scholarly journals A new disjunct eddy-covariance system for BVOC flux measurements – validation on CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O fluxes

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 3119-3132 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Baghi ◽  
P. Durand ◽  
C. Jambert ◽  
C. Jarnot ◽  
C. Delon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Internal Pressures

Abstract. The disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) method is an interesting alternative to the conventional eddy covariance (EC) method because it allows the estimation of turbulent fluxes of species for which fast sensors are not available. We have developed and validated a new disjunct sampling system (called MEDEE). This system is built with chemically inert materials. Air samples are taken quickly and alternately in two cylindrical reservoirs, the internal pressures of which are regulated by a moving piston. The MEDEE system was designed to be operated either on the ground or aboard an aircraft. It is also compatible with most analysers since it transfers the air samples at a regulated pressure. To validate the system, DEC and EC measurements of CO2 and latent heat fluxes were performed concurrently during a field campaign. EC fluxes were first compared to simulated DEC (SDEC) fluxes and then to actual DEC fluxes. Both the simulated and actual DEC fluxes showed a good agreement with EC fluxes in terms of correlation. The determination coefficients (R2) were 0.93 and 0.91 for DEC and SDEC latent heat fluxes, respectively. For DEC and SDEC CO2 fluxes R2 was 0.69 in both cases. The conditions of low fluxes experienced during the campaign impaired the comparison of the different techniques especially for CO2 flux measurements. Linear regression analysis showed an 14% underestimation of DEC fluxes for both CO2 and latent heat compared to EC fluxes. A first field campaign, focusing on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions, was carried out to measure isoprene fluxes above a downy oak (Quercus Pubescens) forest in the south-east of France. The measured standard emission rate was in the lower range of reported values in earlier studies. Further analysis will be conducted through ground-based and airborne campaigns in the coming years.

scholarly journals A new disjunct eddy-covariance system for BVOC flux measurements – validation on CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O fluxes

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 4157-4193
Author(s):  
R. Baghi ◽  
P. Durand ◽  
C. Jambert ◽  
C. Jarnot ◽  
C. Delon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Sampling System ◽  
Field Campaign ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Research Aircraft ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. The disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) method is an interesting alternative to the conventional eddy covariance (EC) method, because it allows the estimation of turbulent fluxes of species for which fast sensors are not available. A new disjunct sampling system (called MEDEE) was developed and validated. This system was built with chemically inert materials. Air samples are grabbed quickly and alternately in two cylindrical reservoirs, whose internal pressures are regulated by a moving piston. It was designed to be operated either on ground or aboard an airplane (the French ATR-42 research aircraft). It is also compatible with most analysers since it transfers the air samples at a regulated pressure. For validating the system, DEC and EC measurements of CO2 and latent heat fluxes were performed concurrently during a field campaign. EC fluxes were first compared to simulated DEC (SDEC) fluxes and then to actual DEC fluxes. The EC fluxes were in agreement with both the simulated and actual DEC fluxes. The EC fluxes compare well to SDEC fluxes (R2 = 0.92 and 0.68 for latent heat and CO2 fluxes, respectively) and to actual DEC fluxes (R2 = 0.91 and 0.67 for latent heat and CO2 fluxes, respectively), in spite of low fluxes experienced during the campaign. This good agreement between the two techniques demonstrates that MEDEE is suitable for DEC measurements and highlights the DEC method as a reliable alternative to EC for slower sensors. A first field campaign focused on biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions was done to measure isoprene fluxes above a downy oak (Quercus Pubescens) forest in the southeast of France. The measured emission rates were in good agreement with the values reported in earlier studies. Further analysis will be conducted from ground-based and airborne campaigns in the forthcoming years.

scholarly journals CO<sub>2</sub>-flux measurements above the Baltic Sea at two heights: flux gradients in the surface layer?

