scholarly journals Improvements to the retrieval of tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> from satellite – stratospheric correction using SCIAMACHY limb/nadir matching and comparison to Oslo CTM2 simulations

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hilboll ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
A. Rozanov ◽  
Ø. Hodnebrog ◽  
A. Heckel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Earth System ◽  
Spatial Accuracy ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Matching Algorithm ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Global Coverage

Abstract. Satellite measurements of atmospheric trace gases have proved to be an invaluable tool for monitoring the Earth system. When these measurements are to be used for assessing tropospheric emissions and pollution, as for example in the case of nadir measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), it is necessary to separate the stratospheric from the tropospheric signal. The SCIAMACHY instrument offers the unique opportunity to combine its measurements in limb- and nadir-viewing geometries into a tropospheric data product, using the limb measurements of the stratospheric NO2 abundances to correct the nadir measurements' total columns. In this manuscript, we present a novel approach to limb/nadir matching, calculating one stratospheric NO2 value from limb measurements for every single nadir measurement, abandoning global coverage for the sake of spatial accuracy. For comparison, modelled stratospheric NO2 columns from the Oslo CTM2 are also evaluated for stratospheric correction. Our study shows that stratospheric NO2 columns from SCIAMACHY limb measurements very well reflect stratospheric conditions. The zonal variability of the stratospheric NO2 field is captured by our matching algorithm, and the quality of the resulting tropospheric NO2 columns improves considerably. Both stratospheric datasets need to be adjusted to the level of the nadir measurements, because a time- and latitude-dependent bias to the measured nadir columns can be observed over clean regions. After this offset is removed, the two datasets agree remarkably well, and both stratospheric correction methods provide a significant improvement to the retrieval of tropospheric NO2 columns from the SCIAMACHY instrument.

scholarly journals Retrieval of tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> columns from SCIAMACHY combining measurements from limb and nadir geometries

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 5043-5105 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hilboll ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
A. Rozanov ◽  
Ø. Hodnebrog ◽  
A. Heckel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Matching Algorithm ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Sector Method

Abstract. Satellite measurements of atmospheric trace gases have proved to be an invaluable tool for monitoring the Earth system. When these measurements are to be used for assessing tropospheric emissions and pollution, as for example in the case of nadir measurements of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), it is necessary to separate the stratospheric from the tropospheric signal. The SCIAMACHY instrument offers the unique opportunity to combine its measurements in limb and nadir viewing geometries into a tropospheric data product, using the limb measurements of the stratospheric NO2 abundances to correct the nadir measurements' total columns. In this manuscript, we present a novel approach to limb/nadir matching, calculating one stratospheric NO2 value from limb measurements for every single nadir measurement, abandoning global coverage for the sake of spatial accuracy. As a comparison, modelled stratospheric NO2 columns from the Oslo CTM2 are evaluated as stratospheric correction, and both datasets are confronted with the originally used reference sector method. Our study shows that stratospheric NO2 columns from SCIAMACHY limb measurements very well reflect stratospheric conditions. The zonal variability of stratospheric NO2 is captured by our matching algorithm, and the quality of the resulting tropospheric NO2 columns improves considerably. Modelled stratospheric NO2 columns from the Oslo CTM2 agree remarkably well with the measurements. Both datasets need to be matched to the level of the nadir measurements, however, because a time and latitude dependent bias between both stratospheric datasets and the measured nadir columns can be observed over clean regions. After accounting for this systematic bias between SCIAMACHY nadir observations and the stratospheric columns, both new stratospheric correction methods provide a significant improvement to the retrieval of tropospheric NO2 columns from the SCIAMACHY instrument.

scholarly journals Tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> columns: a comparison between model and retrieved data from GOME measurements

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lauer ◽  
M. Dameris ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
J. P. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Source Distribution ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
First Time ◽  
Fully Coupled

