scholarly journals Do we miss the hot spots? – The use of very high resolution aerial photographs to quantify carbon fluxes in peatlands

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1387-1393 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Becker ◽  
L. Kutzbach ◽  
I. Forbrich ◽  
J. Schneider ◽  
D. Jager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Spot Area ◽  
Site Types

Abstract. Accurate determination of carbon balances in heterogeneous ecosystems often requires the extrapolation of point based measurements. The ground resolution (pixel size) of the extrapolation base, e.g. a land-cover map, might thus influence the calculated carbon balance, in particular if biogeochemical hot spots are small in size. In this paper, we test the effects of varying ground resolution on the calculated carbon balance of a boreal peatland consisting of hummocks (dry), lawns (intermediate) and flarks (wet surfaces). The generalizations in lower resolution imagery led to biased area estimates for individual micro-site types. While areas of lawns and hummocks were stable below a threshold resolution of ~60 cm, the maximum of the flark area was located at resolutions below 25 cm and was then decreasing with coarsening resolution. Using a resolution of 100 cm instead of 6 cm led to an overestimation of total CO2 uptake of the studied peatland area (approximately 14 600 m2) of ~5% and an underestimation of total CH4 emission of ~6%. To accurately determine the surface area of scattered and small-sized micro-site types in heterogeneous ecosystems (e.g. flarks in peatlands), a minimum ground resolution appears necessary. In our case this leads to a recommended resolution of 25 cm, which can be derived by conventional airborne imagery. The usage of high resolution imagery from commercial satellites, e.g. Quickbird, however, is likely to underestimate the surface area of biogeochemical hot spots. It is important to note that the observed resolution effect on the carbon balance estimates can be much stronger for other ecosystems than for the investigated peatland. In the investigated peatland the relative hot spot area of the flarks is very small and their hot spot characteristics with respect to CH4 and CO2 fluxes is rather modest.

scholarly journals Do we miss the hot spots? – The use of very high resolution aerial photographs to quantify carbon fluxes in peatlands

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1097-1117 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Becker ◽  
L. Kutzbach ◽  
I. Forbrich ◽  
J. Schneider ◽  
D. Jager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Spot Area ◽  
Site Types

Abstract. Accurate determination of carbon balances in heterogeneous ecosystems often requires the extrapolation of point based measurements. The ground resolution (pixel size) of the extrapolation base, e.g. a land-cover map, might thus influence the calculated carbon balance, in particular if biogeochemical hot spots are small in size. In this paper, we test the effects of varying ground resolution on the calculated carbon balance of a boreal peatland consisting of hummocks (dry), lawns (intermediate) and flarks (wet surfaces). The generalizations in lower resolution imagery led to biased area estimates for individual micro-site types. While areas of lawns and hummocks were stable below a threshold resolution of ~60 cm, the maximum of the flark area was located at resolutions below 25 cm and was then decreasing with coarsening resolution. Using a resolution of 100 cm instead of 6 cm led to an overestimation of total CO2 uptake of the studied peatland area (approximately 14 600 m2) of ~6% and an underestimation of total CH4 emission of ~11%. To accurately determine the surface area of scattered and small-sized micro-site types in heterogeneous ecosystems (e.g. flarks in peatlands), a minimum ground resolution appears necessary. In our case this leads to a recommended resolution of 25 cm, which can be derived by conventional airborne imagery. The usage of high resolution imagery from commercial satellites, e.g. Quickbird, however, is likely to underestimate the surface area of biogeochemical hot spots. It is important to note that the observed resolution effect on the carbon balance estimates can be much stronger for other ecosystems than for the investigated peatland where the relative hot spot area of the flarks is very small and their hot spot characteristics with respect to CH4 and CO2 fluxes is rather modest.

scholarly journals Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> source and sink patterns over the Indian region

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvarna Fadnavis ◽  
K. Ravi Kumar ◽  
Yogesh K. Tiwari ◽  
Luca Pozzoli
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Global Model ◽  
Indian Region ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Increasing Trends ◽  
Fossil Fuel Emissions

