scholarly journals NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> lifetimes and emissions of cities and power plants in polluted background estimated by satellite observations

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 5283-5298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Liu ◽  
Steffen Beirle ◽  
Qiang Zhang ◽  
Steffen Dörner ◽  
Kebin He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Calm Wind ◽  
Global Inventory ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. We present a new method to quantify NOx emissions and corresponding atmospheric lifetimes from OMI NO2 observations together with ECMWF wind fields without further model input for sources located in a polluted background. NO2 patterns under calm wind conditions are used as proxy for the spatial patterns of NOx emissions, and the effective atmospheric NOx lifetime is determined from the change of spatial patterns measured at larger wind speeds. Emissions are subsequently derived from the NO2 mass above the background, integrated around the source of interest. Lifetimes and emissions are estimated for 17 power plants and 53 cities located in non-mountainous regions across China and the USA. The derived lifetimes for the ozone season (May–September) are 3.8 ± 1.0 h (mean ± standard deviation) with a range of 1.8 to 7.5 h. The derived NOx emissions show generally good agreement with bottom-up inventories for power plants and cities. Regional inventory shows better agreement with top-down estimates for Chinese cities compared to global inventory, most likely due to different downscaling approaches adopted in the two inventories.

scholarly journals NO<sub><I>x</I></sub> lifetimes and emissions of hotspots in polluted background estimated by satellite observations

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (17) ◽  
pp. 24179-24215 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Liu ◽  
S. Beirle ◽  
Q. Zhang ◽  
S. Dörner ◽  
K. B. He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
The Us ◽  
Calm Wind ◽  
Global Inventory ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. We present a new method to quantify NOx emissions and corresponding atmospheric lifetimes from OMI NO2 observations together with ECMWF wind fields without further model input for sources located in polluted background. NO2 patterns under calm wind conditions are used as proxy for the spatial patterns of NOx emissions, and the effective atmospheric NOx lifetime is determined from the change of spatial patterns measured at larger wind speeds. Emissions are subsequently derived from the NO2 mass above background integrated around the source of interest. Lifetimes and emissions are estimated for 17 power plants and 53 cities located in non-mountainous regions across China and the US. The derived lifetimes for non-mountainous sites are 3.8 ± 1.0 h on average with ranges of 1.8 to 7.5 h. The derived NOx emissions show generally good agreement with bottom-up inventories for power plants and cities. Global inventory significantly underestimated NOx emissions in Chinese cities, most likely due to uncertainties associated with downscaling approaches.

scholarly journals Catalog of NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from point sources as derived from the divergence of the NO<sub>2</sub> flux for TROPOMI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Beirle ◽  
Christian Borger ◽  
Steffen Dörner ◽  
Henk Eskes ◽  
Vinod Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
High Background ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Automated Algorithm ◽  
Background Pollution ◽  
Highly Sensitive

Abstract. We present version 1.0 of a global catalog of NOx emissions from point sources, derived from TROPOMI measurements of tropospheric NO2 for 2018–2019. The identification of sources and quantification of emissions are based on the divergence (spatial derivative) of the mean horizontal flux, which is highly sensitive for point sources like power plant exhaust stacks. The catalog lists 451 locations which could be clearly identified as NOx point source by a fully automated algorithm, while ambiguous cases as well as area sources such as Megacities are skipped. 242 of these point sources could be automatically matched to power plants. Other NOx point sources listed in the catalog are metal smelters, cement plants, or industrial areas. The four largest localized NOx emitters are all coal combustion plants in South Africa. About 1/4 of all detected point sources are located in the Indian subcontinent and are mostly associated with power plants. The catalog is incomplete, mainly due to persisting gaps in the TROPOMI NO2 product at some coastlines, inaccurate or complex wind fields in coastal and mountainous regions, and high noise in the divergence maps for high background pollution. The derived emissions are generally too low, lacking a factor of up to 2, mainly due to a low bias of TROPOMI NO2 columns. Still, the catalog has high potential for checking and improving emission inventories, as it provides accurate and independent up-to-date information on the location of sources of NOx, and thus also CO2. The catalog of NOx emissions from point sources is freely available at https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/Quant_NOx_TROPOMI (Beirle et al., 2020).

