mature phase
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Author(s):  
Aloys Prinz ◽  
Thomas Ehrmann

AbstractIn this paper, we explain the stability of top university ranks and discuss attempts to create top national universities. Firstly, it is shown theoretically that in a world with differently-gifted poor and rich students, a three-tier university system may become very stable, with a super league of the best research universities that attract the best students, whether rich or poor. Secondly, it is empirically demonstrated that half of the highest ranked universities enjoy very stable competitive advantages. Thirdly, we examine attempts of China, France and Germany to overcome these disadvantages and to get into this super league. The recent attempt of China to create such super league universities shows the financial and societal costs of these attempts. France demonstrates how the concentration of financial resources on two newly built universities that complement the forces of existing ones—either real or only by labelling—may succeed. Despite the complexly designed and competitive German Excellence Initiative, ongoing since 2004, no German university was among the top 50 in the Shanghai ranking in 2021 (compared to one university in 2004). The mixed results of all these worldwide attempts may reflect the problem that late market entry into the super league may be too costly, given that the classical university business model is in the mature phase of its life cycle.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4984
Author(s):  
Albert Comellas Prat ◽  
Stefano Federico ◽  
Rosa Claudia Torcasio ◽  
Leo Pio D’Adderio ◽  
Stefano Dietrich ◽  
...  

Tropical-like cyclone (TLC or medicane) Ianos formed during mid-September 2020 over the Southern Mediterranean Sea, and, during its mature stage on days 17–18, it affected southern Italy and especially Greece and its Ionian islands, where it brought widespread disruption due to torrential rainfall, severe wind gusts, and landslides, causing casualties. This study performs a sensitivity analysis of the mature phase of TLC Ianos with the WRF model to different microphysics parameterization schemes and initial and boundary condition (IBC) datasets. Satellite measurements from the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission-Core Observatory (GPM-CO) dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) and the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) sea-surface wind field were used to verify the WRF model forecast quality. Results show that the model is most sensitive to the nature of the IBC dataset (spatial resolution and other dynamical and physical differences), which better defines the primary mesoscale features of Ianos (low-level vortex, eyewall, and main rainband structure) when using those at higher resolution (~25 km versus ~50 km) independently of the microphysics scheme, but with the downside of producing too much convection and excessively low minimum surface pressures. On the other hand, no significant differences emerged among their respective trajectories. All experiments overestimated the vertical extension of the main rainbands and display a tendency to shift the system to the west/northwest of the actual position. Especially among the experiments with the higher-resolution IBCs, the more complex WRF microphysics schemes (Thompson and Morrison) tended to outperform the others in terms of rain rate forecast and most of the other variables examined. Furthermore, WSM6 showed a good performance while WDM6 was generally the least accurate. Lastly, the calculation of the cyclone phase space diagram confirmed that all simulations triggered a warm-core storm, and all but one also exhibited axisymmetry at some point of the studied lifecycle.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica D'Incà ◽  
Chiara Foresti ◽  
Luis Orduña ◽  
Alessandra Amato ◽  
Elodie Vandelle ◽  
...  

Grapevine is a woody temperate perennial plant and one of the most important fruit crops with global relevance in both the fresh fruit and winemaking industries. Unfortunately, global warming is affecting viticulture by altering developmental transitions and fruit maturation processes. In this context, uncovering the molecular mechanisms controlling the onset and progression of ripening could prove essential to maintain high-quality grapes and wines. Through a deep inspection of previously published transcriptomic data we identified the NAC family member VviCARPO (Controlled Adjustment of Ripening and maturation of Plant Organs) as a key regulator of grapevine maturation whose induction precedes the expression of well-known ripening associated genes. We explored VviCARPO binding landscapes through DAP-seq and overlapped its bound genes with transcriptomics datasets from stable and transient VviCARPO overexpressing grapevine plants to define a set of high-confidence targets. Among these, we identified key molecular ripening markers. Physiological, metabolic and promoter activation analyses showed that VviCARPO induces chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin accumulation through the up-regulation of VviSGR1 and VviMYBA1, respectively, with the latter being up-regulated through a VviCARPO-VviNAC03 regulatory complex. Despite showing a closer phylogenetic relationship to senescent-related AtNAP homologues, VviCARPO complemented the nor mutant phenotype in tomato, suggesting it may have acquired a dual role as an orchestrator of both ripening- and senescence-related processes. Our data supports CARPO as a master regulator of the grapevine vegetative-to-mature phase organ transition and therefore an essential target for insuring fruit quality and environmental resilience.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-67
Author(s):  
Jilan Jiang ◽  
Yimin Liu ◽  
Jiangyu Mao ◽  
Jianping Li ◽  
Shuwen Zhao ◽  
...  

