because long-range transport leads primarily to aerosol changes at high altitudes, where the BC AFE is strong.

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On the Effect of Domed Ceiling in Worship Spaces: A Scale Model Study of a Mosque

Building Acoustics ◽

10.1260/135101003768965979 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 117-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nicola Prodi ◽

Matteo Marsilo

Keyword(s):

Scale Model ◽

Reverberation Time ◽

Model Study ◽

Ancient Times ◽

The Impact

Though the importance of domes in worship buildings has been recognised since ancient times, their acoustic effects have not been entirely addressed by acoustics researchers. In addition to the known detrimental effects of late reflections and echoes, more complicated behaviour can be expected as a result of the coupling of the dome volume to the rest of the room. This investigation is focused on the impact of a dome on reverberation time. This is done using a scale model study of a typical mosque. The results show how the parameter is affected and indicate how the phenomenon might be quantified.

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The impact of nitrogen and sulphur emissions from shipping on exceedances of critical loads in the Baltic Sea region

10.5194/acp-2021-306 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sara Jutterström ◽

Filip Moldan ◽

Jana Moldanová ◽

Matthias Karl ◽

Volker Matthias ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Baltic Sea ◽

Critical Loads ◽

N Deposition ◽

Environmental Damage ◽

The Baltic Sea ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

Baltic Sea Region ◽

The Baltic ◽

Sea Area ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The emissions of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) species to the atmosphere from shipping significantly contribute to S and N deposition near the coast, and to acidification and/or eutrophication of soils and freshwaters. In the countries around the Baltic Sea the shipping volume and its relative importance as a source of emissions are expected to increase if an efficient regulation would not be implemented. To assess the extent of environmental damage due to ship emissions for the Baltic Sea area, the exceedance of critical loads (CLs) for N and S has been calculated for the years 2012 and 2040. The paper evaluates the effects of several future scenarios including the implementation of NECA and SECA (Nitrogen resp. Sulphur Emission Control Areas). The implementation of NECA and SECA caused a significant decrease in exceedance of critical loads for N as a nutrient while the impact on the – already much lower – exceedance of critical loads for acidification was less pronounced. The relative contribution from Baltic shipping to the total deposition decreased from 2012 to the 2040 scenarios for both S and N. In contrast to exceedances of CLs for acidification, shipping still has an impact on exceedances for eutrophication in 2040.

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Impact of emission changes on secondary inorganic aerosol episodes across Germany

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-13-11675-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 11675-11693 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

S. Banzhaf ◽

M. Schaap ◽

R. J. Wichink Kruit ◽

H. A. C. Denier van der Gon ◽

R. Stern ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Transport Model ◽

N Deposition ◽

Emission Scenarios ◽

Cloud Chemistry ◽

Chemistry Transport Model ◽

Deposition Fluxes ◽

Nh3 Emission ◽

Non Linear ◽

Inorganic Aerosol ◽

Emission Changes

Abstract. In this study, the response of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) concentrations to changes in precursor emissions during high PM10 episodes over central Europe in spring 2009 was investigated with the Eulerian Chemistry Transport Model (CTM) REM-Calgrid (RCG). The model performed well in capturing the temporal variation of PM10 and SIA concentrations and was used to analyse the different origin, development and characteristics of the selected high PM10 episodes. SIA concentrations, which contribute to about 50% of the PM10 concentration in northwestern Europe, have been studied by means of several model runs for different emission scenarios. SO2, NOx and NH3 emissions have been varied within a domain covering Germany and within a domain covering Europe. It was confirmed that the response of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium concentrations and deposition fluxes of S and N to SO2, NOx and NH3 emission changes is non-linear. The deviation from linearity was found to be lower for total deposition fluxes of S and N than for SIA concentrations. Furthermore, the study has shown that incorporating explicit cloud chemistry in the model adds non-linear responses to the system. It significantly modifies the response of modelled SIA concentrations and S and N deposition fluxes to changes in precursor emissions. The analysis of emission reduction scenario runs demonstrates that next to European-wide emission reductions additional national NH3 measures in Germany are more effective in reducing SIA concentrations and deposition fluxes than additional national measures on SO2 and NOx.

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Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on Greenhouse Gas Emissions—Positive or Negative?

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18115567 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (11) ◽

pp. 5567

Author(s):

Moneim Massar ◽

Imran Reza ◽

Syed Masiur Rahman ◽

Sheikh Muhammad Habib Abdullah ◽

Arshad Jamal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Autonomous Vehicles ◽

Significant Contribution ◽

Ghg Emissions ◽

Interval Estimate ◽

Modal Shift ◽

Vehicle Mile Travel ◽

Emission Changes ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

The Impact

The potential effects of autonomous vehicles (AVs) on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are uncertain, although numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact. This paper aims to synthesize and review all the literature regarding the topic in a systematic manner to eliminate the bias and provide an overall insight, while incorporating some statistical analysis to provide an interval estimate of these studies. This paper addressed the effect of the positive and negative impacts reported in the literature in two categories of AVs: partial automation and full automation. The positive impacts represented in AVs’ possibility to reduce GHG emission can be attributed to some factors, including eco-driving, eco traffic signal, platooning, and less hunting for parking. The increase in vehicle mile travel (VMT) due to (i) modal shift to AVs by captive passengers, including elderly and disabled people and (ii) easier travel compared to other modes will contribute to raising the GHG emissions. The result shows that eco-driving and platooning have the most significant contribution to reducing GHG emissions by 35%. On the other side, easier travel and faster travel significantly contribute to the increase of GHG emissions by 41.24%. Study findings reveal that the positive emission changes may not be realized at a lower AV penetration rate, where the maximum emission reduction might take place within 60–80% of AV penetration into the network.

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The Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) sounding network: operations, processing and analysis

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques ◽

10.5194/amt-8-421-2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 421-434 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

M. P. Jensen ◽

T. Toto ◽

D. Troyan ◽

P. E. Ciesielski ◽

D. Holdridge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Scale Model ◽

Data Sets ◽

Central Plains ◽

Data Set ◽

Convective Systems ◽

Convective Clouds ◽

Quality Checks ◽

Network Operations ◽

The Impact

Abstract. The Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) took place during the spring of 2011 centered in north-central Oklahoma, USA. The main goal of this field campaign was to capture the dynamical and microphysical characteristics of precipitating convective systems in the US Central Plains. A major component of the campaign was a six-site radiosonde array designed to capture the large-scale variability of the atmospheric state with the intent of deriving model forcing data sets. Over the course of the 46-day MC3E campaign, a total of 1362 radiosondes were launched from the enhanced sonde network. This manuscript provides details on the instrumentation used as part of the sounding array, the data processing activities including quality checks and humidity bias corrections and an analysis of the impacts of bias correction and algorithm assumptions on the determination of convective levels and indices. It is found that corrections for known radiosonde humidity biases and assumptions regarding the characteristics of the surface convective parcel result in significant differences in the derived values of convective levels and indices in many soundings. In addition, the impact of including the humidity corrections and quality controls on the thermodynamic profiles that are used in the derivation of a large-scale model forcing data set are investigated. The results show a significant impact on the derived large-scale vertical velocity field illustrating the importance of addressing these humidity biases.

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