Measurement report: Receptor modeling for source identification of urban fine and coarse particulate matter using hourly elemental composition

Abstract. The elemental composition of the fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5−10) fraction of atmospheric particulate matter was measured at an hourly time resolution by the use of a streaker sampler during a winter period at a Central European urban background site in Warsaw, Poland. A combination of multivariate (Positive Matrix Factorization) and wind- (Conditional Probability Function) and trajectory-based (Cluster Analysis) receptor models was applied for source apportionment. It allowed for the identification of five similar sources in both fractions, including sulfates, soil dust, road salt, and traffic- and industry-related sources. Another two sources, i.e., Cl-rich and wood and coal combustion, were solely identified in the fine fraction. In the fine fraction, aged sulfate aerosol related to emissions from domestic solid fuel combustion in the outskirts of the city was the largest contributing source to fine elemental mass (44 %), while traffic-related sources, including soil dust mixed with road dust, road dust, and traffic emissions, had the biggest contribution to the coarse elemental mass (together accounting for 83 %). Regional transport of aged aerosols and more local impact of the rest of the identified sources played a crucial role in aerosol formation over the city. In addition, two intensive Saharan dust outbreaks were registered on 18 February and 8 March 2016. Both episodes were characterized by the long-range transport of dust at 1500 and 3000 m over Warsaw and the concentrations of the soil component being 7 (up to 3.5 µg m−3) and 6 (up to 6.1 µg m−3) times higher than the mean concentrations observed during non-episodes days (0.5 and 1.1 µg m−3) in the fine and coarse fractions, respectively. The set of receptor models applied to the high time resolution data allowed us to follow, in detail, the daily evolution of the aerosol elemental composition and to identify distinct sources contributing to the concentrations of the different PM fractions, and it revealed the multi-faceted nature of some elements with diverse origins in the fine and coarse fractions. The hourly resolution of meteorological conditions and air mass back trajectories allowed us to follow the transport pathways of the aerosol as well.

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Measurement report: Receptor modelling for source identification of urban fine and coarse particulate matter using hourly elemental composition

10.5194/acp-2021-253 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Magdalena Reizer ◽

Giulia Calzolai ◽

Katarzyna Maciejewska ◽

José A. G. Orza ◽

Luca Carraresi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

Time Resolution ◽

Fine Fraction ◽

Road Dust ◽

Coarse Fraction ◽

Soil Dust ◽

Receptor Models ◽

The City ◽

Elemental Mass

Abstract. Elemental composition of the fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) fraction of atmospheric particulate matter was measured at hourly time resolution by the use of a “streaker” sampler during a winter period at a Central European urban background site in Warsaw, Poland. A combination of multivariate (Positive Matrix Factorization), wind- (Conditional Probability Function) and trajectory-based (Cluster Analysis) receptor models, was applied for source apportionment. It allowed for identification of 5 similar sources in both fractions, including sulfates, soil dust, road salt, traffic- and industry-related sources. Another 2 sources, i.e., Cl-rich and wood and waste combustion, were identified in the fine fraction solely. In the fine fraction, aged sulfate aerosol related with emissions from solid fuel combustion in the residential sector located outside the city was the largest contributing source to fine elemental mass (44 %), while traffic-related sources, including soil dust mixed with road dust, road dust, as well as exhaust and non-exhaust traffic emissions, had the biggest contribution in the coarse elemental mass (together accounting for 83 %). Regional transport of aged aerosols and more local impact of the rest of identified sources played a crucial role in aerosol formation over the city. In addition, 2 intensive Saharan dust outbreaks were registered on 18th February and 8th March 2016. Both episodes were characterized by long-range transport of dust at 1 500 m and 3 000 m over Warsaw, as well as the concentrations of the soil component being 7 (up to 3.5 µg m−3) and 6 (up to 6.1 µg m−3) times higher than the mean concentrations observed during non-episodes days (0.5 µg m−3 and 1.1 µg m−3) in the fine and coarse fraction, respectively. The set of receptor models applied to the high time resolution data allowed to follow in detail the daily evolution of the aerosol elemental composition and to identify distinct sources contributing to the concentrations of different PM fractions, as well as revealed “multi-faces” of some elements, having diverse origin in the fine and coarse fraction. The hourly resolution of meteorological conditions and air mass back trajectories empower to follow transport pathways of the aerosol as well.

