scholarly journals Characterisation of the mixing height temporal evolution by means of a laser dial system in an urban area – intercomparison results with a model application

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 2119-2124 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. García ◽  
M. L. Sánchez ◽  
B. de Torre ◽  
I. A. Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Mixing Height ◽  
Hysplit Model ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Early Afternoon

Abstract. Measurements of vertical and temporal variations in ozone and aerosol as extinction over an urban area in Segovia, central Spain, were performed during two summer months in 2004 by means of a commercial Nd:YAG laser DIAL remote sensing system. The Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) technique was applied and its description is given. From the profile data, a practical determination of mixing height may be derived. A diurnal evolution for the whole dataset is observed, the highest mean mixing height being reached at 16:00 GMT, 2150 m. The presence of a double-layer structure at night was observed and the layers can be considered residual. On average, the lower layer is formed at 670 m and the upper layer yielded mean heights ranging between 1270 and 1390 m. The estimated mixing heights during the day are also compared with those obtained from the Lagrangian HYSPLIT model. The results show good statistical agreement between both approaches, mainly in the early afternoon, with correlation coefficients around 0.7.

scholarly journals Determination of an effective trace gas mixing height by differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS)

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1663-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Zhou ◽  
S. N. Yang ◽  
S. S. Wang ◽  
T. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Trace Gases ◽  
Mixing Layer ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Gas Mixing ◽  
Mixing Height ◽  
Free Atmosphere ◽  
Layer Height

Abstract. A new method for the determination of the Mixing layer Height (MH) by the DOAS technique is proposed in this article. The MH can be retrieved by a combination of active DOAS and passive DOAS observations of atmospheric trace gases; here we focus on observations of NO2. Because our observations are sensitive to the vertical distribution of trace gases, we refer to the retrieved layer height as an ''effective trace gas mixing height'' (ETMH). By analyzing trace gas observations in Shanghai over one year (1017 hourly means in 93 days in 2007), the retrieved ETMH was found to range between 0.1 km and 2.8 km (average is 0.78 km); more than 90% of the measurements yield an ETMH between 0.2 km and 2.0 km. The seasonal and diurnal variation of the ETMH shows good agreement with mixing layer heights derived from meteorological observations. We investigated the relationship of the derived ETMH to temperature and wind speed and found correlation coefficients of 0.65 and 0.37, respectively. Also the wind direction has an impact on the measurement to some extent. Especially in cases when the air flow comes from highly polluted areas and the atmospheric lifetime of NO2 is long (e.g. in winter), the NO2 concentration at high altitudes over the measurement site can be enhanced, which leads to an overestimation of the ETMH. Enhanced NO2 concentrations in the free atmosphere and heterogeneity within the mixing layer can cause additional uncertainties. Our method could be easily extended to other species like e.g. SO2, HCHO or Glyoxal. Simultaneous studies of these molecules could yield valuable information on their respective atmospheric lifetimes.

scholarly journals On the ability of pseudo-operational ground-based light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensors to determine boundary-layer structure: intercomparison and comparison with in-situ radiosounding

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 563-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Milroy ◽  
G. Martucci ◽  
S. Lolli ◽  
S. Loaec ◽  
L. Sauvage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Lower Layer ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
Remote Sensors ◽  
Laser Sensors ◽  
In Situ Data