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lammert ◽  
F. Ament
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Constant Flux ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Flux Layer ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. The estimation of CO2 exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere is essential to understand the global carbon cycle. The eddy-covariance technique offers a very direct approach to observe these fluxes. The turbulent CO2 flux is measured, as well as the sensible and latent heat flux and the momentum flux, a few meters above the ocean in the atmosphere. Assuming a constant-flux layer in the near-surface part of the atmospheric boundary layer, this flux equals the exchange flux between ocean and atmosphere. The purpose of this paper is the comparison of long-term flux measurements at two different heights above the Baltic Sea to investigate this assumption. The results are based on a 1.5-year record of quality-controlled eddy-covariance measurements. Concerning the flux of momentum and of sensible and latent heat, the constant-flux layer theory can be confirmed because flux differences between the two heights are insignificantly small more than 95 % of the time. In contrast, significant differences, which are larger than the measurement error, occur in the CO2 flux about 35 % of the time. Data used for this paper are published at http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.808714.

scholarly journals CO<sub>2</sub>-flux measurements above the Baltic Sea at two heights: flux gradients in the surface layer

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-601
Author(s):  
A. Lammert ◽  
F. Ament
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Constant Flux ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Flux Layer ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. The estimation of CO2 exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere is essential to understand the global carbon cycle. The eddy-covariance technique offers a very direct approach to observe these fluxes. The turbulent CO2 flux is measured as well as the sensible and latent heat flux and the momentum flux, a few meters above the ocean in the atmosphere. Assuming a constant-flux layer in the near surface part of the atmospheric boundary, this flux equals the exchange flux between ocean and atmosphere. The goal of this paper is the comparison of long-term flux measurements at two different heights above the Baltic Sea due to this assumption. The results are based on an one-and-a-half year record of quality controlled eddy covariance measurements. Concerning the flux of momentum and of sensible and latent heat, the constant-flux layer theory can be validated because flux gradients between the two heights are more than 95 % of the time insignificantly small. In contrast, significant gradients, which are larger than the measurement error, occur for the CO2 flux in nearly 35 % of the time. Data, used for this paper are published at http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.808714.

scholarly journals Low-level jets and above-canopy drainage as causes of turbulent exchange in the nocturnal boundary layer

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 4507-4519 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. S. El-Madany ◽  
H. F. Duarte ◽  
D. J. Durden ◽  
B. Paas ◽  
M. J. Deventer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Wind Speed ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Intermittent Turbulence ◽  
Low Level Jets ◽  
Vertical Wind Velocity

Abstract. Sodar (SOund Detection And Ranging), eddy-covariance, and tower profile measurements of wind speed and carbon dioxide were performed during 17 consecutive nights in complex terrain in northern Taiwan. The scope of the study was to identify the causes for intermittent turbulence events and to analyze their importance in nocturnal atmosphere–biosphere exchange as quantified with eddy-covariance measurements. If intermittency occurs frequently at a measurement site, then this process needs to be quantified in order to achieve reliable values for ecosystem characteristics such as net ecosystem exchange or net primary production. Fourteen events of intermittent turbulence were identified and classified into above-canopy drainage flows (ACDFs) and low-level jets (LLJs) according to the height of the wind speed maximum. Intermittent turbulence periods lasted between 30 and 110 min. Towards the end of LLJ or ACDF events, positive vertical wind velocities and, in some cases, upslope flows occurred, counteracting the general flow regime at nighttime. The observations suggest that the LLJs and ACDFs penetrate deep into the cold air pool in the valley, where they experience strong buoyancy due to density differences, resulting in either upslope flows or upward vertical winds. Turbulence was found to be stronger and better developed during LLJs and ACDFs, with eddy-covariance data presenting higher quality. This was particularly indicated by spectral analysis of the vertical wind velocity and the steady-state test for the time series of the vertical wind velocity in combination with the horizontal wind component, the temperature, and carbon dioxide. Significantly higher fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and shear stress occurred during these periods. During LLJs and ACDFs, fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and CO2 were mostly one-directional. For example, exclusively negative sensible heat fluxes occurred while intermittent turbulence was present. Latent heat fluxes were mostly positive during LLJs and ACDFs, with a median value of 34 W m−2, while outside these periods the median was 2 W m−2. In conclusion, intermittent turbulence periods exhibit a strong impact on nocturnal energy and mass fluxes.

