scholarly journals Ash leachates from some recent eruptions of Mount Etna (Italy) and Popocatépetl (Mexico) volcanoes and their impact on amphibian living freshwater organisms

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 7087-7106 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D'Addabbo ◽  
R. Sulpizio ◽  
M. Guidi ◽  
G. Capitani ◽  
P. Mantecca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mount Etna ◽  
Lake Ohrid ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Stirring Time ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
Leaching Experiments

Abstract. Leaching experiments were carried out on fresh ash samples from Popocatépetl 2012, Etna 2011, and Etna 2012 eruptions, in order to investigate the release of compounds in both double-deionized and lake (Lake Ohrid, FYR of Macedonia) waters. The experiments were carried out using different grain sizes and variable stirring times (from 30 min to 7 days). Results were discussed in the light of changing pH and release of compounds for the different leachates. In particular, Etna samples induced alkalinization, and Popocatépetl samples induced acidification of the corresponding leachates. The release of different elements does not show correlation with the stirring time, with the measured maximum concentrations reached in the first hours of washing. General inverse correlation with grain size was observed only for Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, and Mn2+, while the other analysed elements show a complex, scattering relationship with grain size. Geochemical modelling highlights leachates' saturation only for F and Si, with Popocatépetl samples sometimes showing saturation in Fe. The analysed leachates are classified as undrinkable for humans on the basis of European laws, due to excess in F−, Mn2+, Fe, and SO42− (the latter only for Popocatépetl samples). Finally, the Etna 2012 and Popocatépetl leachates were used for toxicity experiments on living biota (Xenopus laevis). They are mildly toxic, and no significant differences exist between the toxic profiles of the two leachates. In particular, no significant embryo mortality was observed; while even at high dilutions, the leachates produced more than 20 % of malformed larvae.

scholarly journals Ash leachates from some recent eruptions of Mount Etna (Italy) and Popocatépetl (Mexico) volcanoes and their impact on amphibian living freshwater organisms

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 13241-13282 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D'Addabbo ◽  
R. Sulpizio ◽  
M. Guidi ◽  
G. Capitani ◽  
P. Mantecca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mount Etna ◽  
Lake Ohrid ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
High Dilutions ◽  
Leaching Experiments

Abstract. Leaching experiments were carried out on fresh ash samples from Popocatépetl 2012, Etna 2011 and 2012 eruptions, in order to investigate the release of compounds in both double-deionised and lake (Ohrid lake, FYR of Macedonia) waters. The experiments were carried out using different grain sizes and variable time of stirring (from 30 min to 7 days). Results were discussed in the light of changing pH and release of compounds for the different leachates. In particular, Etna samples induced alkalinisation and Popocatépetl samples induced acidification of the corresponding leachates. The release of different elements does not show correlation with time of stirring, with the measured maximum concentrations reached in the first hours of washing. General inverse correlation with grain size was observed only for Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, and Mn2+, while the other analysed elements show complex, scattering relationship with grain size. Geochemical modelling highlights leachates saturation only for F and Si, with Popocatépetl samples sometimes showing saturation in Fe. The analysed leachates are classified as undrinkable for humans on the basis of Italian laws, due to excess in F−, Mn2+, Fe, and SO42− (the latter only for Popocatépetl samples). Finally, the Etna 2012 and Popocatépetl leachates were used for toxicity experiments on living biota (Xenopus laevis). They are mild toxic, and no significant differences exist between the toxic profiles of the two leachates. In particular, no significant embryo mortality was observed, while even at high dilutions the leachates produced more than 20 % of malformed larvae.