Abstract. Twenty-one cases of boundary-layer (BL) structure were retrieved by three co-located remote sensors, one lidar (Leosphere ALS300) and two ceilometers (Vaisala CL31, Jenoptik CHM15K). Data were collected during the ICOS field campaign held at the GAW Atmospheric Station of Mace Head, Ireland, from 8 to 28 June 2009. The study is a two-step investigation of the BL structure based (i) on the intercomparison of backscatter profiles from the three laser sensors and (ii) on the comparison of the backscatter profiles with twenty-three radiosoundings performed during the period of 8 to 15 June 2009. The Temporal Height-Tracking (THT) algorithm was applied to the three sensors' backscatter profiles to retrieve the decoupled structure of the BL over Mace Head. The results of the intercomparisons are expressed in terms of the mean correlation coefficients, mean bias (difference between two sensors' detections), mean sigma (the standard deviation of the bias) and the consistency, i.e. the percentage of cases where the detections of the intercompared sensors were closer than 200 m. The ALS300-CHM15K comparison provided the most consistent retrievals amongst the three comparisons with, respectively, the 86.5% and 77.2% of the lower and upper layer detections closer than 200 m and with correlation coefficients equal to 0.88 and 0.83 at the lower and upper layer, respectively. The lidar and ceilometers-detected BL heights were then compared to the temperature profiles retrieved by radiosoundings. The most consistent retrievals at the lower layer are from the ALS300 with the 75% of detections closer than 200 m to the radiosoundings' first temperature inversion. Despite the lower signal-to-noise ratio and R-value compared to the ASL300 and CHM15K, the CL31 is more consistent with the radiosoundings retrievals at the upper layer with 62.5% of detections closer than 200 m to the radiosoundings' second temperature inversion. The ALS300 has larger pulse-averaged power compared to the two ceilometers and better ability in detecting fine aerosol layers within the BL. The comparison of remote and in-situ data proved both the veracity of the inherent link between temperature and aerosol backscatter profiles, and the existence of possible limitations in using aerosols as a tracer to detect the BL structure.

Compartmental transfer of mercury released from amalgam

1997 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Halbach ◽  
L. Kremers ◽  
H. Willruth ◽  
A. Mehl ◽  
G. Welzl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Excretion Rate ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Urinary Excretion Rate ◽  
Amalgam Fillings

The number of amalgam-covered surfaces and the occlusal area of the fillings, the concentrations of total mercury in plasma, erythrocytes and urine, the urinary excretion rate, and the absorbed daily doses estimated by two separate methods from intra-oral Hg emission were determined in 29 volunteers with a low amalgam load. The transfer ofHg from the fillings via the oral cavity and blood to urinary excretion was evaluated by multiple correla tions between these variables. In addition, the combina tion of variables most representative of the entire compartmental transfer of amalgam Hg was determined. Urinary excretion (1), Hg concentration in plasma (2) and absorbed dose (3) were most closely correlated to each other, followed by correlations with the variables of the fillings (4). Correlation coefficients were 0.75 for variables 1 vs 2 and 2 vs 3, and 0.49 for variables 3 vs 4. It was concluded that variables 1-3 best reflected the transfer of mercury from amalgam fillings throughout the organism and that they were relatively insensitive to dietary mercury. The determination of total mercury in plasma and of its urinary excretion rate appears, under practical aspects, most suitable for the investigation of Hg uptake from amalgam.

scholarly journals An Ultrasound Assessed Extraction Combined with Ion-Pair HPLC Method and Risk Assessment of Nitrite and Nitrate in Cured Meat

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babiker Yagoub Abdulkair ◽  
Amin O. Elzupir ◽  
Abdulaziz S. Alamer
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Tetrabutylammonium Bromide ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Cured Meat

An accurate IPC-UV method was developed and validated for the determination of nitrite (NI) and nitrate (NA) in meat products. The best separation was achieved on a phenyl-hexyl column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 µm) with a mobile phase composed of 25% acetonitrile and 75% buffer (2 mM disodium hydrogen phosphate and 3 mM tetrabutylammonium bromide, pH = 4). Eluents were monitored at 205 nm. Linearity ranges were 1.86 × 10−6–7.5 µg·ml−1 and 0.09–5.0 µg·ml−1 for NI and NA, respectively. The correlation coefficients were greater than 0.999 for NI and NA. This method was applied to a number of processed meat products in Riyadh (n = 155). NI ranged from 1.78 to 129.69 mg·kg−1, and NA ranged from 0.76 to 96.64 mg·kg−1. Results showed extensive use of NI and NA; however, concentrations were within the legal limit of Saudi Arabia except for one sample. Further, the risk assessment and dietary exposure have been estimated for both NI and NA.

