Contrasting the Co-variability of Daytime Cloud and Precipitation over Tropical Land and Ocean

Abstract. The co-variability of cloud and precipitation in the extended tropics (35° N–35° S) is investigated using contemporaneous datasets for a 13-year period. The goal is to quantify the relationship between cloud types and precipitation events of particular strength. Particular attention is paid to whether the relationship exhibits different characteristics over tropical land and ocean. A major analysis metric is correlation coefficients between fractions of individual cloud types and frequencies within precipitation histogram bins that have been matched in time and space. The cloud type fractions are derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) joint histograms of cloud top pressure and cloud optical thickness in one-degree grid cells, and the precipitation frequencies come from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) dataset aggregated to the same grid. It is found that the strongest coupling (positive correlation) between clouds and precipitation occurs for cumulonimbus clouds and heaviest rainfall over ocean. While the same cloud type and rainfall bin are also best correlated over land compared to other combinations, the correlation magnitude over land is weaker than over ocean. The difference is attributed to the greater size of convective systems over ocean. It is also found both over ocean and land that the anti-correlation of strong precipitation with weak (i.e., thin and/or low) cloud types is of greater absolute strength than positive correlations between weak cloud types and weak precipitation. Cloud type co-occurrence relationships explain some of the cloud-precipitation anti-correlations. Couplings between weaker rainfall and clouds are also distinct in ocean vs. land, with precipitation predictability when cloud type is known being quite poor in general, particularly over land.

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Contrasting the co-variability of daytime cloud and precipitation over tropical land and ocean

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-18-3065-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 3065-3082 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Daeho Jin ◽

Lazaros Oreopoulos ◽

Dongmin Lee ◽

Nayeong Cho ◽

Jackson Tan

Keyword(s):

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽

Data Sets ◽

Cloud Type ◽

Primary Analysis ◽

Data Set ◽

Convective Systems ◽

Low Cloud ◽

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽

The Difference ◽

Histogram Bins

Abstract. The co-variability of cloud and precipitation in the extended tropics (35∘ N–35∘ S) is investigated using contemporaneous data sets for a 13-year period. The goal is to quantify potential relationships between cloud type fractions and precipitation events of particular strength. Particular attention is paid to whether the relationships exhibit different characteristics over tropical land and ocean. A primary analysis metric is the correlation coefficient between fractions of individual cloud types and frequencies within precipitation histogram bins that have been matched in time and space. The cloud type fractions are derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) joint histograms of cloud top pressure and cloud optical thickness in 1∘ grid cells, and the precipitation frequencies come from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) data set aggregated to the same grid. It is found that the strongest coupling (positive correlation) between clouds and precipitation occurs over ocean for cumulonimbus clouds and the heaviest rainfall. While the same cloud type and rainfall bin are also best correlated over land compared to other combinations, the correlation magnitude is weaker than over ocean. The difference is attributed to the greater size of convective systems over ocean. It is also found that both over ocean and land the anti-correlation of strong precipitation with “weak” (i.e., thin and/or low) cloud types is of greater absolute strength than positive correlations between weak cloud types and weak precipitation. Cloud type co-occurrence relationships explain some of the cloud–precipitation anti-correlations. Weak correlations between weaker rainfall and clouds indicate poor predictability for precipitation when cloud types are known, and this is even more true over land than over ocean.

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Objective and Subjective Outcomes in Patients with Hearing Aids: A Cross-Sectional, Comparative, Associational Study

Audiology and Neurotology ◽

10.1159/000516623 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Xunyi Wang ◽

Yun Zheng ◽

Gang Li ◽

Jingzhe Lu ◽

Yan Yin

Keyword(s):

Hearing Aids ◽

Patient Reported Outcomes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Patient Reported ◽