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Particulate Matter Management Plan for Prayagraj City Based Upon Emissions

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.37875 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 2820-2825

Author(s):

Anmol Sharma

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Action Plan ◽

Road Dust ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Management Plan ◽

Vehicular Pollution ◽

Sources Of Pollution ◽

The City

Abstract: Air Pollution has become one of the significant factors behind the increase in world-wide mortality rate. There are several reasons behind this increased rate such as rapid growth of industrialization, vehicular pollution accompanied by increase in urbanisation and burning of fossil fuels. This paper presents the proper management and mitigation plan (action plan) of air pollution scenario for the city Prayagraj based upon emissions. Some major air pollutants under consideration in the city of Prayagraj are Particulate Matter (PM10) and particulate matter (PM2.5). There are several prominent sources within and outside prayagraj contributing to PM10 and PM2.5 ambient air; these pollutants can be taken as surrogate of other pollutants also, as most of the pollutants coexist and have common sources. Several major sources of pollution in the city have been noted such as from Domestic, Vehicular Pollution, Road dust, Municipal solid waste (MSW) and Brick kiln. Based upon emissions calculated from these major sources a proper mitigation and management plan has been prepared for the city. Keywords: Air pollution, Particulate Matter, Prayagraj city, Action Plan, Emissions.

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Characteristics and Extent of Particulate Matter Emissions of a Ropeway Public Mobility System in the City Center of Perugia (Central Italy)

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12101356 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1356

Author(s):

Beatrice Moroni ◽

Stefano Crocchianti ◽

Federica Bruschi ◽

Chiara Petroselli ◽

Alessandro Di Menno di Bucchianico ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Central Italy ◽

Road Dust ◽

High Volume ◽

Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽

Aerosol Sampling ◽

City Center ◽

Mobility System ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

Minimetrò (MM) is a ropeway public mobility system that has been in operation in the city of Perugia for about ten years to integrate with urban mobility and lighten vehicular traffic in the historic city center. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the impact of MM as a source of pollutants in the urban context, and the exposure of people in the cabins and the platforms along the MM line. These topics have been investigated by means of intensive measurement and sampling campaigns performed in February and June 2015 on three specific sites of the MM line representative of different sources and levels of urban pollution. Stationary and dynamic measurements of particle size distribution, nanoparticle and black carbon aerosol number and mass concentrations measurements were performed by means of different bench and portable instruments. Aerosol sampling was carried out using low volume and high-volume aerosol samplers, and the samples nalysed by off-line methods. Results show that MM is a considerable source of atmospheric particulate matter having characteristics very similar to those of the common urban road dust in Perugia. In the lack of clear indications on road dust effect, the contribution of MM to the aerosol in Perugia cannot be neglected.

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Differentiation of Particulate Matter Sources Based on the Chemical Composition of PM10 in Functional Urban Areas

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos10100583 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 583 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Dusan Jandacka ◽

Daniela Durcanska

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Road Traffic ◽

Chemical Elements ◽

Winter Season ◽

Fine Fraction ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Coarse Fraction ◽

Multivariate Statistical ◽

The City

Urban air quality is continuing to deteriorate. If we want to do something about this problem, we need to know the cause of the pollution. The big problem, not only in Europe, is the high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) in the urban environment. The origin of these particles can be different, including combustion, transport, industry, natural resources, etc. Particulate matter includes a large amount of the finest PM fractions, which can remain in the air for a long time, easily enter respiratory tracks, and damage human health. Particulate matter is also produced by the abrasion of different parts of roads and vehicle fleets and from resuspension road dust, which concerns matter with larger aerodynamic diameters. For this reason, we carried out a series of measurements at various measuring stations in Žilina, Slovakia, during different measuring seasons. The main objective was to find out the diversity of particulate matter sources in Žilina. The search for the particulate matter origin was carried out by particulate matter measurements, determination of the particulate matter fraction concentrations (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1), an investigation on the effect of secondary factors on the particulate matter concentrations, chemical analyses, and multivariate statistical analyses. Varied behavior of the particulate matter with respect to the measurement station and the measurement season was found. Differences in the concentrations of investigated chemical elements contained in the PM were found. Significant changes in the concentrations of particulate matter are caused not only by primary sources (e.g., road traffic in the city of Žilina), but mainly by the negative events (combination of air pollution sources and meteorological conditions). Maximum concentrations of particulate matter PM10 were measured during the winter season at the measuring station on Komenského Street: PM10 126.2 µg/m3, PM2.5 97.7 µg/m3, and PM1 90.4 µg/m3 were obtained using the gravimetric method. The coarse fraction PM2.5-10 was mainly represented by the chemical elements Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Cr, Fe, and Ba, and the fine fraction PM2.5 was represented by the chemical elements K, S, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Zn. Road transport as a dominant source of PM10 was identified from all measurements in the city of Žilina by using the multivariate statistical methods of principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA).

