Capturing Spatial and Temporal Patterns of NO2 in Cities using mobile and stationary DOAS measurements

<p>The problem of elevated NO<sub>2</sub> levels in cities has gained some attention in the public in recent years and has given rise to questions about the plausibility of banning diesel engines in cities, the meaning of exceedances of air quality limits and the effects of corona lock-downs on air quality to name a few. Urban air quality is typically monitored using a relatively small number of monitoring stations. Those in-situ measurements follow certain guidelines in terms of inlet height and location relative to streets, but the question remains how a limited number of point measurements can capture the spatial variability in cities. In this talk we present two measurement campaigns in Hong Kong and Munich where we utilized a combination of mobile in-situ and stationary remote sensing differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) instruments. We developed an algorithm to separate spatial and temporal patterns in order to generate pollution maps that represent average NO<sub>2</sub> exposure. </p> <p>We use those maps to identify pollution hot spots and capture the weekly cycles of on-road NO2 levels and spatial dependency of long-term changes and we analyze how on-road measurements compare to monitoring station data and how the measurement height and distance to traffic emissions have to be considered when interpreting observed concentration patterns.</p>

Effects of Strip Roads in a Pine Tree Stand (Pinus sylvestris L.) on the Diameter Growth and Pith Eccentricity of Trees Growing along Them

Although skid roads are more and more commonly used in Poland, they are still quite often criticised due to a certain loss of wood volume and the impact on edge trees. In this context, the results of the research described in this article can be used as a substantive contribution to discussions about strip roads. Research was carried out in a 42-year-old pine tree stand (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Notecka Forest, where thinning had been performed and 2.5 and 3.5 m wide strip roads had been cut 10 years before. The analysis comprised two five-year periods recording diameter growth and pith eccentricity in trees growing at the distance zones of 0–1 m (adjacent trees), 2–4 m and 8–10 m (the control) away from the strip roads. The differences in growth and eccentricity between the different distance zones as well as the frequency of pith eccentricity in the N-W, S-W, N-E and S-E directions were assessed, related to the distance from the strip road and the measurement height. The measurements of the analysed traits were conducted on wood discs cut from the centres of two-metre-long sections on sample trees (12 trees in each distance zone). The trees growing directly beside the strip roads were statistically significantly thicker than those growing 8–10 m away, and in the case of the trees beside the narrower strip roads, in the second 5-year period, they were also thicker than the trees from the 2–4 m distance zone. The effect of the wider strip roads in the first growth period was also significant for the trees growing 3 m away from the strip road (their growth in this period was significantly greater than that of trees in the control zone). The research into tree-pith eccentricity showed no differences due to relative distance from the strip road. Furthermore, no statistically significant relationship between the distance of trees from the strip road, measurement height and frequency of tree-pith eccentricity to the N-W and S-W were found.

Options to correct local turbulent flux measurements for large-scale fluxes using a LES-based approach

The eddy-covariance method provides the most direct estimates for fluxes between ecosystems and the atmosphere. However, dispersive fluxes can occur in the presence of secondary circulations, which can inherently not be captured by such single-tower measurements. In this study, we present options to correct local flux measurements for such large-scale transport based on a non-local parametric model that has been developed from a set of idealized LES runs for three real-world sites. The test sites DK-Sor, DE-Fen, and DE-Gwg, represent typical conditions in the mid-latitudes with different measurement height, different terrain complexity and different landscape-scale heterogeneity. Different ways to determine the boundary-layer height, which is a necessary input variable for modelling the dispersive fluxes, are applied, either from operational radio-soundings and local in-situ measurements for the flat site or from backscatter-intensity profile obtained from collocated ceilometers for the two sites in complex terrain. The adjusted total fluxes are evaluated by assessing the improvement in energy balance closure and by comparing the resulting latent heat fluxes with evapotranspiration rates from nearby lysimeters. The results show that not only the accuracy of the flux estimates is improved but also the precision, which is indicated by RMSE values that are reduced by approximately 50 %. Nevertheless, it needs to be clear that this method is intended to correct for a bias in eddy-covariance measurements due to the presence of large-scale dispersive fluxes. Other reasons potentially causing a systematic under- or overestimation, such as low-pass filtering effects and missing storage terms, still need to be considered and minimized as much as possible. Moreover, additional transport induced by surface heterogeneities is not considered.