Abstract. Tropospheric NO2 plays a variety of significant roles in atmospheric chemistry. In the troposphere it is one of the most significant precursors of photochemical ozone (O3) production and nitric acid (HNO3). In this study tropospheric NO2 columns were calculated by the fully coupled chemistry-climate model ECHAM4.L39(DLR)/CHEM. These have been compared with tropospheric NO2 columns, retrieved using the tropospheric excess method from measurements by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) of up-welling earthshine radiance and the extraterrestrial irradiance. GOME is part of the core payload of the second European Research Satellite (ERS-2). For this study the first five years of GOME measurements have been used. The period of five years of observational data is sufficiently long to facilitate for the first time a comparison based on climatological averages with global coverage, focussing on the geographical distribution of the tropospheric NO2. A new approach of analysing regional differences (i.e. on continental scales) by calculating individual averages for different environments provides more detailed information about specific NOx sources and of their seasonal variations. The results obtained enable the validity of the model NO2 source distribution and the assumptions used to separate tropospheric and stratospheric parts of the NO2 column amount from the satellite measurements to be investigated.

Promotion of Symbiotic Relationship Between Human and Ecosystems in a Small Island

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryusuke Hosoda ◽  
Koichi Hanano ◽  
Yoichi Fukutani
Keyword(s):  
Small Island ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Populated Area ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Coastal Land

People have become aware that maintenance of symbiotic relations between people and their surrounding environment is important not only for people’s happiness but also for their own existence on the earth system. Facing up to reality, however, there have arisen matters of regret caused by the human lives and activities. One of big problems we have to consider is scatter of waste and debris on natural beaches, especially in the coastal area near the dense populated area. We have to remember that the scatter is the results of human activities mainly on the coastal land area. The problem had become serious on a small island located near the mouth of Osaka Bay, where rubbishes such as tins, bottles and plastic bottles, bags and sheets have been piled and remained on the beach for more than half a century. People living in a small community, who were worrying about the decline of the ecosystem of the small island, started the activity of beach cleaning more than ten years ago. Since then, the quality of the ecosystem on the island has been maintained in a permissible condition. They also started the field researches on the fauna and flora in and around the island to make an inventory of fauna and flora. Their activities were appreciated and they were honored with testimonials commending their contribution on the maintenance of symbiosis. In the present paper, people’s activities are introduced with the importance of promoting the symbiosis with ecosystem in surrounding natural environments.

scholarly journals Ideas and perspectives: climate-relevant marine biologically driven mechanisms in Earth system models

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Hense ◽  
Irene Stemmler ◽  
Sebastian Sonntag
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Earth System ◽  
System Models ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Optical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
System 1 ◽  
Earth System Models

Abstract. The current generation of marine biogeochemical modules in Earth system models (ESMs) considers mainly the effect of marine biota on the carbon cycle. We propose to also implement other biologically driven mechanisms in ESMs so that more climate-relevant feedbacks are captured. We classify these mechanisms in three categories according to their functional role in the Earth system: (1) biogeochemical pumps, which affect the carbon cycling; (2) biological gas and particle shuttles, which affect the atmospheric composition; and (3) biogeophysical mechanisms, which affect the thermal, optical, and mechanical properties of the ocean. To resolve mechanisms from all three classes, we find it sufficient to include five functional groups: bulk phyto- and zooplankton, calcifiers, and coastal gas and surface mat producers. We strongly suggest to account for a larger mechanism diversity in ESMs in the future to improve the quality of climate projections.

scholarly journals Reducing filter effects in GRACE-derived polar motion excitations

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Göttl ◽  
Michael Murböck ◽  
Michael Schmidt ◽  
Florian Seitz
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Field ◽  
Polar Motion ◽  
Grid Point ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
Geophysical Model ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Mass Redistribution ◽  
Filter Effects