Fatigue Behavior of Age-Hardening Cu-6Ni-1.5Si Alloys with Different Grain Sizes

2021 ◽  
Vol 1016 ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
Masahiro Goto ◽  
T. Yamamoto ◽  
S.Z. Han ◽  
J. Kitamura ◽  
J.H. Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Fatigue Strength ◽  
Solution Heat Treatment ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Fatigue Tests ◽  
The Other ◽  
Age Hardening ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Thermomechanical Processes

On the thermomechanical treatments of Cu-Ni-Si alloy, cold-rolling (CR) before solution heat treatment (SHT) is commonly conducted to eliminate defects in a casting slab. In addition, a rolling is applied to reduce/adjust the thickness of casting slab before SHT. In a heavily deformed microstructure by CR, on the other hand, grain growth during a heating in SHT is likely to occur as the result of recrystallization. In general, tensile strength and fatigue strength tend to decrease with an increase in the grain size. However, the effect of difference in grain sizes produced by with and without CR before SHT on the fatigue strength is unclear. In the present study, fatigue tests of Cu-6Ni-Si alloy smooth specimens with a grain fabricated through different thermomechanical processes were conducted. The fatigue behavior of Cu-Ni-Si alloy was discussed.

Enhanced Densification and Grain-Size Refinement in Cation-Doped Tetragonal Zirconia

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 227-231
Author(s):  
Keijiro Hiraga ◽  
Hidehiro Yoshida ◽  
Koji Morita ◽  
Byung Nam Kim
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Grain Growth ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Tetragonal Zirconia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Size Refinement ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Materials Used

In tetragonal zirconia, possibility is investigated of densification with finer grain sizes under the combination of doping and sintering in air. The materials used are CIP'ed compacts of 3-mol%-yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (3Y-TZP) doped with a small amount of cations. For a given sintering temperature and initial density of the compacts, while the doped cations enhances densification in the latest stage of sintering, the effect is different in grain growth during densification: a doped cation tended to enhance grain growth, whereas the other cations tended to suppress grain growth. As a result, the doping of the latter cations brings about a grain size finer than that of the undoped 3Y-TZP for a given relative density.

Superplastic Behavior and Cavitation for WC-Co Cemented Carbides

2005 ◽  
Vol 475-479 ◽  
pp. 2991-2994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Hosokawa ◽  
Koji Shimojima ◽  
Masaru Kawakami ◽  
Shoken Sano ◽  
Osamu Terada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cemented Carbide ◽  
Cemented Carbides ◽  
Cavity Volume ◽  
Superplastic Behavior ◽  
Grain Sizes

Superplastic behavior and cavitation were investigated for WC-15 mass % Co cemented carbides with the WC grain sizes of 0.7 µm (A) and 5.2 µm (B), WC-10 mass % Co cemented carbide with the WC grain size of 1.5 µm (C) and WC-5 mass % Co cemented carbides with the WC grain sizes of 0.5 µm (D) and 2.5 µm (E) by tensile tests at 1473 K. WC contiguity were 0.51, 0.31, 0.27, 0.56 and 0.49, respectively. The large elongations about 200 % were obtained for the B and the C having smaller values of WC contiguity compared to the other cemented carbides. The values of cavity volume fraction for them were less for the other cemented carbides, furthermore, cavities formed at WC/WC interfaces. Therefore, it is noted that the distribution of the Co phase is important for superplasticity of the cemented carbides.

Magnetic Properties of Nd-Fe-B-M (M=Si, C) Bulk Nanocomposite Magnets Prepared by the Spark Plasma Sintering Method

2007 ◽  
Vol 1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomokazu Fukuzaki ◽  
Keisuke Tanaka ◽  
Kazue Nishimoto ◽  
Yuji Muro ◽  
Keishi Nishio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Magnetic Phase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Soft Magnetic ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Nanocomposite Magnets ◽  
Plasma Sintering ◽  
Spark Plasma ◽  
Sintering Method

AbstractWe have prepared Nd2Fe14B/Fe3B bulk nanocomposite magnets at the compositions of Nd4Fe77.5B18.5-xMx (M=Si, C) by substitution of other elements M for B. For the sample substituted with 1 at.%Si and sintered at 600 oC, the coercivity exhibits the highest value of 227 kA/m. It has also been found that the grain sizes of the Nd2Fe14B and the Fe3B phases depend on the ramp-up time and the reduction of the grain size leads to an increase of the coercivity. On the other hand, the samples substituted with C exhibit soft magnetic behaviors, which is attributed to the suppression of the precipitation of the Nd2Fe14B hard magnetic phase.