On Finding the Right Sampling Line Height through a Parametric Study of Gas Dispersion in a NVB

The tracer gas method is one of the common ways to evaluate the air exchange rate in a naturally ventilated barn. One crucial condition for the accuracy of the method is that both considered gases (pollutant and tracer) are perfectly mixed at the points where the measurements are done. In the present study, by means of computational fluids dynamics (CFD), the mixing ratio NH3/CO2 is evaluated inside a barn in order to assess under which flow conditions the common height recommendation guidelines for sampling points (sampling line and sampling net) of the tracer gas method are most valuable. Our CFD model considered a barn with a rectangular layout and four animal-occupied zones modeled as a porous medium representing pressure drop and heat entry from lying and standing cows. We studied three inflow angles and six combinations of air inlet wind speed and temperatures gradients covering the three types of convection, i.e., natural, mixed, and forced. Our results showed that few cases corresponded to a nearly perfect gas mixing ratio at the currently common recommendation of at least a 3 m measurement height, while the best height in fact lied between 1.5 m and 2.5 m for most cases.

The five main influencing factors on lidar errors in complex terrain

Light detection and ranging (notably Doppler lidar), has become a valuable technology to assess the wind resource at hub height of modern wind turbines. However, because of their measurement principle, common wind profile Doppler lidars suffer from errors at complex terrain sites. This study analyses the impact of the five main influencing factors at lidar measurement errors in complex terrain, i.e. orographic complexity, measurement height, surface roughness and forest, atmospheric stability and half-cone opening angle, in a non-dimensional, model-based parameter study. In a novel approach, the lidar error ε is split up into a part εc, caused by flow curvature at the measurement points of the lidar and a part εs, caused by the local speed-up effects between the measurement points. This approach, e.g., allows for a systematic and complete interpretation of the influence of the half-cone opening angle φ of the lidar. It also provides information about the uncertainty of simple lidar error estimations that are based on inflow and outflow angles at the measurement points. The model-based parameter study is limited to two-dimensional Gaussian hills with hill height H and hill half-width L. H/L and z/L, with z being the measurement height, are identified as the main scaling factors for the lidar error. Three flow models of different complexity are used to estimate the lidar errors. The outcome of the study provides manifold findings that enable an assessment of the applicability of these flow models. The study clearly shows that orographic complexity, roughness and forest characteristics, as well as atmospheric stability, have a significant influence on lidar error estimation. Based on the error separation approach it furthermore allows for an in-depth analysis of the influence of reduced half-cone opening angles. The choice and parameterization of flow models and the design of methods for lidar error estimation are found to be essential to achieve accurate results. The use of a RANS CFD model in conjunction with an appropriate forest model is highly recommended for lidar error estimations in complex terrain. If atmospheric stability variation at a measurement site plays a vital role, it should also be considered in the modelling. When planning a measurement campaign, an accurate estimation of the prospective lidar error should be carried out in advance to decrease measurement uncertainties and maximize the value.

