scholarly journals A comparison of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 14303-14319
Author(s):  
Atallah Elzein ◽  
Gareth J. Stewart ◽  
Stefan J. Swift ◽  
Beth S. Nelson ◽  
Leigh R. Crilley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
High Contribution ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Beijing China ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in air, soil, and water and are known to have harmful effects on human health and the environment. The diurnal and nocturnal variations of 17 PAHs in ambient particle-bound PAHs were measured in urban Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) during the summer season using gas-chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-Q-TOF-MS). The mean concentration of particles less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) observed in Delhi was 3.6 times higher than in Beijing during the measurement period in both the daytime and night-time. In Beijing, the mean concentration of the sum of the 17 PAHs (∑17 PAHs) was 8.2 ± 5.1 ng m−3 in daytime, with the highest contribution from indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (12 %), while at night-time the total PAHs was 7.2 ± 2.0 ng m−3, with the largest contribution from benzo[b]fluoranthene (14 %). In Delhi, the mean ∑17 PAHs was 13.6 ± 5.9 ng m−3 in daytime and 22.7 ± 9.4 ng m−3 at night-time, with the largest contribution from indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene in both the day (17 %) and night (20 %). Elevated mean concentrations of total PAHs in Delhi observed at night were attributed to emissions from vehicles and biomass burning and to meteorological conditions leading to their accumulation from a stable and low atmospheric boundary layer. Local emission sources were typically identified as the major contributors to total measured PAHs in both cities. Major emission sources were characterized based on the contribution from each class of PAHs, with the four-, five- and six-ring PAHs accounting ∼ 95 % of the total PM2.5-bound PAHs mass in both locations. The high contribution of five-ring PAHs to total PAH concentration in summer Beijing and Delhi suggests a high contribution from petroleum combustion. In Delhi, a high contribution from six-ring PAHs was observed at night, suggesting a potential emission source from the combustion of fuel and oil in power generators, widely used in Delhi. The lifetime excess lung cancer risk (LECR) was calculated for Beijing and Delhi, with the highest estimated risk attributed to Delhi (LECR = 155 per million people), which is 2.2 times higher than the Beijing risk assessment value (LECR = 70 per million people). Finally, we have assessed the emission control policies in each city and identified those major sectors that could be subject to mitigation measures.

scholarly journals A comparison of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in summer Beijing (China) and Delhi (India)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atallah Elzein ◽  
Gareth J. Stewart ◽  
Stefan J. Swift ◽  
Beth S. Nelson ◽  
Leigh R. Crilley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
High Contribution ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Beijing China ◽  
Mean Concentration

Abstract. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in air, soil and water and known to have harmful effects on human health and the environment. The diurnal and nocturnal variation of 17-PAHs in ambient particle-bound PAHs were measured in urban Beijing (China) and Delhi (India) during the summer season using GC-Q-TOF-MS. The mean concentration of particles less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) observed in Delhi was 3.6 times higher than in Beijing during the measurement period in both the day-time and night-time. In Beijing, the mean concentration of the sum of the 17 PAHs (∑17-PAHs) was 8.2 ± 5.1 ng m−3 in daytime, with the highest contribution from Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (12 %), while at night-time the total PAHs was 7.2 ± 2.0 ng m−3, with the largest contribution from Benzo[b]fluoranthene (14 %). In Delhi, the mean ∑17-PAHs was 13.6 ± 5.9 ng m−3 in daytime, and 22.7 ± 9.4 ng m−3 at night-time, with the largest contribution from Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene in both the day (17 %) and night (20 %). Elevated mean concentrations of total PAHs in Delhi observed at night were attributed to emissions from vehicles and biomass burning and to meteorological conditions leading to their accumulation from a stable and low atmospheric boundary layer. Local emission sources were typically identified as the major contributors to total measured PAHs, however, in Delhi 25 % of the emissions were attributed to long-range atmospheric transport. Major emission sources were characterized based on the contribution from each class of PAHs, with the 4, 5, and 6 ring PAHs accounting ~ 95 % of the total PM2.5-bound PAHs mass in both locations. The high contribution of 5 ring PAHs to total PAH concentration in summer Beijing and Delhi suggests a high contribution from petroleum combustion. In Delhi, a high contribution from 6 ring PAHs was observed at night, suggesting a potential emission source from the combustion of fuel and oil in power generators, widely used in Delhi. The lifetime excess lung cancer risk (LECR) was calculated for Beijing and Delhi, with the highest estimated risk attributed to Delhi (LECR = 155 per million people), 2.2 times higher than Beijing risk assessment value (LECR = 70 per million people). Finally, we have assessed the emission control policies in each city and identified those major sectors that could be subject to mitigation measures.

Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Underground Water around the Viccinity of Balogun-Biiro Dump Site, Oke Bale, Osogbo, Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
T A Adedosu
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Dump Site ◽  
Diagnostic Indices ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Significant Concentration

Well-water samples were collected from the vicinity of Balogun–biiro dump site located in Okebaale Osogbo, Osun state, Nigeria. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined qualitatively and quantitatively using GC-FID. The concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the water samples ranged from 0.01235 µg/kg to 0.05365 µg/kg with mean concentration ranging from 0.00094 µg/kg to 0.00335 µg/kg respectively. The highest concentration of ∑16 𝑃𝐴𝐻𝑠was recorded in S6 and it was observed that there is decline in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations from point of water pollution. There was a significant concentration of both the lower and higher rings polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the samples. These distributions as well as various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons diagnostic indices calculated showed that the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the samples were both petrogenic and pyrogenic. The mean concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons recorded in the water samples showed a little bit enhanced values than the recommended tolerable limits, which indicated some level of pollution in the water samples

Distribution and source estimation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal sediments from Seto Inland Sea, Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 488
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Tsuji ◽  
Waqar Azeem Jadoon ◽  
Yoko Nunome ◽  
Hideo Yamazaki ◽  
Satoshi Asaoka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Seto Inland Sea ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Osaka Bay ◽  
The Seto Inland Sea ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Mean Concentration ◽  
Total Concentrations

Environmental contextPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogenic environmental contaminants that tend to migrate into the sediments in oceans and seas. Their vertical distribution in sediments from the Seto Inland Sea matched their emission over time, which in turn reflected changes in energy sources and industrial activities in Japan. This study shows that human activities on land directly and significantly influence the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments. AbstractSeventeen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were identified in sediment cores collected at several locations in the Seto Inland Sea in 2015 and 2016 to understand their spatial distribution and potential emission sources. PAHs were analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The age of the sediment cores was analysed using radioisotopic dating techniques to reconstruct historical PAH emissions. The total concentrations of 17 PAHs in the sediment cores of Osaka Bay in 2015 were in the range of 108–2810ng g−1 dry weight (dw) with a mean concentration of 1050ng g−1 dw. The total concentrations of 17 PAHs in sediment cores from the Seto Inland Sea in 2016 were in the range of 52.6–941ng g−1 dw with a mean concentration of 313ng g−1 dw. The spatial distribution of PAHs showed the highest concentration in Osaka Bay and the lowest in Kii Channel in 2016. The horizontal PAH distribution showed a decreasing trend in concentrations from the estuary offshore to Osaka Bay and Aki-Nada. The vertical PAH distribution revealed that levels were higher before the 1980s–1990s, when oil consumption and industrial activities in the Osaka region reached a maximum in the 20th century. The diagnostic ratios of PAHs and a principal component analysis revealed three main emission sources of PAHs, industry, biomass burning and traffic activities.

Dietary Intake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Spanish Population

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 2190-2195 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAQUEL IBÁÑEZ ◽  
ANTONIO AGUDO ◽  
ANTONIO BERENGUER ◽  
PAULA JAKSZYN ◽  
MARÍA JOSÉ TORMO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dietary History ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean

The objective of the present study was to estimate the dietary intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), as well as to identify the principal dietary sources of such compounds in the Spanish adult population. The study included 40,690 subjects aged 35 to 64 years from five regions of Spain that were included in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)–Spain cohort. Usual food intake was estimated by personal interview through a computerized version of a dietary history questionnaire. The estimations of B[a]P and total PAHs were made, taking into account the country where the determinations of content of these compounds in the foods came from and the year of publication. The mean intake of B[a]P in the population was 0.14 μg/day, and the mean intake of total PAHs was 8.57 μg/day. Both for B[a]P and total PAHs, women had a significantly lower mean intake than men, and older people consumed lesser amounts than younger people. Furthermore, the intake was higher in the northern regions. There were no significant differences by smoking status. The food groups of meat and meat products, cereals, and oils and fats contribute 55.5% to the total B[a]P intake, while cereals and meat and meat products contribute 61% to the total PAH consumption. Our estimations of B[a]P intake were lower than in the United Kingdom and The Netherlands, were similar to those found in other studies from Spain and Italy, and were higher than those in the United States and Norway.

scholarly journals Application of mosses to identification of emission sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons / Wykorzystanie mchów do identyfikacji źródeł emisji wielopierścieniowych węglowodorów aromatycznych

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Ciesielczuk ◽  
Tomasz Olszowski ◽  
Marcin Prokop ◽  
Andrzej Kłos
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Pleurozium Schreberi ◽  
Emission Sources ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The City

Abstract The moss Pleurozium schreberi was used to evaluate the emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at Polish cemeteries on the All Saints' Day, when Poles traditionally light candles and candle lamps in memory of the deceased. Moss samples were exposed for 7 days at 4 cemeteries and, for comparison, in a city centre and in a rural area. During exposition, the mean content of 16 monitored PAHs in the samples increased by 455 ng/g at the cemeteries and by 689 ng g-1 in the city centre. In the rural area, the samples showed no statistically significant changes. PAHs whose content increased only in the moss samples exposed at the cemeteries included naphthalene, pyrene, benzo[b]fluoranthene together with benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene. The concentrations of other PAHs increased in samples exposed in the city centre and at two cemeteries located in the suburban areas. The results presented confirm the possibility of using mosses in biomonitoring of PAHs.

