Materials of the Western Trypillia Culture From the Settlements of Kamianets-Podilskyi, Tatarysky And Kubachivka

This paper presents the results of archaeological surveys at the Western Trypillia culture sites of Kamianets-Podilskyi, Tatarysky and Kubachivka in the 1990s and the 2000s. The article considers the history of research at these settlements from their discovery (in 1926 and 1947 respectively) until the present. The authors have specifically focused upon threats faced by the Kubachivka site, which keeps being destroyed by the eponymous quarry situated nearby. The study analyzes ceramics and flint and stone tools from the settlements. Ceramics from the Kamianets-Podilskyi, Tatarysky (3950—3900 ВСЕ) is represented by table and kitchen pottery. The first is decorated with a monochromic ornamental painting (black and brown colors); the most informative tableware are craters decorated with «face patterns» that are typical for the Mereșeuca local group, Stage BII (as per Taras M. Tkachuk). Tools are made from various raw materials including granitoids, Cenomanian and Turonian flint. The collection includes items related to the production of tools and other products (the attrition mill and the powder-crusher), waste and items of artifacts secondary processing. As far as Kubachivka settlement is concerned, the sample of ceramics materials is rather poor. The most of the items are not sufficiently intact. Upon having analyzed materials, we have been able to confirm the preliminary conclusions of prior researches. Stonework artifacts are also represented in a modest quantity of 9 pcs. These mostly include polished items as well as a hammered stone, plates, and suchlike. In our opinion, the ceramic artifacts discovered thereby should be ascribed to two chronological horizons, specifically: the BI—II and the BII stages. Further investigations will enable more precise chronologies.

Comparative Study of the Properties of Wood Flour and Wood Pellets Manufactured from Secondary Processing Mill Residues

The generation of secondary processing mill residues from wood processing facilities is extensive in the United States. Wood flour can be manufactured utilizing these residues and an important application of wood flour is as a filler in the wood–plastic composites (WPCs). Scientific research on wood flour production from mill residues is limited. One of the greatest costs involved in the supply chain of WPCs manufacturing is the transportation cost. Wood flour, constrained by low bulk densities, is commonly transported by truck trailers without attaining allowable weight limits. Because of this, shipping costs often exceed the material costs, consequently increasing raw material costs for WPC manufacturers and the price of finished products. A bulk density study of wood flour (190–220 kg/m3) and wood pellets (700–750 kg/m3) shows that a tractor-trailer can carry more than three times the weight of pellets compared to flour. Thus, this study focuses on exploring the utilization of mill residues from four wood species in Maine to produce raw materials for manufacturing WPCs. Two types of raw materials for the manufacture of WPCs, i.e., wood flour and wood pellets, were produced and a study of their properties was performed. At the species level, red maple 40-mesh wood flour had the highest bulk density and lowest moisture content. Spruce-fir wood flour particles were the finest (dgw of 0.18 mm). For all species, the 18–40 wood flour mesh size possessed the highest aspect ratio. Similarly, on average, wood pellets manufactured from 40-mesh particles had a lower moisture content, higher bulk density, and better durability than the pellets from unsieved wood flour. Red maple pellets had the lowest moisture content (0.12%) and the highest bulk density (738 kg/m3). The results concluded that the processing of residues into wood flour and then into pellets reduced the moisture content by 76.8% and increased the bulk density by 747%. These material property parameters are an important attempt to provide information that can facilitate the more cost-efficient transport of wood residue feedstocks over longer distances.