Abstract Polar motion is caused by mass redistribution and motion within the Earth system. The GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite mission observed variations of the Earth’s gravity field which are caused by mass redistribution. Therefore GRACE time variable gravity field models are a valuable source to estimate individual geophysical mass-related excitations of polar motion. Since GRACE observations contain erroneous meridional stripes, filtering is essential to retrieve meaningful information about mass redistribution within the Earth system. However filtering reduces not only the noise but also smoothes the signal and induces leakage of neighboring subsystems into each other. We present a novel approach to reduce these filter effects in GRACE-derived equivalent water heights and polar motion excitation functions which is based on once- and twice-filtered gravity field solutions. The advantages of this method are that it is independent from geophysical model information, works on global grid point scale and can therefore be used for mass variation estimations of several subsystems of the Earth. A closed-loop simulation reveals that due to application of the new filter effect reduction approach the uncertainties in GRACE-derived polar motion excitations can be decreased from 12–48% to 5–29%, especially for the oceanic excitations. Comparisons of real GRACE data with model-based oceanic excitations show that the agreement can be improved by up to 15 percentage points.

scholarly journals Tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> columns: a comparison between model and retrieved data from GOME measurements

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 411-438
Author(s):  
A. Lauer ◽  
M. Dameris ◽  
A. Richter ◽  
J. P. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Source Distribution ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Tropospheric No2 ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
First Time ◽  
Fully Coupled

Abstract. Tropospheric NO2 plays a variety of significant roles in atmospheric chemistry. In the troposphere it is one of the most significant precursors of photochemical ozone (O3) production and nitric acid (HNO3). In this study tropospheric NO2 columns were calculated by the fully coupled chemistry-climate model ECHAM4.L39(DLR)/CHEM. These have been compared with tropospheric NO2 columns, retrieved using the tropospheric excess method from measurements by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) of up-welling earthshine irradiance and the extraterrestrial radiance. GOME is part of the core payload of the second European Research Satellite (ERS-2). For this study the first five years of GOME measurements have been used. The period of five years of observational data is sufficient to enable a comparison based on climatological averages and with global coverage, focussing on the geographical distribution of the tropospheric NO2, for the first time. A new approach of analysing regional differences (i.e. on continental scales) by calculating individual averages for different environments provides more detailed information about specific NOx sources and of their seasonal variations. The results obtained enable the validity of the model NO2 source distribution and the assumptions used to separate tropospheric and stratospheric parts of the NO2 column amount from the satellite measurements to be investigated.

scholarly journals Observation Impact Assessment on the Prediction of the Earth System Dynamics Using the Adjoint-Based Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (61) ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Peter Steinle ◽  
Chris Tingwell ◽  
Sergei Soldatenko
Keyword(s):  
Earth System ◽  
Initial State ◽  
Future State ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Observation Network ◽  
Australian Community ◽  
Accuracy Of Prediction ◽  
The Impact

Mathematical models of the Earth system and its components represent one of the most powerful and effective instruments applied to explore the Earth system's behaviour in the past and present, and to predict its future state considering external influence. These models are critically reliant on a large number of various observations (in situ and remotely sensed) since the prediction accuracy is determined by, amongst other things, the accuracy of the initial state of the system in question, which, in turn, is defined by observational data provided by many different instrument types. The development of an observing network is very costly, hence the estimation of the effectiveness of existing observation network and the design of a prospective one, is very important. The objectives of this paper are (1) to present the adjoint-based approach that allows us to estimate the impact of various observations on the accuracy of prediction of the Earth system and its components, and (2) to illustrate the application of this approach to two coupled low-order chaotic dynamical systems and to the ACCESS (Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator) global model used operationally in the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. The results of numerical experiments show that by using the adjoint-based method it is possible to rank the observations by the degree of their importance and also to estimate the influence of target observations on the quality of predictions.