scholarly journals Options to correct local turbulent flux measurements for large-scale fluxes using a LES-based approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Mauder ◽  
Andreas Ibrom ◽  
Luise Wanner ◽  
Frederik De Roo ◽  
Peter Brugger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Eddy Covariance Method ◽  
Boundary Layer Height ◽  
Secondary Circulations ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Measurement Height ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Dispersive Fluxes

Abstract. The eddy-covariance method provides the most direct estimates for fluxes between ecosystems and the atmosphere. However, dispersive fluxes can occur in the presence of secondary circulations, which can inherently not be captured by such single-tower measurements. In this study, we present options to correct local flux measurements for such large-scale transport based on a non-local parametric model that has been developed from a set of idealized LES runs for three real-world sites. The test sites DK-Sor, DE-Fen, and DE-Gwg, represent typical conditions in the mid-latitudes with different measurement height, different terrain complexity and different landscape-scale heterogeneity. Different ways to determine the boundary-layer height, which is a necessary input variable for modelling the dispersive fluxes, are applied, either from operational radio-soundings and local in-situ measurements for the flat site or from backscatter-intensity profile obtained from collocated ceilometers for the two sites in complex terrain. The adjusted total fluxes are evaluated by assessing the improvement in energy balance closure and by comparing the resulting latent heat fluxes with evapotranspiration rates from nearby lysimeters. The results show that not only the accuracy of the flux estimates is improved but also the precision, which is indicated by RMSE values that are reduced by approximately 50 %. Nevertheless, it needs to be clear that this method is intended to correct for a bias in eddy-covariance measurements due to the presence of large-scale dispersive fluxes. Other reasons potentially causing a systematic under- or overestimation, such as low-pass filtering effects and missing storage terms, still need to be considered and minimized as much as possible. Moreover, additional transport induced by surface heterogeneities is not considered.

scholarly journals Ecosystem model optimization using in situ flux observations: benefit of Monte Carlo versus variational schemes and analyses of the year-to-year model performances

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7137-7158 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Santaren ◽  
P. Peylin ◽  
C. Bacour ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
B. Longdoz
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Weather Regimes ◽  
Variational Scheme

Abstract. Terrestrial ecosystem models can provide major insights into the responses of Earth's ecosystems to environmental changes and rising levels of atmospheric CO2. To achieve this goal, biosphere models need mechanistic formulations of the processes that drive the ecosystem functioning from diurnal to decadal timescales. However, the subsequent complexity of model equations is associated with unknown or poorly calibrated parameters that limit the accuracy of long-term simulations of carbon or water fluxes and their interannual variations. In this study, we develop a data assimilation framework to constrain the parameters of a mechanistic land surface model (ORCHIDEE) with eddy-covariance observations of CO2 and latent heat fluxes made during the years 2001–2004 at the temperate beech forest site of Hesse, in eastern France. As a first technical issue, we show that for a complex process-based model such as ORCHIDEE with many (28) parameters to be retrieved, a Monte Carlo approach (genetic algorithm, GA) provides more reliable optimal parameter values than a gradient-based minimization algorithm (variational scheme). The GA allows the global minimum to be found more efficiently, whilst the variational scheme often provides values relative to local minima. The ORCHIDEE model is then optimized for each year, and for the whole 2001–2004 period. We first find that a reduced (<10) set of parameters can be tightly constrained by the eddy-covariance observations, with a typical error reduction of 90%. We then show that including contrasted weather regimes (dry in 2003 and wet in 2002) is necessary to optimize a few specific parameters (like the temperature dependence of the photosynthetic activity). Furthermore, we find that parameters inverted from 4 years of flux measurements are successful at enhancing the model fit to the data on several timescales (from monthly to interannual), resulting in a typical modeling efficiency of 92% over the 2001–2004 period (Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient). This suggests that ORCHIDEE is able robustly to predict, after optimization, the fluxes of CO2 and the latent heat of a specific temperate beech forest (Hesse site). Finally, it is shown that using only 1 year of data does not produce robust enough optimized parameter sets in order to simulate properly the year-to-year flux variability. This emphasizes the need to assimilate data over several years, including contrasted weather regimes, to improve the simulated flux interannual variability.