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Air pollution in the city of Prince George: Chemical analysis of particulate matter (PM2.5) contaminants

10.24124/2020/59124 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Sahar Ebadzadsahraei

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Road Dust ◽

Atmospheric Particulate Matter ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Cobalt Nickel ◽

The City ◽

Nickel Manganese ◽

Pm2.5 Concentration

Air pollution has been an ongoing issue for the City of Prince George, the largest city in northern British Columbia. This research was designed to measure the chemical composition of atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in a Prince George neighborhood (i.e., downtown). The main objective of this research was to determine the PM2.5 chemical compositions in two distinct periods: warm and cold. Overall, 153 samples were collected from January to August 2018, using personal air samplers. The highest concentration of PM2.5 was recorded during the 2018 summer wildfires. Chemical composition of the PM2.5 air samples were studied with respect to Cadmium, Potassium, Mercury, Sodium, Lead, Chromium, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Manganese, Copper, Titanium, Molybdenum, Phosphorus and Sulphur, in order to evaluate potential sources of air pollutants in the city. The results of this study were compared with PM2.5 averages from other Canadian and international cities. The possibilities of the contribution of some local industrial sources such as pulp and paper, biomass burning, transportation and road dust, on PM2.5 concentration and chemical composition were discussed.

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Characteristics of the main primary source profiles of particulate matter across China: from 1987 to 2017

10.5194/acp-2018-687 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaohui Bi ◽

Yuan Cheng ◽

Qili Dai ◽

Jianhui Wu ◽

Jiaying Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Biomass Burning ◽

Coal Combustion ◽

Vehicle Emissions ◽

Sampling Methods ◽

Road Dust ◽

Fugitive Dust ◽

Soil Dust ◽

Industrial Emissions ◽

Source Profiles

Abstract. Based on the published literatures and typical profiles from the source library of Nankai University, a total of 3244 chemical profiles of the main primary sources of ambient particulate matter across China from 1987 to 2017, including coal combustion, industrial emissions, vehicle emissions, fugitive dust, biomass burning, and cooking emissions, were investigated and reviewed to trace the evolution of their main components and identify the main influencing factors to the evolution. As a result, the most complicated profiles are likely attributed to coal combustion and industrial emissions, which are evidently influenced by the decontamination processes and sampling techniques as well as the coal nature and the boiler types. The profiles of vehicle emissions are dominated by OC and EC, and varied with the changing standard of sulfur and additives in the gasoline and diesel as well as the sampling methods. The profiles of fugitive dust, such as soil dust and road dust, are dominated by the crustal materials and influenced by the sampling methods to some extent. The profiles of biomass burning is impacted mainly by the biomass categories and sampling methods. As expected, the profiles of cooking emissions is impacted mainly by the cooking types and materials. The uncertainty analysis and cluster analysis of all these source profiles are conducted to reveal the variations of the different source profiles in the same source category and evaluate the differences between source categories. A relatively large variation has been founded in the source profiles of coal combustion, vehicle emissions, industry emissions and biomass burning, indicating that it is necessary to establish the local profiles for these sources due to their high uncertainties. While the profiles of road dust and soil dust present a less variation with the stable chemical characteristics among the different profiles in the same category, suggesting that the profiles of these sources could be referenced for the cities in China when such local profiles are not available. The presented results highlight the need for increased investigation of more specific markers beyond routine measured components (e.g., isotopes, organic compounds and gaseous precursors) to discriminate sources. Additionally, specific focus should be placed on the sub-type of source profiles in the future, especially for local industrial emissions and geographical areas in China, to support the air quality research communities in their efforts to develop high resolution source apportionment for making a more effective control strategies.

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Hourly Elemental Composition and Source Identification by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) of Fine and Coarse Particulate Matter in the High Polluted Industrial Area of Taranto (Italy)

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos11040419 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 419 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Franco Lucarelli ◽

