scholarly journals Peat decomposability in managed organic soils in relation to land use, organic matter composition and temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric Bader ◽  
Moritz Müller ◽  
Rainer Schulin ◽  
Jens Leifeld
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
C Cycle

Abstract. Organic soils comprise a large yet fragile carbon (C) store in the global C cycle. Drainage, necessary for agriculture and forestry, triggers rapid decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), typically increasing in the order forest < grassland < cropland. However, there is also large variation in decomposition due to differences in hydrological conditions, climate and specific management. Here we studied the role of SOM composition on peat decomposability in a variety of differently managed drained organic soils. We collected a total of 560 samples from 21 organic cropland, grassland and forest soils in Switzerland, monitored their CO2 emission rates in lab incubation experiments over 6 months at two temperatures (10 and 20 °C) and related them to various soil characteristics, including bulk density, pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) content and elemental ratios (C / N, H / C and O / C). CO2 release ranged from 6 to 195 mg CO2-C g−1 SOC at 10 °C and from 12 to 423 mg g−1 at 20 °C. This variation occurring under controlled conditions suggests that besides soil water regime, weather and management, SOM composition may be an underestimated factor that determines CO2 fluxes measured in field experiments. However, correlations between the investigated chemical SOM characteristics and CO2 emissions were weak. The latter also did not show a dependence on land-use type, although peat under forest was decomposed the least. High CO2 emissions in some topsoils were probably related to the accrual of labile crop residues. A comparison with published CO2 rates from incubated mineral soils indicated no difference in SOM decomposability between these soil classes, suggesting that accumulation of recent, labile plant materials that presumably account for most of the evolved CO2 is not systematically different between mineral and organic soils. In our data set, temperature sensitivity of decomposition (Q10 on average 2.57 ± 0.05) was the same for all land uses but lowest below 60 cm in croplands and grasslands. This, in turn, indicates a relative accumulation of recalcitrant peat in topsoils.

scholarly journals Peat decomposability in managed organic soils in relation to land-use, organic matter composition and temperature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cédric Bader ◽  
Moritz Müller ◽  
Rainer Schulin ◽  
Jens Leifeld
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Organic Matter Composition ◽  
Rapid Decomposition ◽  
C Cycle

Abstract. Organic soils comprise a large yet fragile carbon (C) store in the global C cycle. Drainage, necessary for agriculture and forestry, triggers rapid decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), typically increasing in the order forest 

scholarly journals Crop residues on short-term CO2 emissions in sugarcane production areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana M. Corradi ◽  
Alan R. Panosso ◽  
Marcílio V. Martins Filho ◽  
Newton La Scala Junior
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Production Areas

The proper management of agricultural crop residues could produce benefits in a warmer, more drought-prone world. Field experiments were conducted in sugarcane production areas in the Southern Brazil to assess the influence of crop residues on the soil surface in short-term CO2 emissions. The study was carried out over a period of 50 days after establishing 6 plots with and without crop residues applied to the soil surface. The effects of sugarcane residues on CO2 emissions were immediate; the emissions from residue-covered plots with equivalent densities of 3 (D50) and 6 (D100) t ha-1 (dry mass) were less than those from non-covered plots (D0). Additionally, the covered fields had lower soil temperatures and higher soil moisture for most of the studied days, especially during the periods of drought. Total emissions were as high as 553.62 ± 47.20 g CO2 m-2, and as low as 384.69 ± 31.69 g CO2 m-2 in non-covered (D0) and covered plot with an equivalent density of 3 t ha-1 (D50), respectively. Our results indicate a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, indicating conservation of soil carbon over the short-term period following the application of sugarcane residues to the soil surface.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas balances of managed peatlands in the Nordic countries – present knowledge and gaps

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 2711-2738 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Maljanen ◽  
B. D. Sigurdsson ◽  
J. Guðmundsson ◽  
H. Óskarsson ◽  
J. T. Huttunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Peat Extraction ◽  
Gas Fluxes ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. This article provides an overview of the effects of land-use on the fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) and from peatlands in the Nordic countries based on the field data from about 100 studies. In addition, this review aims to identify the gaps in the present knowledge on the greenhouse gas (GHG) balances associated with the land-use of these northern ecosystems. Northern peatlands have accumulated, as peat, a vast amount of carbon from the atmosphere since the last glaciation. However, the past land-use and present climate have evidently changed their GHG balance. Unmanaged boreal peatlands may act as net sources or sinks for CO2 and CH4 depending on the weather conditions. Drainage for agriculture has turned peatlands to significant sources of GHGs (mainly N2O and CO2). Annual mean GHG balances including net CH4, N2O and CO2 emissions are 2260, 2280 and 3140 g CO2 eq. m−2 (calculated using 100 year time horizon) for areas drained for grass swards, cereals or those left fallow, respectively. Even after cessetion of the cultivation practices, N2O and CO2 emissions remain high. The mean net GHG emissions in abandoned and afforested agricultural peatlands have been 1580 and 500 g CO2 eq. m−2, respectively. Peat extraction sites are net sources of GHGs with an average emission rate of 770 g CO2 eq. m−2. Cultivation of a perennial grass (e.g., reed canary grass) on an abandoned peat extraction site has been shown to convert such a site into a net sink of GHGs (−330 g CO2 eq. m−2). In contrast, despite restoration, such sites are known to emit GHGs (mean source of 480 g CO2 eq. m−2, mostly from high CH4 emissions). Peatland forests, originally drained for forestry, may act as net sinks (mean −780 g CO2 eq. m−2). However, the studies where all three GHGs have been measured at an ecosystem level in the forested peatlands are lacking. The data for restored peatland forests (clear cut and rewetted) indicate that such sites are on average a net sink (190 g CO2 eq. m−2). The mean emissions from drained peatlands presented here do not include emissions from ditches which form a part of the drainage network and can contribute significantly to the total GHG budget. Peat soils submerged under water reservoirs have acted as sources of CO2, CH4 and N2O (mean annual emission 240 g CO2 eq. m−2). However, we cannot yet predict accurately the overall greenhouse gas fluxes of organic soils based on the site characteristics and land-use practices alone because the data on many land-use options and our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling associated with the gas fluxes are limited.