scholarly journals Catalog of NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> emissions from point sources as derived from the divergence of the NO<sub>2</sub> flux for TROPOMI

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2995-3012
Author(s):  
Steffen Beirle ◽  
Christian Borger ◽  
Steffen Dörner ◽  
Henk Eskes ◽  
Vinod Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
High Background ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Automated Algorithm ◽  
Background Pollution

Abstract. We present version 1.0 of a global catalog of NOx emissions from point sources, derived from TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) measurements of tropospheric NO2 for 2018–2019. The identification of sources and quantification of emissions are based on the divergence (spatial derivative) of the mean horizontal flux, which is highly sensitive for point sources like power plant exhaust stacks. The catalog lists 451 locations which could be clearly identified as NOx point sources by a fully automated algorithm, while ambiguous cases as well as area sources such as megacities are skipped. A total of 242 of these point sources could be automatically matched to power plants. Other NOx point sources listed in the catalog are metal smelters, cement plants, or industrial areas. The four largest localized NOx emitters are all coal combustion plants in South Africa. About 1/4 of all detected point sources are located in the Indian subcontinent and are mostly associated with power plants. The catalog is incomplete, mainly due to persisting gaps in the TROPOMI NO2 product at some coastlines, inaccurate or complex wind fields in coastal and mountainous regions, and high noise in the divergence maps for high background pollution. The derived emissions are generally too low, lacking a factor of about 2 up to 8 for extreme cases. This strong low bias results from combination of different effects, most of all a strong underestimation of near-surface NO2 in TROPOMI NO2 columns. Still, the catalog has high potential for checking and improving emission inventories, as it provides accurate and independent up-to-date information on the location of sources of NOx and thus also CO2. The catalog of NOx emissions from point sources is freely available at https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/Quant_NOx_TROPOMI (Beirle et al., 2020).

scholarly journals Variability of nitrogen oxide emission fluxes and lifetimes estimated from Sentinel-5P TROPOMI observations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kezia Lange ◽  
Andreas Richter ◽  
John Philip Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Latitudinal Dependence ◽  
Emission Fluxes ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Seasonal Dependence ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. Satellite observations of the high-resolution instrument TROPOMI on Sentinel-5 Precursor can be used to observe nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at city scales, to quantify short time variability of NOx emissions and lifetime on a seasonal and daily basis. In this study, two years of TROPOMI NO2 data, having a spatial resolution of 3.5 km x 5.5 km, together with ECMWF ERA5 wind data have been analyzed. NOx lifetimes and emission fluxes are calculated for 45 different NOx sources comprising cities and power plants, distributed around the world. The retrieved emissions are lower than the bottom-up emission inventories from EDGAR v5.0 but are in good agreement with other TROPOMI based estimates. Separation into seasons shows a clear seasonal dependence of emissions with in general the highest emissions during winter, except for cities in hot dessert climates, where the opposite is found. The NOx lifetime shows a systematic latitudinal dependence with an increase in lifetime from two to eight hours with latitude but only a weak seasonal dependence. For most of the 45 sources, a clear weekly pattern of emissions is found with weekend-to-week day ratios of up to 0.5, but with a high variability for the different locations. During the Covid-19 lockdown period in 2020 strong reductions in the NOx emissions were observed for New Delhi, Buenos Aires and Madrid.

scholarly journals Estimation of NO<sub><b>x</b></sub> emissions from Delhi using car MAX-DOAS observations and comparison with OMI satellite data