Giulia Calzolai ◽

Massimo Chiari ◽

Fabio Giardi ◽

Caroline Czelusniak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

Time Resolution ◽

Wind Direction ◽

Matrix Factorization ◽

Industrial Area ◽

Positive Matrix Factorization ◽

High Time ◽

High Time Resolution ◽

Positive Matrix

In the framework of an extensive environmental investigation, promoted by the Italian Health Ministry, the ISPESL (Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione e la Sicurezza del Lavoro) and the CNR (Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerca), aerosol samples were collected in Taranto (one of the most industrialized towns in southern Italy) with high time resolution and analyzed by PIXE. The samples were collected in two periods (February–March and June 2004) and in two different sites: an urban district close to the industrial area and a small town 7 km N-NW of Taranto. The use of ‘‘streaker’’ samplers (by PIXE International Corporation) allowed for the simultaneous collection of the fine (<2.5 μm) and coarse (2.5–10 μm) fractions of particulate matter. PIXE analyses were performed with a 3 MeV proton beam from the 3 MV Tandetron accelerator of the INFN-LABEC laboratory. Particulate emissions as well as their atmospheric transport and dilution processes change within a few hours, but most of the results in literature are limited to daily time resolution of the input samples that are not suitable for tracking these rapid changes. Furthermore, since source apportionment receptor models need a series of samples containing material from the same set of sources in different proportions, a higher variability between samples can be obtained by increasing the temporal resolution rather than with samples integrated over a longer time. In this study, the high time resolution of the adopted approach allowed us to follow in detail the changes in the aerosol elemental composition due to both the time evolution of the industrial emissions and the time changes in meteorological conditions, and thus, transport pathways. Moreover, the location of the sampling sites, along the prevalent wind direction and in opposite positions with respect to the industrial site, allowed us to follow the impact of the industrial plume as a function of wind direction. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis on the elemental hourly concentrations identified eight sources in the fine fraction and six sources in the coarse one.

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Characterization of Chittagong Aerosol by PCA Modeling

Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences ◽

10.3329/jbas.v36i1.10907 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 19-31

Author(s):

Bilkis A Begum ◽

Swapan K Biswas ◽

M Nasiruddin

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Black Carbon ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Fine Fraction ◽

Principal Component ◽

Road Dust ◽

Coarse Fraction ◽

Sea Salt ◽

Data Set ◽

Reflectance Measurement

Black carbon and other selected trace elements concentrations in aerosol samples collected at the Continuous Air Monitoring Station (CAMS) in Chittagong, the second largest city in Bangladesh, were investigated for possible source contributions. The particulate matter (PM) sampling was done from end of winter to middle of rainy season (February and July, 2007) using dichotomous sampler. The samples collected in two fractions of <2.5 ?m (fine) and 2.5 to 10 ?m (coarse) were analyzed for elemental concentrations by proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE), hydrogen by proton elastic scattering analysis (PESA), and black carbon by reflectance measurement. The elemental data sets together with black carbon were analyzed by principal component analysis method to identify the possible sources contributing to the mass concentration of coarse and fine particulate matter (FPM) fractions. The best solutions were found to be six and seven factors for coarse and fine fractions respectively, which could explain more than 90% of the variance in the data set. The sources were identified as biomass burning/brick kiln, soil dust, road dust, Zn source, Pb source, motor vehicle, CNG (compressed natural gas) vehicle and sea salt. It was found that in coarse fraction, the sea salt is mixed with Zn source and in fine fraction, the road dust factor is mixed with CNG vehicle source. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v36i1.10907 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 36, No. 1, 19-31, 2012

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The impact of measures to reduce ambient air PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations originating from road dust, evaluated for a street canyon in Helsinki

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-19-11199-2019 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (17) ◽

pp. 11199-11212 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ana Stojiljkovic ◽

Mari Kauhaniemi ◽

Jaakko Kukkonen ◽

Kaarle Kupiainen ◽

Ari Karppinen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particulate Matter ◽

Air Quality ◽

Street Canyon ◽

Dust Emission ◽

Road Dust ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Air Quality Measurements ◽

Emission Models ◽

The Impact ◽

Quality Measurements

Abstract. We have numerically evaluated how effective selected potential measures would be for reducing the impact of road dust on ambient air particulate matter (PM10). The selected measures included a reduction of the use of studded tyres on light-duty vehicles and a reduction of the use of salt or sand for traction control. We have evaluated these measures for a street canyon located in central Helsinki for four years (2007–2009 and 2014). Air quality measurements were conducted in the street canyon for two years, 2009 and 2014. Two road dust emission models, NORTRIP (NOn-exhaust Road TRaffic Induced Particle emissions) and FORE (Forecasting Of Road dust Emissions), were applied in combination with the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM), a street canyon dispersion model, to compute the street increments of PM10 (i.e. the fraction of PM10 concentration originating from traffic emissions at the street level) within the street canyon. The predicted concentrations were compared with the air quality measurements. Both road dust emission models reproduced the seasonal variability of the PM10 concentrations fairly well but under-predicted the annual mean values. It was found that the largest reductions of concentrations could potentially be achieved by reducing the fraction of vehicles that use studded tyres. For instance, a 30 % decrease in the number of vehicles using studded tyres would result in an average decrease in the non-exhaust street increment of PM10 from 10 % to 22 %, depending on the model used and the year considered. Modelled contributions of traction sand and salt to the annual mean non-exhaust street increment of PM10 ranged from 4 % to 20 % for the traction sand and from 0.1 % to 4 % for the traction salt. The results presented here can be used to support the development of optimal strategies for reducing high springtime particulate matter concentrations originating from road dust.

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