Modelling of long term brownification process in Southern Finland 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katri Rankinen ◽  
Maria Holmberg ◽  
José Cano Bernal ◽  
Anu Akujärvi
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Sulphur Deposition ◽  
Small Catchments

&lt;p&gt;Browning of surface waters due to increased terrestrial loading of organic carbon is observed in boreal regions. It is explained by large scale changes in ecosystems, including decrease in sulphur deposition that affects soil organic matter solubility, increase in temperature that stimulates export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from organic soils, and increase in precipitation and thus runoff. Land use changes and forestry measures are also observed to be one reason for increased transport of DOC. The effects of brownification extend to ecosystem services like water purification, but also freshwater productivity through limiting light penetration and creating more stable thermal stratification. We studied past trends of organic carbon loading from catchments based on observations since early 1990&amp;#8217;s. We made simulations of loading by the physical Persist and INCA models to three small catchments at the Lammi LTER area. We upscaled simulations to the Kokem&amp;#228;enjoki river basin (17 950 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Even though river processes did not play a role in small catchments, they had influence on DOC concentration at the whole river basin. Brownification was driven mainly by the change in climate and decay of organic matter in soil, with smaller impact of land use change on organic soil types. Decrease in sulphur deposition had only minor effect on brownification.&lt;/p&gt;

Studies of the preceding crop effect of ley in ecological agriculture

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Artur Granstedt ◽  
Gärd L-Baeckström
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Clay Soils ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Preceding Crop ◽  
Potentially Mineralizable N

AbstractTwo field experiments were conducted from 1991 to 1996 on clay soils in central Sweden to provide information for improving soil fertility, minimizing N leaching, and increasing the benefits of ley to subsequent crops in organic farming. The results show that it is possible to calculate the amount of N mineralized during the 2-year period following incorporation of ley-crop residues, based on the proportion of incorporated organic matter stabilized in the more resistant humus fractions (i.e., the humification coefficient, calculated to be 35–40%), C:N ratios of the ley biomass, and ley age (humification appears to be higher in older crop residues). The fractions of potentially mineralizable N that are actually mineralized in the first and second years after ley incorporation vary depending on ley age and botanical composition and climatic conditions.

scholarly journals REPRESENTATIVENESS OF EUROPEAN BIOCHAR RESEARCH: PART I – FIELD EXPERIMENTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank G. A. VERHEIJEN ◽  
Utra MANKASINGH ◽  
Vit PENIZEK ◽  
Pietro PANZACCHI ◽  
Bruno GLASER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Forest Plantation ◽  
Arable Soils ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Inorganic Fertiliser

A representativeness survey of existing European Biochar field experiments within the Biochar COST Action TD1107 was conducted to gather key information for setting up future experiments and collaborations, and to minimise duplication of efforts amongst European researchers. Woody feedstock biochar, applied without organic or inorganic fertiliser appears over-represented compared to other categories, especially considering the availability of crop residues, manures, and other organic waste streams and the efforts towards achieving a zero waste economy. Fertile arable soils were also over-represented while shallow unfertile soils were under-represented. Many of the latter are likely in agroforestry or forest plantation land use. The most studied theme was crop production. However, other themes that can provide evidence of mechanisms, as well as potential undesired side-effects, were relatively well represented. Biochar use for soil contamination remediation was the least represented theme; further work is needed to identify which specific contaminants, or mixtures of contaminants, have the potential for remediation by different biochars.

scholarly journals Enhanced bioavailability of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in human-disturbed streams in Alpine fluvial networks