AbstractThe relationship between the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) and the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM), which remains a subject of controversy, was investigated using data analyses and numerical experiments. We categorized IOD events according to their sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) pattern: Type-W and Type-E are associated with stronger SSTA amplitudes in the western and eastern poles of the IOD, respectively, while Type-C has comparable SSTA amplitudes in both poles during boreal autumn. Type-W is associated with a weak SASM from May to summer, which contributes to substantial warming of the western pole in autumn; the east–west SST gradient linked to the warming of the western pole causes weak southeasterly wind anomalies off Sumatra and feeble and cold SSTAs in the eastern pole during the mature phase. Type-E is associated with a strong SASM and feeble warming of the western pole; interaction between the strong SASM and cold SSTAs in the eastern pole in summer results in strong southeasterly wind anomalies off Sumatra and substantial cooling of the eastern pole during the mature phase. For Type-C, warming of the western pole and cooling of the eastern pole develop synchronously without apparent SASM anomalies, and reach comparable intensities during the mature phase. Observations and numerical simulation results both indicate the role of disparate SASM anomalies in modulating SSTA patterns during the development of positive IODs. Warming of the tropical Indian Ocean becomes established in the winter and spring following Type-W and Type-C IODs, but not following Type-E events.


Author(s):  
N. P. Sari ◽  

Stakeholders find it difficult to make decisions for both breeders and supporting sectors due to unorganized agribusiness data on beef cattle, it seems very limited information on it. The activities related to this business have not been recorded well, from male selection, feed management, cultivation, as well as marketing and traceability—these factors have caused price disparities in meat to become commonplace. Thus, a model of breeder empowerment is needed through big data maturity. Data play a crucial role in the planning and development of agriculture and agribusiness. The results of the analysis on efforts to digitalize and integrate data on beef cattle business confirm that the progress stops at the Nascent phase. Data digitalization at the Agency for Agriculture Extension of Kediri is at the Nascent phase, while at the Department of Food Security and Livestock Service is in between the Nascent and pre-adoption phase. Data integration in other agencies, such as the Regional Central Bureau of Statistics of Kediri, the Regional Information and Communication Office of Kediri, and the Directorate General of Livestock, fall into the corporate adoption and mature phase. As can be seen, data have not been well-integrated within one interconnected system. The availability of such a model of data integration will be a good alternative in empowering breeders of beef cattle and the public sector, it will also find communication easier with the existence of the model. The government eventually will be able to better improve performance based on the digital data available.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Chun Kuo ◽  
Quan-Yang Duh ◽  
Yi-Chia Wang ◽  
Chieh-Wen Lai ◽  
Kuen-Yuan Chen ◽  
...  