Evaluation of eddy covariance latent heat fluxes with independent lysimeter and sapflow estimates in a Mediterranean savannah ecosystem

2017 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 87-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Perez-Priego ◽  
Tarek S. El-Madany ◽  
Mirco Migliavacca ◽  
Andrew S. Kowalski ◽  
Martin Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Heat Fluxes

scholarly journals Dried, closed-path eddy covariance method for measuring carbon dioxide flux over sea ice

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 6075-6090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Butterworth ◽  
Brent G. T. Else
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Flux ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Closed Path ◽  
Eddy Covariance Method ◽  
Open Path ◽  
Flux Measurements

Abstract. The Arctic marine environment plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. However, there remain large uncertainties in how sea ice affects air–sea fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), partially due to disagreement between the two main methods (enclosure and eddy covariance) for measuring CO2 flux (FCO2). The enclosure method has appeared to produce more credible FCO2 than eddy covariance (EC), but is not suited for collecting long-term, ecosystem-scale flux datasets in such remote regions. Here we describe the design and performance of an EC system to measure FCO2 over landfast sea ice that addresses the shortcomings of previous EC systems. The system was installed on a 10 m tower on Qikirtaarjuk Island – a small rock outcrop in Dease Strait located roughly 35 km west of Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The system incorporates recent developments in the field of air–sea gas exchange by measuring atmospheric CO2 using a closed-path infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) with a dried sample airstream, thus avoiding the known water vapor issues associated with using open-path IRGAs in low-flux environments. A description of the methods and the results from 4 months of continuous flux measurements from May through August 2017 are presented, highlighting the winter to summer transition from ice cover to open water. We show that the dried, closed-path EC system greatly reduces the magnitude of measured FCO2 compared to simultaneous open-path EC measurements, and for the first time reconciles EC and enclosure flux measurements over sea ice. This novel EC installation is capable of operating year-round on solar and wind power, and therefore promises to deliver new insights into the magnitude of CO2 fluxes and their driving processes through the annual sea ice cycle.

scholarly journals Uncertainty analysis of eddy covariance CO<sub>2</sub> flux measurements for different EC tower distances using an extended two-tower approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1205-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Post ◽  
H. J. Hendricks Franssen ◽  
A. Graf ◽  
M. Schmidt ◽  
H. Vereecken
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Random Uncertainty ◽  
Extended Approach ◽  
Uncertainty Estimates ◽  
Flux Measurements

Abstract. The use of eddy covariance (EC) CO2 flux measurements in data assimilation and other applications requires an estimate of the random uncertainty. In previous studies, the (classical) two-tower approach has yielded robust uncertainty estimates, but care must be taken to meet the often competing requirements of statistical independence (non-overlapping footprints) and ecosystem homogeneity when choosing an appropriate tower distance. The role of the tower distance was investigated with help of a roving station separated between 8 m and 34 km from a permanent EC grassland station. Random uncertainty was estimated for five separation distances with the classical two-tower approach and an extended approach which removed systematic differences of CO2 fluxes measured at two EC towers. This analysis was made for a data set where (i) only similar weather conditions at the two sites were included, and (ii) an unfiltered one. The extended approach, applied to weather-filtered data for separation distances of 95 and 173 m gave uncertainty estimates in best correspondence with an independent reference method. The introduced correction for systematic flux differences considerably reduced the overestimation of the two-tower based uncertainty of net CO2 flux measurements and decreased the sensitivity of results to tower distance. We therefore conclude that corrections for systematic flux differences (e.g., caused by different environmental conditions at both EC towers) can help to apply the two-tower approach to more site pairs with less ideal conditions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document