2022 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-200
Author(s):  
Thibault Lambert ◽  
Pascal Perolo ◽  
Nicolas Escoffier ◽  
Marie-Elodie Perga
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Urban Streams ◽  
Bacterial Respiration ◽  
Inland Waters ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The influence of human activities on the role of inland waters in the global carbon (C) cycle is poorly constrained. In this study, we investigated the impact of human land use on the sources and biodegradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its potential impact on bacterial respiration in 10 independent catchments of the Lake Geneva basin. Sites were selected along a gradient of human disturbance (agriculture and urbanization) and were visited twice during the winter high-flow period. Bacterial respiration and DOM bioavailability were measured in the laboratory through standardized dark bioassays, and the influence of human land uses on DOM sources, composition and reactivity was assessed from fluorescence spectroscopy. Bacterial respiration was higher in agro-urban streams but was related to a short-term bioreactive pool (0–6 d of incubation) of autochthonous origin, whose relative contribution to the total DOM pool increased with the degree of human disturbance. On the other hand, the degradation of a long-term (6–28 d) bioreactive pool related to terrestrial DOM was independent from the catchment land use and did not contribute substantially to aquatic bacterial respiration. From a greenhouse gas emission perspective, our results suggest that human activities may have a limited impact on the net C exchanges between inland waters and the atmosphere, as most CO2 fixed by aquatic producers in agro-urban streams is cycled back to the atmosphere after biomineralization. Although seasonal and longitudinal changes in DOM sources must be considered, the implications of our results likely apply more widely as a greater proportion of autochthonous-DOM signature is a common feature in human-impacted catchments. Yet, on a global scale, the influence of human activities remains to be determined given the large diversity of effects of agriculture and urbanization on freshwater DOM depending on the local environmental context.

scholarly journals The sensitivity of carbon turnover in the Community Land Model to modified assumptions about soil processes

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Foereid ◽  
D. S. Ward ◽  
N. Mahowald ◽  
E. Paterson ◽  
J. Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Community Land Model ◽  
Fresh Organic Matter ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
C Stocks

Abstract. Soil organic matter (SOM) is the largest store of organic carbon (C) in the biosphere, but the turnover of SOM is still incompletely understood and not well described in global C cycle models. Here we use the Community Land Model (CLM) and compare the output for soil organic C stocks (SOC) to estimates from a global data set. We also modify the assumptions about SOC turnover in two ways: (1) we assume distinct temperature sensitivities of SOC pools with different turnover time and (2) we assume a priming effect, such that the decomposition rate of native SOC increases in response to a supply of fresh organic matter. The standard model predicted the global distribution of SOC reasonably well in most areas, but it failed to predict the very high stocks of SOC at high latitudes. It also predicted too much SOC in areas with high plant productivity, such as tropical rainforests and some midlatitude areas. Total SOC at equilibrium was reduced by a small amount (<1% globally) when we assume that the temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition is dependent on the turnover rate of the component pools. Including a priming effect reduced total global SOC more (6.6% globally) and led to decreased SOC in areas with high plant input (tropical and temperate forests), which were also the areas where the unmodified model overpredicted SOC (by about 40%). The model was then run with climate change prediction until 2100 for the standard and modified versions. Future simulations showed that differences between the standard and modified versions were maintained in a future with climate change (4–6 and 23–47 Pg difference in soil carbon between standard simulation and the modified simulation with temperature sensitivity and priming respectively). Although the relative changes are small, they are likely to be larger in a fully coupled simulation, and thus warrant future work.

Nitrogen mineralisation from amended and unamended intensively managed tropical andisols and inceptisols

Soil Research ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladiyani R. Widowati ◽  
Steven Sleutel ◽  
Diah Setyorini ◽  
Sukristiyonubowo ◽  
Stefaan De Neve
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
N Mineralisation ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Animal Manures

Intensive vegetable production systems throughout South East Asia are characterised by large nutrient inputs and low nitrogen (N) use efficiencies. In Indonesia, intensive vegetable production is concentrated on volcanic highland soils starting from an altitude of around 700 m above sea level. We measured potential N mineralisation from soil organic matter and from several representative organic materials in Andisols and Inceptisols with andic properties from Central Java, Indonesia. Unamended soils and soils amended with crop residues, animal manures, and compost were incubated during 3–4 months at 25°C in the laboratory, then we monitored N mineralisation. Relative N mineralisation was significantly smaller in the Andisols (average 3.6 ± 1.0%) than the Inceptisols (7.4 ± 2.9%), and was negatively related to oxalate-extractable aluminium (Alox) (r = –0.749) and soil organic carbon (r = –0.705). This is probably due to the strong protection of organic matter (and organic N) by binding to active Al compounds. Net N mineralisation from the added organic materials was highly variable (ranging from 68.1% for the broccoli residues to 2.6% for tithonia compost), and was best related to the organic N content (r = 0.476). There were no significant correlations between net N mineralisation and biochemical fractions, which we attribute to the large variety of materials used in this study compared with previous studies. The data generated here on N mineralisation potential from soil organic matter, and from a variety of plant materials and animal manures that are commonly used in these intensive vegetable rotations, will allow for the rapid and efficient introduction of N fertiliser advice systems based on balance sheets.

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