Objective Tests ◽

The Difference ◽

Potential Factors ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

The Relationship ◽

Subjective Outcomes

Introduction: Outcome assessment for hearing aids (HAs) is an essential part of HA fitting and validation. There is no consensus about the best or standard approach for evaluating HA outcomes. And, the relationship between objective and subjective measures is ambiguous. This study aimed to determine the outcomes after HA fitting, explore correlations between subjective benefit and acoustic gain improvement as well as objective audiologic tests, and investigate several variables that may improve patients’ perceived benefits. Methods: Eighty adults with bilateral symmetrical hearing loss using HAs for at least 1 month were included in this study. All subjects completed the pure tone average (PTA) threshold and word recognition score (WRS) tests in unaided and aided conditions. We also administered the Chinese version of International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (IOI-HA), to measure participants’ subjective benefits. Objective HA benefit (acoustic gain improvement) was defined as the difference in thresholds or scores between aided and unaided conditions indicated with ΔPTA and ΔWRS. Thus, patients’ baseline hearing levels were taken into account. Correlations were assessed among objective audiologic tests (PTA and WRS), acoustic gain improvement (ΔPTA and ΔWRS), multiple potential factors, and IOI-HA overall scores. Results: PTA decreased significantly, but WRS did not increase when aided listening was compared to unaided listening. Negative correlations between PTAs and IOI-HA scores were significant but weak (r = −0.370 and r = −0.393, all p < 0.05). Significant weak positive correlations were found between WRSs and IOI-HA (r = 0.386 and r = 0.309, all p < 0.05). However, there was no correlation among ΔPTA, ΔWRS, and IOI-HA (r = 0.056 and r = −0.086, all p > 0.05). Moreover, 2 nonaudiological factors (age and daily use time) were significantly correlated with IOI-HA (r = −0.269 and r = 0.242, all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Correlations among objective audiologic tests, acoustic gain, and subjective patient-reported outcomes were weak or absent. Subjective questionnaires and objective tests do not reflect the same hearing capability. Therefore, it is advisable to evaluate both objective and subjective outcomes when analyzing HA benefits on a regular basis and pay equal attention to nonaudiological and audiological factors.

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Self-efficacy, Adaptability and Intention of Searching for Vocational Guidance in Adolescents

Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) ◽

10.1590/1982-4327e2840 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Rodolfo Augusto Matteo Ambiel ◽

Thaline da Cunha Moreira ◽

Dianniffer Aparecida Oliveira ◽

Edson Cardoso Pereira ◽

Débora Noemi Hernandez

Keyword(s):

High School Students ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Vocational Guidance ◽

Career Adaptability ◽

School Students ◽

The Difference ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

The Individual ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Vocational guidance (VG) involves several variables that can help the individual to make a professional choice and build his or her career. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between self-efficacy for professional choice and career adaptability in high school students, as well as to verify possible differences regarding the intention or not to participate in a VG process. 272 students participated in this study, from a public school, aged between 14 and 19 years, 51.5% female. A Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Self-efficacy Scale for Professional Choice (EAE-EP) and the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS-Brazil) were applied. From the Pearson correlation analysis, ANOVA and Cohen’s d, the results indicated positive correlations between the constructs, in addition, it was observed the difference between the students who would like or not to undergo a VG process. Implications for the practice are discussed.

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The Relationship Between Nasal Sound Pressure Level and Palatopharyngeal Closure

Journal of Speech and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/jshr.1201.193 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 193-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ralph L. Shelton ◽

William B. Arndt ◽

Albert W. Knox ◽

Mary Elbert ◽

Linda Chisum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sound Pressure Level ◽

Sound Pressure ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Pressure Level ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship

A group of 21 subjects with well-fitted speech bulbs was compared for nasal sound pressure level (SPL) with a group of 13 subjects having moderate deficiency of palatopharyngeal closure. The difference in mean measures for the two groups was statistically significant. Correlation coefficients are reported for the relationships between nasal SPL and both a cinefluorographic measure of palatopharyngeal closure and several articulation measures.

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Test Anxiety and Its Relationship to Self-Esteem During the COVID-19 Pandemic

International Journal of Psychological Studies ◽

10.5539/ijps.v13n4p15 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 15

Author(s):

Nawal Hamid Mohammed Hamid

Keyword(s):

Test Anxiety ◽

Preliminary Data ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Self Esteem ◽

The Self ◽

P Value ◽

Northern Border ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

Descriptive Method

This research aimed to investigate the level of test anxiety and the relationship between test anxiety and self-esteem among the students of the faculty of Science and Arts in Rafha campus, Northern Border University, KSA during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, it intended to identify the differences in test anxiety among the students according to gender variable. The researcher applied the descriptive method, prepared a preliminary data form, and used the Westside Test Anxiety Scale by Driscoll (2007) and the Self-esteem Scale by El Sayed (2019). The data were collected online, and the sample size was (336) students. The results showed that the level of test anxiety among the students of the faculty of Science and Arts during the COVID-19 pandemic was high. The correlation coefficient between the impairment subscale and self-esteem was negative but statistically insignificant. Moreover, the correlation coefficients between both the worry subscale and the test anxiety total scores with the self-esteem resulted in a negative sign and statistically significant. There were significant differences in test anxiety among the students in the impairment subscale, the P-value was (0.005), which indicates that the difference between the two means is statistically significant, and the males’ mean is greater. While the P-value for the worry subscale was (0.226), which indicates that the difference was insignificant, the P-value of the test anxiety total scores was (0.029), which reveals that the difference between the two means is statistically significant, and the males’ mean is greater.

