scholarly journals Partitioning of canopy and soil CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in a pine forest at the dry timberline across a 13-year observation period

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-714
Author(s):  
Rafat Qubaja ◽  
Fyodor Tatarinov ◽  
Eyal Rotenberg ◽  
Dan Yakir
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Belowground Carbon Allocation ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract. Partitioning carbon fluxes is key to understanding the process underlying ecosystem response to change. This study used soil and canopy fluxes with stable isotopes (13C) and radiocarbon (14C) measurements in an 18 km2, 50-year-old, dry (287 mm mean annual precipitation; nonirrigated) Pinus halepensis forest plantation in Israel to partition the net ecosystem's CO2 flux into gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re) and (with the aid of isotopic measurements) soil respiration flux (Rs) into autotrophic (Rsa), heterotrophic (Rh), and inorganic (Ri) components. On an annual scale, GPP and Re were 655 and 488 g C m−2, respectively, with a net primary productivity (NPP) of 282 g C m−2 and carbon-use efficiency (CUE = NPP ∕ GPP) of 0.43. Rs made up 60 % of the Re and comprised 24±4 %Rsa, 23±4 %Rh, and 13±1 %Ri. The contribution of root and microbial respiration to Re increased during high productivity periods, and inorganic sources were more significant components when the soil water content was low. Comparing the ratio of the respiration components to Re of our mean 2016 values to those of 2003 (mean for 2001–2006) at the same site indicated a decrease in the autotrophic components (roots, foliage, and wood) by about −13 % and an increase in the heterotrophic component (Rh∕Re) by about +18 %, with similar trends for soil respiration (Rsa∕Rs decreasing by −19 % and Rh∕Rs increasing by +8 %, respectively). The soil respiration sensitivity to temperature (Q10) decreased across the same observation period by 36 % and 9 % in the wet and dry periods, respectively. Low rates of soil carbon loss combined with relatively high belowground carbon allocation (i.e., 38 % of canopy CO2 uptake) and low sensitivity to temperature help explain the high soil organic carbon accumulation and the relatively high ecosystem CUE of the dry forest.

scholarly journals Partitioning of canopy and soil CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes in a pine forests at the dry timberline

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafat Qubaja ◽  
Feyodor Tatarinov ◽  
Eyal Rotenberg ◽  
Dan Yakir
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Carbon Accumulation ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
The Mean

Abstract. Partitioning carbon fluxes is key to understanding the process underlying ecosystem response to change. This study used soil and canopy fluxes with stable isotopes (13C) and radiocarbon (14C) measurements of a 50-year-old dry (i.e., 287 mm of annual precipitation) pine forest to partition the ecosystem’s CO2 flux into gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re) and soil respiration flux into autotrophic (Rsa), heterotrophic (Rh), and inorganic (Ri) components. On an annual scale, GPP and Re were 655 and 488 g C m−2, respectively, with a net primary productivity (NPP) of 276 g C m−2 and carbon-use efficiency (CUE = NPP / GPP) of 0.42. Soil respiration (Rs) made up 60 % of the total ecosystem respiration and was comprised of 24 ± 4 %, 23 ± 4 %, and 13 ± 1 % Rsa, Rh, and Ri, respectively. The contribution of root and microbial respiration to Re increased during high productivity periods, and inorganic sources were more significant components when soil water content was low. Compared to the mean values for 2001–2006 at the same site; (Grünzweig et al., 2009), annual Rs decreased by 27 % to the mean 2016 rates of 0.8 ± 0.1 µmol m−2 s−1). This was associated with decrease in the respiration Q10 values across the same observation by 36 % and 9 % in the wet and dry periods, respectively. Low rates of soil carbon loss combined with relatively high below ground carbon allocation (i.e., 40 % of canopy CO2 uptake) help explain the high soil organic carbon accumulation and the relatively high ecosystem CUE of the dry forest. This was indicative of the higher resilience of the pine forest to climate change and the significant potential for carbon sequestration in these regions.