COMPARISON OF THE RADIATION SITUATION IN THE AGRICULTURAL AND OIL REGIONS OF THE ATYRAU REGION

The article is devoted to the comparison of radiation levels in the Issatay and Makhambet districts of the Atyrau region. Atyrau region belongs to the regions of the oil-producing industry, which in turn can lead to environmental pollution, including radiation. Therefore, a radiation analysis was carried out to measure the exposure dose on the territory of the Isatai region, in which the oil-producing industry is developed, and for comparative analysis, the same measurements were carried out in the Makhambet region, where there is no industrial activity and the region belongs to an agricultural region. The studies carried out show that, according to the average values of the exposure dose in both regions, it is in close values, which range from 9 to more than 14 mR/h in the industrial region (Issatay region) and from 10 to 11 mR/h in the agricultural region (Makhambet region). In the Issatay district, according to the average values, there is a slight increased content. The data on the exposure dose rate at the entrance to the village and in the center of the village show that in the Makhambet district, the exposure dose data is higher in the center of the village than at the entrance to the village, while in the Isatai district the indicators at the entrance to the villages are, on the contrary, higher. In the Issatay region, within the villages, the data are similar to the Makhambet region, and outside the settlements, there is a slight increase associated with the additional load from oil pollution. The data on the level of measurement height show that at the level of the earth's surface and at the level of 50 cm, the values of the exposure dose are close in the values of the two regions, while there is a difference at the level of 1 m. In the Issatay region, the exposure dose is higher than in the Makhambet region, this may be due to the relatively greater accumulation of gaseous radioisotopes that accumulate as a result of evaporation from oil fields. The background radiation in both regions does not exceed the maximum permissible dose and is not hazardous to health.

Growth performance of Savanna brown goats fed enzyme treated sawdust diets under intensive managed system

This study was conducted to determine the growth performance and correlation matrix ofSavanna Brown goats fed enzyme treated sawdust diets managed intensively. A total of thirty(30) goats weighting between 5.2 and 5.3 kg were arranged in a completely randomizeddesign. The animals were divided into five dietary Treatments (T) groups with threereplications. Treatment one (1) comprises of animals fed 0 % enzyme treated sawdust whileTreatment 2 (T2), Treatment 3 (T3), Treatment 4 (T4) and Treatment 5 (T5) comprises ofanimals fed 10, 20, 30 and 40 % enzyme treated sawdust diets, respectively. Data on growthperformance parameters, body linear measurement (height at wither, body length, chestgirth, hind leg length, fore leg length, facial length) were measured. Growth performancedata were analyzed using one way analysis of variance. The results of growth performancereveled that animals fed 20 % and 40 % had significantly highest value, these trend wasobserved in total weight gain (T3 = 4900g and T5 = 4833g), average weight gain (T3 = 50gand T5 = 49.32g), total fed intake (T3 = 2956.20 and T5 = 2709.30g) and average feed intake(T3 = 211.16g and T5 = 193.52g). However, in feed conversion ration no significantdifference was observed across all the treatment groups as the value range between 3.87 inanimals fed 40 % to 7.12 in those fed 10 % enzyme treated sawdust diet. A positive andsignificant correlation was observed between body weight and chest girth with highestcorrelations in animals fed 20 % enzyme treated sawdust (0.97). It was therefore concludedthat enzyme treated sawdust can be used in the diets of Savanna Brown goats up to 40 %replacement for maize offal for optimum performance

FORMULASI SEDIAAN SABUN CAIR KOMBINASI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KERSEN (Muntingia calabura L.) DAN DAUN KEMANGI (Ocymum basilicum L.) DAN UJI TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus

ABSTRACTKersen leaves (Muntingia Calabura L.) and Basil leaves (Ocymum basilicum L.) are plants that contain flavonoid compounds, saponin and tannin which acts as antibacterial. The aims of this study is formulate liquid soap in combination of ethanol extract of Kersen leaves and basil leaves and to test the antibacterial effectiveness and evaluate the physical preparates of liquid soap in combination of ethanol extract of Kersen leaves and Kemangi leaves. This research uses a laboratorium experimental method. Based on the results of the study showed physical evaluations such as organoleptics which are dark green and dark brown, Soap pH above 8, measurement height of foam 60-88 mm, calculation of water content was 46%, free alkali content was 0,05-0,06 g/ml, and specific gravity was 1,01-1,09 g/ml. Liquid soap combination of Kersen and Basil leaves extract has antibacterial effectiveness of average diameter for FI 10 mm, F2 10,33 mm, F3 11 mm, F4 11,5 mm, and F5 10,67 mm. In conclusion, the combination of Kersen and Basil leaves extract can be formulated into liquid soap, liquid soap preparations in physical evaluation testing had met the standards set by SNI. Liquid soap preparation has antibacterial effectiveness which is included in the strong category.Keywords: Antibacterial, Liquid Soap, Kersen, Basil.ABSTRAK Daun Kersen (Muntingia Calabura L.) dan Daun Kemangi (Ocymum basilicum L.) merupakan tanaman yang memiliki kandungan senyawa flavonoid, saponin dan tannin yang bersifat sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan sabun cair kombinasi ekstrak etanol daun Kersen dan daun Kemangi serta menguji efektivitas antibakteri dan mengevaluasi sediaan fisik dari sabun cair kombinasi ekstrak etanol daun Kersen dan daun Kemangi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode ekperimental laboratorium. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan evaluasi fisik seperti organoleptik berwarna hijau tua dan cokelat tua, pH sabun diatas 8, pengukuran tinggi busa 60-88 mm, perhitungan kadar air yaitu 46%, kadar alkali bebas yaitu 0,05-0,06 g/ml, dan bobot jenis yaitu 1,01-1,09 g/ml. Sediaan sabun cair kombinasi ekstrak daun Kersen dan daun Kemangi memiliki efektifitas antibakteri diameter rata-rata untuk FI 10 mm, F2 10,33 mm, F3 11 mm, F4 11,5 mm, dan F5 10,67 mm. Kesimpulannya kombinasi ekstrak daun Kersen dan daun Kemangi dapat diformulasikan menjadi sabun cair, sediaan sabun cair dalam pengujian evaluasi fisik telah memenuhi standar yang ditetapkan oleh SNI. Sediaan sabun cair memiliki efektifitas antibakteri yang termasuk kategori kuat. Kata Kunci: Antibakteri, Sabun Cair, Kersen, Kemangi.

Relationship Pattern Of Physical Activity With Nutritional Status On Age Children 6-12 Years

Relationship Pattern Of Physical Activity With Nutritional Status On Age Children 6-12 Years. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between physical activity and nutritional status in children aged 6-12 years at SDK Marsudirini Jembrana. The pattern of physical activity of children today has experienced a shift from the past that is more mobile to be less physical activity. Physical activity in children plays an important role in determining the nutritional status of children, including the risk of obesity. Riskesdas (2013), shows the nutritional status of children aged 6-12 years which is 4.6% very thin, 7.6% thin, 78.6% normal and 19.2% fat. this research is a research analatik correlational by using the approach of cross-sectional on 83 samples and selected by using simple random sampling. data collection consists of measurement of body weight, measurement height, direct observation and interview with the questionnaire physical activity questionnaire for children (paq -c). this study shows that there is the relationship between the pattern of physical activity with nutritional status in which the value of P <0,05. these results obtained most of the 45 children (54,2%) that has a pattern of physical activity low. almost half of the 33 children (39,8%) had a nutritional status good. there are significant relation between the level of activity with nutritional status on age children 6-12 years in the SDK Marsudirini Jembrana.

Evaluation of energy balance closure correction methods for multiple eddy-covariance sites in different biomes

&lt;p&gt;The apparent lack of surface energy balance closure is one of the most crucial challenges in the measurement of biosphere-atmosphere exchange. In principle, this issue can have a variety of potential reasons, including instrumental errors and errors introduced in the data processing chain. In addition, secondary circulations have been identified as one of the main reasons for a non-closure of the surface energy balance, since the related energy transport cannot be captured by common eddy-covariance tower flux measurements. When present, neglecting this process will result in an underestimation of turbulent fluxes. Secondary circulations can, however, be represented by means of large-eddy simulations, which have been employed to develop a novel semi-empirical model to correct for the missing large-scale flux (De Roo et al. 2018, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0209022). In this study, we compare the results of this process-based method with two other previously published bulk-correction methods (Mauder et al. 2013, DOI 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.09.006; Charuchittipan et al. 2014, DOI 10.1007/s10546-014-9922-6). These three correction methods are applied for multiple sites in different biomes around the world. Independent data of energy fluxes from these sites are used to assess which of these methods leads to the most reliable results, and we discuss the limitations of these corrections methods with respect to meteorological conditions and site characteristics, such as measurement height, the landscape-scale heterogeneity and terrain complexity.&lt;/p&gt;