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MOSEV: a global burn severity database from MODIS (2000–2020)

Earth System Science Data ◽

10.5194/essd-13-1925-2021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1925-1938

Author(s):

Esteban Alonso-González ◽

Víctor Fernández-García

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Burn Severity ◽

Burned Area ◽

Landsat 8 ◽

Surface Reflectance ◽

Global Database ◽

Tiling System ◽

Time To Build ◽

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽

The Difference

Abstract. To make advances in the fire discipline, as well as in the study of CO2 emissions, it is of great interest to develop a global database with estimators of the degree of biomass consumed by fire, which is defined as burn severity. In this work we present the first global burn severity database (MOSEV database), which is based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance and burned area (BA) products from November 2000 to near real time. To build the database we combined Terra MOD09A1 and Aqua MYD09A1 surface reflectance products to obtain dense time series of the normalized burn ratio (NBR) spectral index, and we used the MCD64A1 product to identify BA and the date of burning. Then, we calculated for each burned pixel the difference of the NBR (dNBR) and its relativized version (RdNBR), as well as the post-burn NBR, which are the most commonly used burn severity spectral indices. The database also includes the pre-burn NBR used for calculations, the date of the pre- and post-burn NBR, and the date of burning. Moreover, in this work we have compared the burn severity metrics included in MOSEV (dNBR, RdNBR and post-burn NBR) with the same ones obtained from Landsat-8 scenes which have an original resolution of 30 m. We calculated the Pearson's correlation coefficients and the significance of the relationships using 13 pairs of Landsat scenes randomly distributed across the globe, with a total BA of 6904 km2 (n=32 163). Results showed that MOSEV and Landsat-8 burn severity indices are highly correlated, particularly the post-burn NBR (R=0.88; P<0.001), and dNBR (R=0.74; P<0.001) showed stronger relationships than RdNBR (R=0.42; P<0.001). Differences between MOSEV and Landsat-8 indices are attributable to variability in reflectance values and to the different temporal resolution of both satellites (MODIS: 1–2 d; Landsat: 16 d). The database is structured according to the MODIS tiling system and is freely downloadable at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4265209 (Alonso-González and Fernández-García, 2020).

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EVALUATION OF THE COUPLING BETWEEN ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM (EEG) AND GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE (GSR) SIGNALS VERSUS THE COMPLEX STRUCTURE OF MUSIC

Fractals ◽

10.1142/s0218348x21501759 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2150175

Author(s):

HAMIDREZA NAMAZI ◽

SHAFIUL OMAM ◽

KAMIL KUCA ◽

ONDREJ KREJCAR

Keyword(s):

Fractal Dimension ◽

Complex Structure ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Sample Entropy ◽

Brain Responses ◽

Skin Response ◽

Skin Responses ◽

The Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

The Brain

Since skin activity, like other organs, is controlled by the brain, we decoded the correlation among the brain and skin responses in auditory stimulation by complexity-based analysis of EEG and GSR signals. Three pieces of music were selected according to the difference in the fractal exponent and sample entropy of embedded noises in them. We calculated the fractal dimension and sample entropy of EEG and GSR signals for 11 subjects in rest and response to these music pieces. The correlation coefficients of 0.9525 and 0.9822 in the case of fractal dimension and sample entropy demonstrated a strong correlation between the complexities of the GSR and EEG signals. Therefore, we can state that the skin and brain responses are coupled. This method can be applied to evaluate the relationship between the human brain and other organs.