Microbial Properties and Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Contaminated Farmland Soil with Bioremediation

2014 ◽  
Vol 665 ◽  
pp. 534-537
Author(s):  
Hong Wang ◽  
Hai Bo Li ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Ji Fu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Microbial Properties ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Farmland Soil ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Microbial Agent

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and microbial quantity were investigated in aged PAHs-contaminated soil in a pot experiment with regrass and alfalfa. After 60 days germination the concentration of total PAHs in soil decreased by 37.57% and 38.41% with the treatment of ryegrass-microbe agent and alfalfa-microbe agent. The processes of ryegrass and alfalfa were 18.72% and 19.34%. The root system promoted the quantity of microbe and the microbial agent was benefit for the PAHs degrading microbe. And there was significant positive correlation between the number of PAHs degrading microorganisms and the removal rate of PAHs in the soil.

scholarly journals Blood levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Women with Benign and Malignant Breast Lesions: A case-control study

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vipul K Singh ◽  
M Anand ◽  
D Rawtani ◽  
Uday P Singh ◽  
DK Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Breast Lesions ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Malignant Breast ◽  
Control Study

Objective: As part of our program to investigate the possible role of environmental pollutants in the incidence of breast cancer in India, we conducted for the first time a hospital based case-control study where blood polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels were determined in women suffering from benign and malignant breast lesions, and compared with those of disease free controls drawn from similar socioeconomic environment residing in and around New Delhi, India. Material & Methods: Anthracene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, naphthalene, pyrene, benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (k) fluoranthene and dibenzo (a,h) anthracene were determined by HPLC-FD. Results: Level of total PAHs in control, benign and malignant groups (30 numbers in each) were 142.05 ± 50.84, 185.99 ± 61.97 and 200.74 ± 55.05 μg / L respectively. Mean levels of naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo (k) fluoranthene were higher in both malignant and benign groups than in control but the difference was not statistically significant. Of the total PAHs, 3–ringed compounds were found much higher (89%) in controls than in benign (52%) and malignant groups (54%). However, the percentage sum of 2, 4 and 5-ringed PAHs were much higher in malignant (46%) and benign (48%) groups when compared with those of controls (11%). Conclusion: Results of the present study indicate that higher levels of PAHs (especially non-carcinogenic), though statistically non-significant, were present in cases with benign and malignant breast lesions than in those of controls. Key Words: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; Breast cancer; Benign lesions; HPLC-FD  DOI: 10.3126/ajms.v1i2.2924Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 1 (2010) 80-86

Using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to determine post-wildfire contamination and sediment sources in a large watershed in central British Columbia, Canada

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Kieta ◽  
Philip Owens ◽  
Ellen Petticrew
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;The Nechako River Basin (NRB) in central British Columbia is a large (52,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;), regulated basin that supports populations of sockeye and chinook salmon and the endangered Nechako white sturgeon. These important species are experiencing population declines and one potential cause of this decline is excess sediment, which can clog their spawning habitat and reduce juvenile success. This excess sediment is likely the product of a combination of factors, the most visible being the significant land cover changes that have occurred in the basin, which includes pressure from forestry and agriculture, the Mountain Pine Beetle epidemic, and large-scale wildfires in 2018. Focusing specifically on the impact of the 2018 wildfires on sediment transport from upland burned areas to adjacent waterways, this research aimed to determine the spatial and temporal contamination of tributaries and the mainstem of the Nechako River with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are produced during the combustion of organic matter and have been identified as toxic to aquatic organisms and to humans. Additionally, this study intended to determine if burned areas were a more significant contributor of sediment than unburned areas and better understand the utility of PAHs as a potential tracer. Source soil samples were collected in 2018 and 2020 from burned and unburned sites, and suspended sediment samples were collected throughout the ice-free period from 2018-2020 in three tributaries and three mainstem sites. All samples were analysed for PAHs, magnetic susceptibility, colour, and particle size. Results from the fall 2018 source samples show a significant difference in PAH concentrations between unburned and burned soils, and while concentrations of PAHs in source soils in 2020 were lower than in 2018, they were still elevated compared to unburned soils. Sediment samples showed that concentrations of total PAHs are higher in the mainstem sites than in the tributaries, with the greatest concentrations consistently found at the most downstream site on the mainstem of the Nechako River. Concentrations across sites were highest in samples taken during the spring snowmelt period in 2019, have decreased throughout the rest of the sampling period (2019-2020), and are well below sediment quality guidelines for total PAHs. In addition to determining the spatial and temporal extent of PAH contamination, this study also aims to use PAHs along with colour and measurements of magnetic susceptibility to trace sediments associated with the 2018 wildfires. The high cost of PAH analysis limits the number of samples that can be analysed and thus, these additional tracers will allow for the use of models such as MixSIAR that improve with a more robust number of samples. As large-scale megafires continue to burn across the globe, understanding their potential to contribute PAHs to local waterbodies and potentially be used as a tracer is as prescient as ever.&lt;/p&gt;

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