scholarly journals Detection of Tree Roots in an Urban Area with the Use of Ground Penetrating Radar

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Krainyukov ◽  
Igor Lyaksa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Secondary Processing ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
The Given

Abstract The paper is devoted to using ground penetrating radar (GPR) for the detection of tree roots in an urban area, since GPR allow detect the hidden objects in non invasive way. It is necessary exactly to know the growth direction, thickness and depth of the roots of the tree to confidently assert about the tree root influence on the technical condition of engineering objects and structures: of the buildings, of pavements, of roadway, of engineering communications and etc. The aim of the given research was experimentally to evaluation the possibilities of detection of tree roots in an urban area with the use of GPR on frequency 400 MHz and of algorithms of secondary processing of GPR signals. Results of interpretation of radar profile and evacuation of soil around tree show the possibility of detection of the tree roots and the determination of their parameters using one or two radar concentric profiles.

scholarly journals Absorption coefficient of urban aerosol in Nanjing, west Yangtze River Delta, China

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (23) ◽  
pp. 13633-13646 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Zhuang ◽  
T. J. Wang ◽  
J. Liu ◽  
Y. Ma ◽  
C. Q. Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Absorbing Aerosols ◽  
The Impact ◽  
532 Nm

Abstract. Absorbing aerosols can significantly modulate short-wave solar radiation in the atmosphere, affecting regional and global climate. The aerosol absorption coefficient (AAC) is an indicator that assesses the impact of absorbing aerosols on radiative forcing. In this study, the near-surface AAC and absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) in the urban area of Nanjing, China, are characterized on the basis of measurements in 2012 and 2013 using the seven-channel Aethalometer (model AE-31, Magee Scientific, USA). The AAC is estimated with direct and indirect corrections, which result in consistent temporal variations and magnitudes of AAC at 532 nm. The mean AAC at 532 nm is about 43.23 ± 28.13 M m−1 in the urban area of Nanjing, which is much lower than that in Pearl River Delta and the same as in rural areas (Lin'an) in Yangtze River Delta. The AAC in the urban area of Nanjing shows strong seasonality (diurnal variations); it is high in cold seasons (at rush hour) and low in summer (in the afternoon). It also shows synoptic and quasi-2-week cycles in response to weather systems. Its frequency distribution follows a typical log-normal pattern. The 532 nm AAC ranging from 15 to 65 M m−1 dominates, accounting for more than 72 % of the total data samples in the entire study period. Frequent high pollution episodes, such as those observed in June 2012 and in winter 2013, greatly enhanced AAC and altered its temporal variations and frequency distributions. These episodes are mostly due to local emissions and regional pollution. Air masses flowing from northern China to Nanjing can sometimes be highly polluted and lead to high AAC at the site. AAE at 660/470 nm from the Schmid correction (Schmid et al., 2006) is about 1.56, which might be more reasonable than from the Weingartner correction (Weingartner et al., 2003). Low AAEs mainly occur in summer, likely due to high relative humidity (RH) in the season. AAC increases with increasing AAE at a fixed aerosol loading. The RH–AAC relationship is more complex. Overall, AAC peaks at RH values of around 40 % (1.3 < AAE < 1.6), 65 % (AAE < 1.3 and AAE > 1.6), and 80 % (1.3 < AAE < 1.6).

On Improving the Performances of Hydraulic Incremental Positioning Units with Mechanical Position Feedback

2012 ◽  
Vol 463-464 ◽  
pp. 1277-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantin Bucşan ◽  
Mihai Avram
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Positioning Accuracy ◽  
Positioning Systems ◽  
Sensing System ◽  
Position Feedback ◽  
Time Determination ◽  
Interesting Solution

This paper presents a method for increasing the speed and the positioning accuracy of the positioning systems with mechanical position feedback. The method consists in using a position transducer for real time determination of the position of the load and correcting this position using an adequate algorithm. It is preferable not to modify the construction of the positioning unit, allowing the user to decide when to use this correction method according to the practical application. An interesting solution to this problem is to use an external space-position finding sensing system, as presented in the paper.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document