Effect of biomass cutting on soil CO2 efflux in a sandy grassland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Papp ◽  
Szilvia Fóti ◽  
Krisztina Pintér ◽  
Zoltán Nagy ◽  
János Balogh
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Belowground Carbon Allocation ◽  
Belowground Carbon ◽  
High Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Sandy Grassland

&lt;p&gt;Carbon storage in grassland ecosystems is realized mostly belowground. The changes in the management activities of grasslands also influence the below-ground carbon stocks. Soil carbon-dioxide efflux (Rs) takes a major part of the ecosystem&amp;#8217;s carbon cycle. R&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt; includes the respiration of different components. Rs gives 60-80% of ecosystem respiration or 40-60% of gross primary production. It is known from the literature that respiration is affected by abiotic (temperature (Ts), soil water content (SWC)) and the biotic factors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In our study we investigated the biotic one, namely the belowground carbon allocation on soil respiration. The study was performed in a semi-arid sandy grassland at Bugac (Kiskuns&amp;#225;g National Park, Hungary). The vegetation of the pasture was dominated by Festuca pseudovina, Carex stenophylla and Cynodon dactylon and the soil is a chernozem type soil with high organic carbon content.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The soil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; effluxes were measured continuously by an automated soil respiration system consisted of 10 soil respiration chambers. The chambers measured 3 different experimental plots. Data was collected in every half-hour from each chamber for 6 days before the cutting event. After the cutting data was recorded from 1) non-cut, 2) half cut and 3) completely removed treatments also for 6 days. The study was repeated under laboratory conditions (constant temperature, illumination, humidity) on grass patches planted in pots. We observed that the respiration in half cut and completely removed treatments increased after they were cut off. The proportion of respiration after cutting in the completely removed treatment reduced to 85% compared to the control one. Our results highlight that the soil respiration is largely affected by belowground carbon allocation.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Assessment of model estimates of land–atmosphere CO<sub>2</sub> exchange across Northern Eurasia

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 2257-2305 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Rawlins ◽  
A. D. McGuire ◽  
J. K. Kimball ◽  
P. Dass ◽  
D. Lawrence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Vegetation Productivity ◽  
Model Simulations

Abstract. A warming climate is altering land–atmosphere exchanges of carbon, with a potential for increased vegetation productivity as well as the mobilization of permafrost soil carbon stores. Here we investigate land–atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) dynamics through analysis of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and its component fluxes of gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) and soil carbon residence time, simulated by a set of land surface models (LSMs) over a region spanning the drainage basin of northern Eurasia. The retrospective simulations were conducted over the 1960–2009 record and at 0.5° resolution, which is a scale common among many global carbon and climate model simulations. Model performance benchmarks were drawn from comparisons against both observed CO2 fluxes derived from site-based eddy covariance measurements as well as regional-scale GPP estimates based on satellite remote sensing data. The site-based comparisons show the timing of peak GPP to be well simulated. Modest overestimates in model GPP and ER are also found, which are relatively higher for two boreal forest validation sites than the two tundra sites. Across the suite of model simulations, NEP increases by as little as 0.01 to as much as 0.79 g C m−2 yr−2, equivalent to 3 to 340% of the respective model means, over the analysis period. For the multimodel average the increase is 135% of the mean from the first to last ten years of record (1960–1969 vs 2000–2009), with a weakening CO2 sink over the latter decades. Vegetation net primary productivity increased by 8 to 30% from the first to last ten years, contributing to soil carbon storage gains, while model mean residence time for soil organic carbon decreased by 10% (−5 to −16%). This suggests that inputs to the soil carbon pool exceeded losses, resulting in a net gain amid a decrease in residence time. Our analysis points to improvements in model elements controlling vegetation productivity and soil respiration as being needed for reducing uncertainty in land–atmosphere CO2 exchange. These advances require collection of new field data on vegetation and soil dynamics, the development of benchmarking datasets from measurements and remote sensing observations, and investments in future model development and intercomparison studies. Resulting improvements in parameterizations and processes driving productivity and soil respiration rates will increase confidence in model estimates of net CO2 exchange, component carbon fluxes, and underlying drivers of change across the northern high latitudes.

scholarly journals Grazing enhances carbon cycling, but reduces methane emission in the Siberian Pleistocene Park tundra site