Processing of GRACE-FO satellite-to-satellite tracking data using the GRACE-SIGMA software

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Koch ◽  
Mathias Duwe ◽  
Jakob Flury ◽  
Akbar Shabanloui
Keyword(s):  
Laser Ranging ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Satellite Mission ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Gravity Fields ◽  
Data Products ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Orbit Types ◽  
Gravity Recovery

&lt;p&gt;The dual-satellite mission GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO) was launched in May 2018 as the successor of the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE).&amp;#160;In May 2019 first level 1 data products were made available to the community and are now published regularly.&amp;#160;These products, among others, include orbits, accelerometer measurements, star camera data and micron and sub-micron precise inter-satellite range measurements.&amp;#160;The data products are used by different groups to compute estimates of monthly gravity fields of the Earth.&amp;#160;The in-house developed GRACE-SIGMA software is used at the Institut of Geodesy/Leibniz University Hannover for the estimation of monthly gravity fields.&amp;#160;Several parts of the software&amp;#8217;s processing chain, such as background modeling, were updated recently and different parametrization scenarios were tested.&amp;#160;First solutions were estimated based on laser ranging interferometer measurements.&amp;#160;Moreover, different orbit types, such as reduced-dynamic and kinematic, were tested.&amp;#160;In this contribution, we present the influence of these updates and tests on the quality of the gravity fields.&amp;#160;The obtained solutions are assessed in terms of error degree standard deviations and post-fit residuals of the inter-satellite measurements.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Estudio y diseño del Sistema de Tierra Integral de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Autónoma de Campeche

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
Francisco Román Lezama-Zárraga ◽  
Juan Carlos Ovando-Sierra ◽  
Margarita Castillo-Téllez ◽  
Juan Edgar Andrade-Durán
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Grounding System ◽  
Electrical Systems ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Stable Voltage ◽  
Electrical Installation

Nowadays, low voltage electrical systems are more complex due to sensitive non-linear loads to voltage variations due to disturbances or poor quality of power in the electricity supply network, so it is necessary to protect equipment people who use these electrical installations every day. This paper presents a study to design the equipotential grounding system of the Faculty of Engineering of the Campeche´s Autonomous University in order to obtain an earth impedance value that complies with the standards NXM-J-549-ANCE-2005 and NOM-001-SEDE-2012 to provide safety conditions to people and equipment operating in the electrical installation in low voltage, quickly draining the fault, making the value of the voltage with respect to the earth reached in the part failure is equal to or less than the safety value and offer the corrective measures to improve the quality of the energy, which we receive from the supplier company. This study is the basis to implement a model of integral earth system for any type of buildings in our environment to achieve stable voltage levels at a constant frequency.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach to Carrying Capacity: From a priori Prescription to a posteriori Derivation Based on Underlying Mechanisms and Dynamics

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 657-683
Author(s):  
Safa Mote ◽  
Jorge Rivas ◽  
Eugenia Kalnay
Keyword(s):  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Logistic Equation ◽  
Earth System ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Human System ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The Human System is within the Earth System. They should be modeled bidirectionally coupled, as they are in reality. The Human System is rapidly expanding, mostly due to consumption of fossil fuels (approximately one million times faster than Nature accumulated them) and fossil water. This threatens not only other planetary subsystems but also the Human System itself. Carrying Capacity is an important tool to measure sustainability, but there is a widespread view that Carrying Capacity is not applicable to humans. Carrying Capacity has generally been prescribed a priori, mostly using the logistic equation. However, the real dynamics of human population and consumption are not represented by this equation or its variants. We argue that Carrying Capacity should not be prescribed but should insteadbe dynamically derived a posteriori from the bidirectional coupling of Earth System submodels with the Human System model. We demonstrate this approach with a minimal model of Human–Nature interaction (HANDY). ▪  The Human System is a subsystem of the Earth System, with inputs (resources) from Earth System sources and outputs (waste, emissions) to Earth System sinks. ▪  The Human System is growing rapidly due to nonrenewable stocks of fossil fuels and water and threatens the sustainability of the Human System and to overwhelm the Earth System. ▪  Carrying Capacity has been prescribed a priori and using the logistic equation, which does not represent the dynamics of the Human System. ▪  Our new approach to human Carrying Capacity is derived from dynamically coupled Earth System–Human System models and can be used to estimate the sustainability of the Human System.

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