PRAKTIK KERJA LAPANG PENANGANAN PASCA PANEN DI UNIT PELAYANAN TEKNIS PELABUHAN PERIKANAN PANTAI MUNCAR

Pada bidang perikanan istilah pasca panen diartikan sebagai berbagai tindakan atau perlakuan yang diberikan pada hasil perikanan setelah panen hingga komoditas berada di tangan konsumen. Istilah tersebut secara lebih tepat disebut pasca produksi (postproduction) yang dapat dibagi dalam dua bagian atau tahapan, yaitu pasca panen (postharvest) dan pengolahan (processing). Penanganan pasca panen (postharvest) sering disebut juga sebagai pengolahan primer (primary processing) merupakan istilah yang digunakan untuk semua perlakuan dari mulai panen sampai komoditas dapat dikonsumsi “segar” atau untuk persiapan pengolahan berikutnya. Umumnya perlakuan tersebut tidak mengubah bentuk penampilan atau penampakan, kedalamnya termasuk berbagai aspek dari pemasaran dan distribusi. Pengolahan (secondary processing) merupakan tindakan yang mengubah hasil tanaman ke kondisi lain atau bentuk lain dengan tujuan dapat tahan lebih lama pengawetan, mencegah perubahan yang tidak dikehendaki atau untuk penggunaan lain. Ke dalamnya termasuk pengolahan pangan dan pengolahan industri.

SECONDARY PROCESSING OF CAST TUBE CATHODES WHEN OBTAINING A METAL POWDER COMPOSITION FOR THE GAS-THERMAL SPRAY OF COATINGS

The paper presents the results of structural studies of metal-powder compositions (MPC) from the VSDP-3 alloy, as well as heat-resistant atmospheric-plasma powder coatings, developed at the FSUE «VIAM». As blanks for sputtering the MPC, standard charge blanks and exhausted resource cast tube cathodes for ion-plasma deposition were used. It was found that MPC obtained by sputtering cathodes and coatings deposited by sputtering these MPC are not inferior in properties to standard MPC and coatings. At the same time, the cost of such MPC and coatings can be 20–40% lower.

Diachronous Settlement on the Territory of the Turgay Trough

The article introduces into the scholarship the collection of findings of prehistoric material culture obtained at Bestamak during the stationary studies of 2001 field season. The total area of the archaeological site is 260,000 m2. It was excavated by Turgay expedition in the 1980s. Bestamak settlement is situated on the Turgay trough connecting the West Siberian and Turan plains. In the west, the Turgay trough is bounded by the Trans-Ural Plateau; in the east — by the Kazakh upland and spurs of the Ulutau mountains. Natural and geographical features of Turgay trough allow for their cultural layers to mainly contain diachronous material, with Bestamak serving as an example. Due to this specificity, the collections of stone industry discovered in the monuments of the Turgay trough should be studied on the basis of technical and typological analysis, the main parameters of which being products of primary cleavage; morphological parameters of the plates, the size of plates and tools on the plates; percentage ratio of ingots and tools from plates and rock flakes; secondary processing methods; typological composition of tool kit. The composition of raw materials is used as an independent indicator. In the course of the research, the author concluded that the primary cleavage, nuclei “rejuvenation” and secondary processing of blanks were performed on the site of the settlement. Judging by the results of the technical and typological analysis, the stone industry was deposited from the end of the Mesolithic-the Early Neolithic to the Late Eneolithic. The Neolithic stone industries, starting from the early and late Eneolithic, are predominant at Bestamak. The presence of Mesolithic and Early Eneolithic stone industries on the site is just an assumption. Fragments of ceramics and metal products suggest that people stayed at Bestamak until Late Bronze.

PHENOMENOLOGICAL PORTRAIT OF SAMARA CHILDHOOD (BASED ON THE PROJECT "ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MODERN CHILDHOOD")

The article deals with problems, main directions and methods of studying modern childhood in the humanities. The phenomenon of childhood is characterized as a special sociocultural phenomenon that requires an interdisciplinary methodology for its understanding, as well as implementation of a subjective approach to study rather than a traditional object one. The peculiarity of the research based on the phenomenological approach lies in the formulation and solution of both research and project tasks. Research tasks: fixation, description and interpretation of modern childhood markers based on the material of "Samara childhood"; project tasks: creation and distribution of a methodological product - "Encyclopedia of Modern Childhood" (manuals for adults, created by children), addressed to teachers and parents. The development of the encyclopedia was carried out by the project team of Samara branch MCPU students based on a sample of 2158 Samara schoolchildren. The concept, tools and product of the project "Encyclopedia of Modern Childhood" are characterized. The structure of the empirical content served as the basis for the sections of the manual: "Childhood: associations, thoughts and more", "Growing up, adults, addressing adults", "World of childhood", applications "Incomprehensible words for adults". The interpretive part of the research is represented by a selective content analysis of concepts "childhood", "adult" based on the secondary processing of the results. The analysis of the results reveals the following conclusions: the timeless archetype of child's consciousness maintains the dichotomous opposition of the "world of adults" (boring, problematic) and the "world of children" (carefree, sunny, positive); despite intensification, informatization of the way of life and transformation of the growing environment of a modern child, the perception of childhood as a special, inimitably happy chronotope is inherent in children.