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Fischer ◽  
Christoph Thomas ◽  
Nikita Zimov ◽  
Mathias Göckede
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Large Herbivore ◽  
Large Herbivores ◽  
Tussock Tundra ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract. Large herbivore grazing has been shown to substantially alter tundra soil and vegetation properties as well as carbon fluxes, yet observational evidence to quantify the impact of herbivore introduction into Arctic permafrost ecosystems remains sparse. In this study we investigated growing season CO2 and CH4 fluxes with flux chambers on a former wet tussock tundra inside Pleistocene Park, a landscape experiment in Northeast Siberia with a 22 year history of grazing. Reference data for an undisturbed system were collected on a nearby ungrazed tussock tundra. Linked to a reduction in soil moisture, topsoil temperatures at the grazed site reacted one order of magnitude faster to changes in air temperatures compared to the ungrazed site and were significantly higher, while the difference strongly decreased with depth. Overall, both GPP (gross primary productivity, i.e. CO2 uptake by photosynthesis) and Reco (ecosystem respiration, i.e. CO2 release from the ecosystem) were significantly higher at the grazed site with notable variations across plots at each site. The increases in CO2 component fluxes largely compensated each other, leaving NEE (net ecosystem exchange) similar across grazed and ungrazed sites for the observation period. Soil moisture and CH4 fluxes at the grazed site decreased over the observation period, while in contrast the constantly water-logged soils at the ungrazed site kept CH4 fluxes at significantly higher levels. Our results indicate that grazing of large herbivores promotes topsoil warming and drying, effectively accelerating CO2 turnover while decreasing methane emissions. Our experiment did not include autumn and winter fluxes, and thus no inferences can be made for the annual NEE and CH4 budgets at tundra ecosystems.

scholarly journals Distinct patterns in the diurnal and seasonal variability in four components of soil respiration in a temperate forest under free-air CO<sub>2</sub> enrichment

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3077-3092 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Taneva ◽  
M. A. Gonzalez-Meler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Co2 Efflux ◽  
Diurnal Variability ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Free Air ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
Strong Control ◽  
Average Contribution

Abstract. Soil respiration (RS) is a major flux in the global carbon (C) cycle. Responses of RS to changing environmental conditions may exert a strong control on the residence time of C in terrestrial ecosystems and in turn influence the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. Soil respiration consists of several components oxidizing soil C from different pools, age and chemistry. The mechanisms underlying the temporal variability of RS components are poorly understood. In this study, we used the long-term whole-ecosystem 13C tracer at the Duke Forest Free Air CO2 Enrichment site to separate forest RS into its autotrophic (RR) and heterotrophic components (RH). The contribution of RH to RS was further partitioned into litter decomposition (RL), and decomposition of soil organic matter (RSOM) of two age classes – up to 8 yr old and SOM older than 8 yr. Soil respiration was generally dominated by RSOM during the growing season (44% of daytime RS), especially at night. The contribution of heterotrophic respiration (RSOM and RL) to RS was not constant, indicating that the seasonal variability in RR alone cannot explain seasonal variation in RS. Although there was no diurnal variability in RS, there were significant compensatory differences in the contribution of individual RS components to daytime and nighttime rates. The average contribution of RSOM to RS was greater at night (54%) than during the day (44%). The average contribution of RR to total RS was ~30% during the day and ~34% during the night. In contrast, RL constituted 26% of RS during the day and only 12% at night. About 95% of the decomposition of soil C older than 8 yr (Rpre-tr) originated from RSOM and showed more pronounced and consistent diurnal variability than any other RS component; nighttime rates were on average 29% higher than daytime rates. In contrast, the decomposition of more recent, post-treatment C (Rpre-tr) did not vary diurnally. None of the diurnal variations in components of RH could be explained by only temperature and moisture variations. Our results indicate that the variation observed in the components of RS is the result of complex interaction between dominant biotic controls (e.g. plant activity, mineralization kinetics, competition for substrates) over abiotic controls (temperature, moisture). The interactions and controls among roots and other soil organisms that utilize C of different chemistry, accessibility and ages, results in the overall soil CO2 efflux. Therefore understanding the controls on the components of RS is necessary to elucidate the influence of ecosystem respiration on atmospheric C-pools at different time scales.