SPRING-BACK CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAIN-REFINED MAGNESIUM ALLOY ZK60 SHEET

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (31n32) ◽  
pp. 6076-6081 ◽  
Author(s):  
SEONG-HOON KANG ◽  
YOUNG-SEON LEE ◽  
JUNG-HWAN LEE
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Magnesium Alloy ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Testing Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Spring Back ◽  
Bending Tests ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Before And After

In this work, the effect of grain size on the spring-back characteristic was investigated by carrying out air-bending test using magnesium alloy ZK60 sheet with thickness of 0.5 mm at the various temperatures from room temperature to 300 °C. The angles of the bent specimen before and after unloading were measured in order to quantify spring-back amount. It was found out from the bending tests that when the specimens with grain sizes of 14.66 and 60.71 µm were bent by 90°, the amount of spring-back was relatively small at the testing temperature range and was in the range between -2.5° and 2.5°. On the other hand, the spring-back amount dramatically increased at room temperature and phenomenon of spring-go was observed at high temperature when the specimen with submicro grain size of 0.98 µm was bent by 90°. From this finding, it was confirmed that the different spring-back characteristics according to the grain size takes place and thus the grain size of material is one of the important factors which have an effect on the spring-back.

Solid, slightly soluble phosphorus compounds as nutrient source in activated sludge treatment of forest industry wastewaters

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 131-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirjo-Riitta Rantala ◽  
Hannu Wirola
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Forest Industry ◽  
Phosphorus Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
The Mean

The aim of the study was to determine if solid, slightly soluble compounds can be used as nutrient source in activated sludge treatment plants instead of liquid phosphoric acid. Four different solid materials were tested in lab-scale solubility tests to find compounds which are least soluble. Two materials were chosen for further studies: apatite and raw phosphate. The use of apatite and raw phosphate as nutrient source was studied in lab-scale activated sludge reactors along with a control reactor where phosphorus was added in liquid form. The phosphorus dosage, measured as elementary phosphorus, was the same for all three reactors. The reactors were fed with pre-clarified chemi-thermomechanical pulp mill (CTMP) wastewater. There were no significant differences in the reductions of organic matter between the three reactors. The mean effluent concentration of total phosphorus was 3 mg P/l in the control reactor and less than 1 mg P/1 in the other two reactors. The soluble phosphorus concentration was more than 2 mg P/l in the control reactor and less than 0.5 mg P/l in the other two. Apatite was an even better nutrient source than raw phosphate. Further lab-scale tests were conducted using two different grain sizes of apatite. No significant differences were found between the studied grain sizes (<0.074 mm and 0.074 mm-0.125 mm). Apatite was then used in full-scale at a CTMP-mill two different times. The experiments showed that the mean concentrations of phosphorus can be reduced radically by using apatite as a nutrient source instead of liquid phosphorus. Solid phosphorus compounds are a viable alternative to reduce the phosphorus load from forest industry wastewater treatment plants.

scholarly journals Investigation of Movement of Nourishment Sand of Different Grain Sizes Using Model for Predicting Bathymetric and Grain Size Changes

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 691-695
Author(s):  
Yasuhito NOSHI ◽  
Akio KOBAYASHI ◽  
Takaaki UDA ◽  
Masumi SERIZAWA ◽  
Takayuki KUMADA
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Sizes

The Method of Eliminating Banded Structure and the Effects of Banded Structure on the Transverse Properties in 20G Steel

2013 ◽  
Vol 347-350 ◽  
pp. 1171-1175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Wang ◽  
Hong Mei Hu ◽  
Cui Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Stress Concentration ◽  
Base Metal ◽  
Metallic Inclusion ◽  
Banded Structure ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Metallic Inclusions

The transverse properties were inferior to the longitudinal properties for the existence of banded structure in 20G steel. In order to eliminate the banded structure and improve the transverse performance of 20G steel, different heat treatment processes were adopted. The results showed that conventional normalizing could reduce the banded structure and refine the grain sizes. When 20G was heated with 10°C/min heating rated and then held at 920°C for 2h, the banded structure in the steel was almost eliminated and the microstructure was homogeneous with fine grain size, the strength increased by 14%. The non-metallic inclusion and carbide in the microstructure leaded to stress concentration and separation with the base metal. To some extent, heat treatment can improve the distribution and form of non-metallic inclusions.

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