BRIEF RESULTS OF WORKS ON THE SITE VAVILINO 1 IN 2020

he article provides brief information about the results of the field works in 2020 at the stratified Stone Age site in Western Kazakhstan - Vavilino 1. The sites of the Stone Age, with a preserved cultural layer, are very rare for the territory of Kazakhstan, and in particular for the studied region. The works of 2018 and 2019 showed the destruction of the upper cultural layer of the site as a result of anthropogenic impact, the excavation in 2020 was expanded by another 12 sq. m eastward, were obtained more than four hundred stone artifacts, fragments of ceramics and animal bones. The first horizon up to 25 (30) cm thick was saturated with eluvium and gaize; artifacts of yellowish-gray quartzitic sandstone, siliceous raw materials of dark gray and light gray shades, single fragmentary bone remains and ceramics were found in the layer. The main percentage of artifacts in the first horizon is represented from quartzite sandstone - 173 specimens. (94%). The tool kit (39 pieces) is represented by the following items: scrapers on flakes and blades (9 pieces), mainly of end types (7 pieces). Fragments of blades with secondary processing along the edges are representative (14 pieces), or 34% of tools. Highlighted in a set are an burin on straight retouched truncation, reamers on a plates and flakes (3 pieces). A single chisel reshaped from a fragment of a core, notched tools on blades and a technical chip (3 pieces), a massive pebble side-scraper, a tool with a spike, chips with retouch, and fragments of tools (5 pieces). Artifacts from siliceous rocks are few in number - 11 specimens (6%), of which 5 tools, all of them endscrapers. On one, measuring 14.3x16.0x3.9 mm, the left edge was retouched with back retouch. The second horizon, 25 (30) cm to 60 (70) cm thick, includes 238 artifacts, 211 specimens from quartzite sandstone (88.6%) and 27 specimens (11.4%) from siliceous rocks. The technique of primary reduction from quartzite sandstone is represented by a double-sided core for removing short spalls, technical spalls, and ribbed plates. The tool kit (37 pieces) is represented by the following items: two end-scrapers on a plate, one end-scraper on a flake, and one side scraper on a flake; fragments of plates with retouch (8 pieces); an angular cutter, a drill on a fragment of a plate, two cutting tools, the first knife with a natural backing, the second with a serrated blade; scrapers on a flake (2 pieces); a chopping tool, the rest are whole flakes and their fragments with secondary processing. From siliceous rock, 10 tools, three end-scrapers, a round scraper on a flake, a chisel, fragments of plates and flakes with secondary processing along the edges were found. Despite the accident rate of the site and the destruction of most of the cultural layer by anthropogenic impact, the study of the site is of great importance for understanding the cultural processes in the Neolithic-Eneolithic era in the Volga-Ural interfluve. The stratigraphy of the excavation showed that the areas in the east and south are the most destroyed. However, in the southern direction, despite the destroyed upper layer, the thickness of the cultural layer increases to 70 cm, which is of interest for increasing the excavation area in the southern, as well as the western part of the site, which is less affected by economic activity. At the site, a bone fragment was used to obtain the first radiocarbon date 7483 ± 23 BP (Hela-4507) (cal 6355- 6335 BC), which indicates the early Neolithic age of the object. Work on Vavilino 1 has just begun, a small stone and ceramic inventory has been obtained, which has similar features to the Neolithic monuments of the Steppe Volga region (Algai, Irrigated 1), the date obtained includes this monument in the circle of the Early Neolithic monuments of the Steppe Volga region, however, additional dating is required and obtaining more massive material, which can solve to some extent the issues of the origin and cultural features of the Early Neolithic in the Volga-Ural interfluve. The article was prepared with the financial support of the KN MES RK (IRN of the project AR05134087 "Stone Age of the North-Eastern Caspian Region").