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 19179-19212 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Shaiganfar ◽  
S. Beirle ◽  
M. Sharma ◽  
A. Chauhan ◽  
R. P. Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Satellite Observations ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Satellite Retrieval ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
High Pollution ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. We present the first Multi-Axis- (MAX-) DOAS observations in India performed during April 2010 and January 2011 in Delhi and nearby regions. The MAX-DOAS instrument was mounted on a car roof, which allowed us to perform measurements along individual driving routes. From car MAX-DOAS observations along closed circles around Delhi, together with information on wind speed and direction, the NOx emissions from the greater Delhi area were determined: our estimate of 3.7 × 1025 molec s−1 is found to be slightly lower than the corresponding emission estimates using the EDGAR data base and substantially smaller compared to a recent study by Gurjar et al. (2004). We have also used the MAX-DOAS observations of the tropospheric NO2 VCD for validation of simultaneous satellite observations from the OMI instrument and found a good agreement of the spatial patterns. The absolute values show a reasonably good agreement. However, OMI data tends to underestimate the tropospheric NO2 VCDs in regions with high pollution levels, and tends to overestimate the tropospheric NO2 VCDs in more clean areas. These findings indicate possible discrepancies between the true vertical NO2 profiles and the profile assumptions in the OMI satellite retrieval.

scholarly journals Response of winter fine particulate matter concentrations to emission and meteorology changes in North China

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Gao ◽  
G. R. Carmichael ◽  
P. E. Saide ◽  
Zifeng Lu ◽  
Man Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
North China ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Long Term Trends

Abstract. The winter haze is a growing problem in North China, but the causes have not been well understood. The chemistry version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-Chem) was applied in North China to examine how the PM2.5 concentrations change in response to changes in emissions (sulfur dioxide (SO2), black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), ammonia (NH3), and nitrogen oxides (NOx)), as well as meteorology (temperature, relative humidity (RH), and wind speeds) changes in winter. From 1960 to 2010, the dramatic changes in emissions lead to +260 % increases in sulfate, +320 % increases in nitrate, +300 % increases in ammonium, +160 % increases in BC and 50 % increases in OC. The responses of PM2.5 to individual emission specie indicate that the simultaneous increases in SO2, NH3 and NOx emissions dominated the increases in PM2.5 concentrations. PM2.5 is more sensitive to changes in SO2 and NH3 as compared to changes in NOx emissions. In addition, OC also accounts for a large fraction in PM2.5 changes. These results provide some implications for haze pollution control. The responses of PM2.5 concentrations to temperature increases are dominated by changes in wind fields and mixing heights. PM2.5 is not sensitive to temperature increases and RH decreases, compared to changes in wind speed and aerosol feedbacks. From 1960 to 2010, aerosol feedbacks have been significantly enhanced, due to higher aerosol loadings. The discussions in this study indicate that dramatic changes in emissions are the main cause of increasing haze events in North China, and long-term trends in atmospheric circulations maybe another important cause since PM2.5 is shown to be sensitive to wind speed and aerosol feedbacks. More studies are necessary to get a better understanding of the aerosol-circulation interactions.

scholarly journals Response of winter fine particulate matter concentrations to emission and meteorology changes in North China

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 11837-11851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meng Gao ◽  
Gregory R. Carmichael ◽  
Pablo E. Saide ◽  
Zifeng Lu ◽  
Man Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
North China ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Wind Fields ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Response To Temperature

Abstract. The winter haze is a growing problem in North China, but the causes are not well understood. The chemistry version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF-Chem) was applied in North China to examine how PM2.5 concentrations change in response to changes in emissions (sulfur dioxide (SO2), black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), ammonia (NH3), and nitrogen oxides (NOx)), as well as meteorology (temperature, relative humidity (RH), and wind speeds) changes in winter. From 1960 to 2010, the dramatic changes in emissions lead to +260 % increases in sulfate, +320 % increases in nitrate, +300 % increases in ammonium, +160 % increases in BC, and +50 % increases in OC. The responses of PM2.5 to individual emission species indicate that the simultaneous increases in SO2, NH3, and NOx emissions dominated the increases in PM2.5 concentrations. PM2.5 shows more notable increases in response to changes in SO2 and NH3 as compared to increases in response to changes in NOx emissions. In addition, OC also accounts for a large fraction in PM2.5 changes. These results provide some implications for haze pollution control. The responses of PM2.5 concentrations to temperature increases are dominated by changes in wind fields and mixing heights. PM2.5 shows relatively smaller changes in response to temperature increases and RH decreases compared to changes in response to changes in wind speed and aerosol feedbacks. From 1960 to 2010, aerosol feedbacks have been significantly enhanced due to higher aerosol loadings. The discussions in this study indicate that dramatic changes in emissions are the main cause of increasing haze events in North China, and long-term trends in atmospheric circulations may be another important cause since PM2.5 is shown to be substantially affected by wind speed and aerosol feedbacks. More studies are necessary to get a better understanding of the aerosol–circulation interactions.