Can management improve the lawn’s functioning in the conditions of multiple anthropogenic stressors?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Gavrichkova ◽  
Dario Liberati ◽  
Viktoriya Varyushkina ◽  
Kristina Ivashchenko ◽  
Paolo De Angelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Heterotrophic Respiration ◽  
Sand Mixture ◽  
Anthropogenic Stressors ◽  
Unplanted Soil ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;Release of heavy metals, salts and other toxic agents in the environment is of increasing concern in urban areas. Contaminants not solely decline the quality of the local environment and affect the health of human population and urban ecosystems but are also spread through runoff and leaching into non-contaminated areas. Urban lawns are the most distributed green infrastructure in the cities. Management of lawn system may either exacerbate the negative effects of contaminants on lawn functioning either help to withstand the toxic effects and maintain the lawn ecosystem health and the efficient release of ecosystem services. &amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The aim of this study was to evaluate the interactions between the lawn management, the lawn functioning, and the release into the soil of typical urban contaminants. For this purpose, &lt;em&gt;Festuca arundinacea&lt;/em&gt; grass was planted in a turf-sand mixture with and without amendment addition (zeolite + vermicompost). To reproduce the impact of traffic-related contaminants in proximity of the road, pots were treated with a solution containing de-icing salt (NaCl) and 6 heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni), imitating road runoff solution. After contamination, half of pots was maintained at optimum soil water content (Smart irrigation), another half was left to periodical drying in order to simulate conditions with discontinuous watering (Periodical irrigation). The same experimental scheme was reproduced for unplanted soil. CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; net ecosystem exchange (NEE), soil and ecosystem respiration as well as flux from unplanted soil (heterotrophic respiration) were measured shortly after the treatment (short-term) and up 3 months since the treatment start (long-term).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Soil amendment stimulated plant productivity and increased the efficiency of the system in C uptake (+56% NEE). A relevant reduction of NEE was observed from 14 to 40 days after the application of traffic-related contaminants in both amended and non amended pots. During this period the contaminants had the greatest impact on lawn NEE subjected to Periodic irrigation (-49% and -66% in amended and non amended pots, respectively), while lawn under Smart irrigation was less affected (-35% and -26% in amended and non amended pots, respectively). Different respiration sources (ecosystem respiration, soil respiration, heterotrophic respiration) were characterized by different sensitivity to management and contamination. Heterotrophic flux was not sensitive to soil amending but declined with contamination with enhanced negative effect under Smart irrigation. Response of ecosystem respiration to contamination was less pronounced in confront to soil respiration suggesting leaf-level buffering.&amp;#160; &amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Three months later,&amp;#160; the effect of contaminants on lawn gas exchange ceased for all treated pots. Instead, the irrigation effect persisted depending on whether pots were amended or not. In non amended pots NEE was reduced by 18% under Periodic irrigation, while this effect was not present in amended pots. We conclude, that performance of such green infrastructure as lawns in terms of C sequestration under multiple anthropogenic stressors could be efficiently improved through soil amending and irrigation control.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Current research was financially supported by RFBR No. 19-29-05187 and RSF No. 19-77-30012.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Assessment of model estimates of land-atmosphere CO<sub>2</sub> exchange across Northern Eurasia

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 4385-4405 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Rawlins ◽  
A. D. McGuire ◽  
J. S. Kimball ◽  
P. Dass ◽  
D. Lawrence ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Northern Eurasia ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Vegetation Productivity ◽  
Co2 Sink

Abstract. A warming climate is altering land-atmosphere exchanges of carbon, with a potential for increased vegetation productivity as well as the mobilization of permafrost soil carbon stores. Here we investigate land-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) cycling through analysis of net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and its component fluxes of gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER) and soil carbon residence time, simulated by a set of land surface models (LSMs) over a region spanning the drainage basin of Northern Eurasia. The retrospective simulations cover the period 1960–2009 at 0.5° resolution, which is a scale common among many global carbon and climate model simulations. Model performance benchmarks were drawn from comparisons against both observed CO2 fluxes derived from site-based eddy covariance measurements as well as regional-scale GPP estimates based on satellite remote-sensing data. The site-based comparisons depict a tendency for overestimates in GPP and ER for several of the models, particularly at the two sites to the south. For several models the spatial pattern in GPP explains less than half the variance in the MODIS MOD17 GPP product. Across the models NEP increases by as little as 0.01 to as much as 0.79 g C m−2 yr−2, equivalent to 3 to 340 % of the respective model means, over the analysis period. For the multimodel average the increase is 135 % of the mean from the first to last 10 years of record (1960–1969 vs. 2000–2009), with a weakening CO2 sink over the latter decades. Vegetation net primary productivity increased by 8 to 30 % from the first to last 10 years, contributing to soil carbon storage gains. The range in regional mean NEP among the group is twice the multimodel mean, indicative of the uncertainty in CO2 sink strength. The models simulate that inputs to the soil carbon pool exceeded losses, resulting in a net soil carbon gain amid a decrease in residence time. Our analysis points to improvements in model elements controlling vegetation productivity and soil respiration as being needed for reducing uncertainty in land-atmosphere CO2 exchange. These advances will require collection of new field data on vegetation and soil dynamics, the development of benchmarking data sets from measurements and remote-sensing observations, and investments in future model development and intercomparison studies.