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Statistical Analysis of the Life Cycle of Isolated Tropical Cold Cloud Systems Using MTSAT-1R and TRMM Data

Monthly Weather Review ◽

10.1175/mwr-d-11-00364.1 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 140 (11) ◽

pp. 3552-3572 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Keiji Imaoka ◽

Kenji Nakamura

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽

Delayed Response ◽

Cloud Systems ◽

Convective Systems ◽

Mature Phase ◽

Mesoscale Convective ◽

Radar Echo ◽

The Difference ◽

Rain Rates

Abstract Observations from the Multifunctional Transport Satellite-1R (MTSAT-1R) and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellites are analyzed to show the universal view of the cloud life cycle, including the changes of vertical structure of rainfall, over the Maritime Continent and a part of the tropical western Pacific, with a focus on the isolated cold cloud systems. Temporally connected cold cloud systems are identified by a cloud tracking procedure and compared with the collocated observations from TRMM. Clear life cycle changes of the average reflectivity profile from the Precipitation Radar (PR), such as those of radar echo height and the brightband feature, are statistically confirmed over the ocean area. Systems with a lifetime of 5 h show a behavior similar to those of typical mesoscale convective systems, with an extension of anvil clouds up to an area of about 6000 km2 as a delayed response to the earlier intense convection, indicated by the peaks of rain rates and radar echo height at the early stages. In contrast, the 2-h lifetime systems decay rapidly and do not produce an extension of cloud and precipitation. The results also show that the difference between rainfall estimates of the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and PR depends on the phase in the lifetime. TMI tends to provide higher conditional average rain rates at the mature phase than that of PR.

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Variation of Lightning and Convective Rain Fraction in Mesoscale Convective Systems of the MJO

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1175/jas-d-14-0201.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 72 (5) ◽

pp. 1932-1944 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Katrina S. Virts ◽

Robert A. Houze

Keyword(s):

Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽

Mesoscale Convective Systems ◽

Weather Forecasts ◽

Stratiform Rain ◽

Convective Systems ◽

Earth Observing System ◽

Mesoscale Convective ◽

Moderate Resolution ◽

The Indian Ocean ◽

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

Abstract Characteristics of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in regions affected by the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) are investigated using a database of MCSs observed by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E). Lightning occurrence detected by the World-Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) is composited in a framework centered on the MCSs. During MJO active periods, MCSs are more numerous and larger, as the convective features persist and attain greater horizontal scales. Anomalies of the lifted index, derived from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim) fields, indicate that MCS environments are more stable during MJO active periods. Over the Indian Ocean, Maritime Continent, and western Pacific, lightning density in an MCS maximizes during the time that the total number of systems begins to increase as the MJO is beginning to be more active, implying both more vigorous convection and less extensive stratiform rain areas at this transitional time of the MJO. The peak in MJO precipitation coincides with peak occurrence of interconnected MCSs with larger stratiform rain fraction, shown by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite, while composites of lightning frequency show that during MJO active periods the zone of lightning is contracted around the centers of MCSs, and flashes are less frequent.

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MOSEV: a global burn severity database from MODIS (2000–2020)

10.5194/essd-2020-341 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Esteban Alonso-González ◽

Víctor Fernández-García

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Burn Severity ◽

Burned Area ◽

Landsat 8 ◽

Surface Reflectance ◽

Global Database ◽

Time To Build ◽

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ◽

The Difference ◽

Highly Correlated

Abstract. To advance in the fire discipline as well as in the study of CO2 emissions it is of great interest to develop a global database with estimators of the degree of biomass consumed by fire, which is defined as burn severity. In this work we present the first global burn severity database (MOSEV database), which is based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) surface reflectance and burned area (BA) products since November 2000 to near real time. To build the database we combined Terra MOD09A1 and Aqua MYD09A1 surface reflectance products to obtain dense time series of the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) spectral index, and we used the MCD64A1 product to identify BA and the date of burning. Then, we calculated for each burned pixel the difference of the NBR (dNBR), and its relativized version (RdNBR), as well as the post-burn NBR which are the most commonly used burn severity spectral indices. The database also includes the pre-burn NBR used for calculations, the date of the pre- and post-burn NBR and the date of burning. Moreover, in this work we have compared the burn severity metrics included in MOSEV (dNBR, RdNBR and post-burn NBR) with the same ones obtained from Landsat-8 scenes, which have an original resolution of 30 m. We calculated the Pearson's correlation coefficients and the significance of the relationships using 13 pairs of Landsat scenes randomly distributed across the globe, with a total BA of 6,904 km2 (n = 32,163). Results showed that MOSEV and Landsat-8 burn severity indices are highly correlated, particularly the post-burn NBR (R = 0.88; P

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