Life Extension of Nuclear Power Plants: World Situation and the USA Case

2010 ◽  
pp. 50-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo T. León ◽  
Loreto Cuesta ◽  
Eduardo Serra ◽  
Luis Yagüe
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Nuclear Power Plants ◽  
Life Extension ◽  
The Usa

scholarly journals Changes in Power Plant NOx Emissions over Northwest Greece Using a Data Assimilation Technique

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 900
Author(s):  
Ioanna Skoulidou ◽  
Maria-Elissavet Koukouli ◽  
Arjo Segers ◽  
Astrid Manders ◽  
Dimitris Balis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Data Assimilation ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Filter Method ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Data Assimilation Technique

In this work, we investigate the ability of a data assimilation technique and space-borne observations to quantify and monitor changes in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions over Northwestern Greece for the summers of 2018 and 2019. In this region, four lignite-burning power plants are located. The data assimilation technique, based on the Ensemble Kalman Filter method, is employed to combine space-borne atmospheric observations from the high spatial resolution Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and simulations using the LOTOS-EUROS Chemical Transport model. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service-Regional European emissions (CAMS-REG, version 4.2) inventory based on the year 2015 is used as the a priori emissions in the simulations. Surface measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from air quality stations operating in the region are compared with the model surface NO2 output using either the a priori (base run) or the a posteriori (assimilated run) NOx emissions. Relative to the a priori emissions, the assimilation suggests a strong decrease in concentrations for the station located near the largest power plant, by 80% in 2019 and by 67% in 2018. Concerning the estimated annual a posteriori NOx emissions, it was found that, for the pixels hosting the two largest power plants, the assimilated run results in emissions decreased by ~40–50% for 2018 compared to 2015, whereas a larger decrease, of ~70% for both power plants, was found for 2019, after assimilating the space-born observations. For the same power plants, the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) reports decreased emissions in 2018 and 2019 compared to 2015 (−35% and −38% in 2018, −62% and −72% in 2019), in good agreement with the estimated emissions. We further compare the a posteriori emissions to the reported energy production of the power plants during the summer of 2018 and 2019. Mean decreases of about −35% and−63% in NOx emissions are estimated for the two larger power plants in summer of 2018 and 2019, respectively, which are supported by similar decreases in the reported energy production of the power plants (~−30% and −70%, respectively).

scholarly journals Optimization of a Small Wind Power Plant for Annual Wind Speed Distribution

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1587
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Wrobel ◽  
Krzysztof Tomczewski ◽  
Artur Sliwinski ◽  
Andrzej Tomczewski
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Power Plant ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Wind Power Plant ◽  
Switched Reluctance ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Wind Speed Distribution ◽  
And Control

This article presents a method to adjust the elements of a small wind power plant to the wind speed characterized by the highest annual level of energy. Tests were carried out on the basis of annual wind distributions at three locations. The standard range of wind speeds was reduced to that resulting from the annual wind speed distributions in these locations. The construction of the generators and the method of their excitation were adapted to the characteristics of the turbines. The results obtained for the designed power plants were compared with those obtained for a power plant with a commercial turbine adapted to a wind speed of 10 mps. The generator structure and control method were optimized using a genetic algorithm in the MATLAB program (Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA); magnetostatic calculations were carried out using the FEMM program; the simulations were conducted using a proprietary simulation program. The simulation results were verified by measurement for a switched reluctance machine of the same voltage, power, and design. Finally, the yields of the designed generators in various locations were determined.

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