scholarly journals Technical note: Dynamic INtegrated Gap-filling and partitioning for OzFlux (DINGO)

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1457-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Beringer ◽  
Ian McHugh ◽  
Lindsay B. Hutley ◽  
Peter Isaac ◽  
Natascha Kljun
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Gross Primary Productivity ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Gap Filling ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Flux Data ◽  
Processing Pathways

Abstract. Standardised, quality-controlled and robust data from flux networks underpin the understanding of ecosystem processes and tools necessary to support the management of natural resources, including water, carbon and nutrients for environmental and production benefits. The Australian regional flux network (OzFlux) currently has 23 active sites and aims to provide a continental-scale national research facility to monitor and assess Australia's terrestrial biosphere and climate for improved predictions. Given the need for standardised and effective data processing of flux data, we have developed a software suite, called the Dynamic INtegrated Gap-filling and partitioning for OzFlux (DINGO), that enables gap-filling and partitioning of the primary fluxes into ecosystem respiration (Fre) and gross primary productivity (GPP) and subsequently provides diagnostics and results. We outline the processing pathways and methodologies that are applied in DINGO (v13) to OzFlux data, including (1) gap-filling of meteorological and other drivers; (2) gap-filling of fluxes using artificial neural networks; (3) the u* threshold determination; (4) partitioning into ecosystem respiration and gross primary productivity; (5) random, model and u* uncertainties; and (6) diagnostic, footprint calculation, summary and results outputs. DINGO was developed for Australian data, but the framework is applicable to any flux data or regional network. Quality data from robust systems like DINGO ensure the utility and uptake of the flux data and facilitates synergies between flux, remote sensing and modelling.

scholarly journals Upside-down fluxes Down Under: CO<sub>2</sub> net sink in winter and net source in summer in a temperate evergreen broadleaf forest

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 3703-3716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre A. Renchon ◽  
Anne Griebel ◽  
Daniel Metzen ◽  
Christopher A. Williams ◽  
Belinda Medlyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Mean Annual Precipitation ◽  
Surface Conductance ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
Eddy Covariance Method ◽  
Area Index

Abstract. Predicting the seasonal dynamics of ecosystem carbon fluxes is challenging in broadleaved evergreen forests because of their moderate climates and subtle changes in canopy phenology. We assessed the climatic and biotic drivers of the seasonality of net ecosystem–atmosphere CO2 exchange (NEE) of a eucalyptus-dominated forest near Sydney, Australia, using the eddy covariance method. The climate is characterised by a mean annual precipitation of 800 mm and a mean annual temperature of 18 ∘C, hot summers and mild winters, with highly variable precipitation. In the 4-year study, the ecosystem was a sink each year (−225 g C m−2 yr−1 on average, with a standard deviation of 108 g C m−2 yr−1); inter-annual variations were not related to meteorological conditions. Daily net C uptake was always detected during the cooler, drier winter months (June through August), while net C loss occurred during the warmer, wetter summer months (December through February). Gross primary productivity (GPP) seasonality was low, despite longer days with higher light intensity in summer, because vapour pressure deficit (D) and air temperature (Ta) restricted surface conductance during summer while winter temperatures were still high enough to support photosynthesis. Maximum GPP during ideal environmental conditions was significantly correlated with remotely sensed enhanced vegetation index (EVI; r2 = 0.46) and with canopy leaf area index (LAI; r2 = 0.29), which increased rapidly after mid-summer rainfall events. Ecosystem respiration (ER) was highest during summer in wet soils and lowest during winter months. ER had larger seasonal amplitude compared to GPP, and therefore drove the seasonal variation of NEE. Because summer carbon uptake may become increasingly limited by atmospheric demand and high temperature, and because ecosystem respiration could be enhanced by rising temperatures, our results suggest the potential for large-scale seasonal shifts in NEE in sclerophyll vegetation under climate change.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document