ObjectivesIntraoperative neuromonitoring has not been routinely applied in early experience with the transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA). Because the preparation and surgical interventions are much different from conventional thyroidectomies, most endocrine surgeons willing to adapt to TOETVA lack access to information regarding the practice pattern and proficiency in the learning curve. We aimed to investigate the outcomes and to define the learning curve for TOETVA in this study.MethodsA retrospective analysis was used on patients who underwent TOETVA at our hospital between December 2016 and July 2019. The cumulative sum graphic model was used to implement the learning curve as a surrogate for procedural proficiency.ResultsThe 119 patients had a mean age of 44.65 years and a mean body mass index of 22.49 k/m2, including 107 women, 20 thyroiditis, and 106 hemithyroidectomy. The learning curve revealed two phases, an initial (35 cases) and a mature (84 cases) phase, for surgeons based on operation time (144.2 vs. 114.2 min, p = 0.0001). There were more bilateral thyroidectomies (15.5% vs. 0, p = 0.0100), larger indicated nodules (6.06 cm3vs. 3.32 cm3, p = 0.0468), or larger thyroids to resect (16.38 cm3vs. 8.75 cm3, p = 0.0001) in the mature phase. Procedure-related complications decreased significantly in the mature phase in comparison to the initial phase (3.57% vs. 31.43%, p = 0.0001).ConclusionsThe learning curve of TOETVA with neuromonitoring is 35 cases. With the accumulation of proficiency, the indications will expand. Step-by-step improvements from the experience of each case can reduce procedure-related complications.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11223
Author(s):  
Mehran Idris Khan ◽  
Qianxun Xu

Environmental issues know no boundaries and are recognised as a matter of regional and/or global concern, and neighbouring countries have to face shared environmental effects. Environmental laws internationally, particularly in the last thirty years, have grown significantly and have contributed to environmental protection in a variety of national, regional and international management strategies. In recent years, environmental legislation has entered into a responsible and mature phase in several non-Western countries, particularly in Asia. The present study examines the shared environmental obligations of regional or neighbouring countries using China and Pakistan as a case study and provides references from international (environmental) laws as well as states’ best practices. This study adopts a well-defined analytical methodology to not only investigate the implications of environmental laws but also to define the gaps in the existing framework of environmental laws in the region and recommend appropriate grounds to systematically fill these gaps through much-needed legal cooperation before it is too late. The study provides a detailed analysis and pertinent knowledge horizons, and concludes that there is an abrupt need for China and Pakistan to revise their trade agreements and include the environment as an integral part of each mega-infrastructural activity, including the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Most of the potential outcomes are already known but there is little academic discussion available concerning the perspective of cross-boundary environmental laws, and the present study intends to fill this gap.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linfang Zhang ◽  
Yaokun Li ◽  
Jianping Li

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of equatorial wind stress on the equatorial Ekman transport during the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mature phase. The results show that the equatorial zonal wind stress directly drives the meridional motion of seawater at the upper levels. In normal years, the zonal wind stress south of the equator is easterly and that north of the equator is westerly, which contributes to southward Ekman transport at the upper levels to form the climatological Indian Ocean shallow meridional overturning circulation. During the years of positive IOD events, abnormal easterly winds near the equator bring southward Ekman transport south of the equator while they bring northward Ekman transport north of the equator. This causes the seawater to move away from the equator and hence induces upwelling near the equator, which forms a pair of small circulation cells that are symmetric about the equator at the upper levels (approximately 100 m deep). The abnormal circulation cell south (north) of the equator strengthens (weakens) the southward (southward) motion south (north) of the equator. During years with negative IOD events, the opposite occurs. In addition, during the mature period of IOD, the remote sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) may exert some influence on equatorial wind stress and Ekman transport anomaly but the influence is weak.


2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-131
Author(s):  
Suwignyo Prasetyo ◽  

The highest rainfall for the last five years (2016-2020) was recorded at 199.5 mm in twenty-four hours at the Cilacap Meteorological Station. This study examines the dynamics of the atmosphere with a focus on the synoptic scale and the meso scale. This is done because high rainfall with a long duration is usually caused by a wider scale atmospheric circulation than just local convection scale. The rush of cold air masses from the Asian highlands that propagates across the equator is the main cause on the synoptic scale. In addition, the air flow from the south meets the air mass flow from the north right on the island of Java. On the meso scale, numerical simulations have not been able to properly estimate rainfall with values that tend to be underestimated. However, the value of convective available potential energy is high enough to support the growth of convective clouds. Based on himawari-8 satellite imagery, it is clearly observed that the clouds formed due to atmospheric dynamics are meso-scale convective cloud systems with a life span of more than six hours. The cloud growth is quite massive, which is indicated by the cloud top temperature value being lower than -80C in the mature phase. Thus, the resulting rainfall is quite heavy, causing flooding in parts of Cilacap


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