Abstract. In this paper we examine CO2 emission hot spots and sink regions over India as identified from global model simulations during the period 2000–2009. CO2 emission hot spots overlap with locations of densely clustered thermal power plants, coal mines and other industrial and urban centres; CO2 sink regions coincide with the locations of dense forest. Fossil fuel CO2 emissions are compared with two bottom-up inventories: the Regional Emission inventories in ASia (REAS v1.11; 2000–2009) and the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR v4.2) (2000–2009). Estimated fossil fuel emissions over the hot spot region are  ∼  500–950 gC m−2 yr−1 as obtained from the global model simulation, EDGAR v4.2 and REAS v1.11 emission inventory. Simulated total fluxes show increasing trends, from 1.39 ± 1.01 % yr−1 (19.8 ± 1.9 TgC yr−1) to 6.7 ± 0.54 % yr−1 (97 ± 12 TgC yr−1) over the hot spot regions and decreasing trends of −0.95 ± 1.51 % yr−1 (−1 ± 2 TgC yr−1) to −5.7 ± 2.89 % yr−1 (−2.3 ± 2 TgC yr−1) over the sink regions. Model-simulated terrestrial ecosystem fluxes show decreasing trends (increasing CO2 uptake) over the sink regions. Decreasing trends in terrestrial ecosystem fluxes imply that forest cover is increasing, which is consistent with India State of Forest Report (2009). Fossil fuel emissions show statistically significant increasing trends in all the data sets considered in this study. Estimated trend in simulated total fluxes over the Indian region is  ∼  4.72 ± 2.25 % yr−1 (25.6 TgC yr−1) which is slightly higher than global growth rate  ∼  3.1 % yr−1 during 2000–2010.

scholarly journals The geno-spatio analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in hot and cold spots of Guangxi, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingwen Lin ◽  
Zhezhe Cui ◽  
Virasakdi Virasakdi ◽  
Prasit Palittapongarnpim ◽  
Angkana Chaiprasert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Cold Spot ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Spot Area ◽  
H37rv Strain ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
Cold Spots ◽  
Genomic Clusters

Abstract Background At present, there are few studies on polymorphism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) gene and how it affects the TB epidemic. Objective This study aimed to document the differences of polymorphisms between tuberculosis hot and cold spot areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Methods The cold and hot spot areas, each with 3 counties, had been pre-identified by TB incidence for 5 years from the surveillance database. Whole genome sequencing analysis was performed on all sputum Mtb isolates from the detected cases during January and June 2018. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of each isolate compared to the H37Rv strain were called and used for lineage and sub-lineage identification. Pairwise SNP differences between every pair of isolates were computed. Analyses of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) across counties of the same hot or cold spot area and between the two areas were performed. Results As a whole, 59.8% (57.7% sub-lineage 2.2 and 2.1% sub-lineage 2.1) and 39.8% (17.8% sub-lineage 4.4, 6.5% sub-lineage 4.2 and 15.5% sub-lineage 4.5) of the Mtb strains were Lineage 2 and Lineage 4 respectively. The percentages of sub-lineage 2.2 (Beijing family strains) are significantly higher in hot spots. Through the MDS dimension reduction, the genomic population structure in the three hot spot counties is significantly different from those three cold spot counties (T-test p = 0.05). The median of SNPs distances among Mtb isolates in cold spots was greater than that in hot spots (897 vs 746, Rank-sum test p < 0.001). Three genomic clusters, each with genomic distance ≤ 12 SNPs, were identified with 2, 3 and 4 consanguineous strains. Two clusters were from hot spots and one was from cold spots.Conclusion Narrower genotype diversity in the hot area may indicate higher transmissibility of the Mtb strains in the area compared to those in the cold spot area.

scholarly journals The geno-spatio analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in hot and cold spots of Guangxi, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingwen Lin ◽  
Zhezhe Cui ◽  
Virasakdi Virasakdi ◽  
Prasit Palittapongarnpim ◽  
Angkana Chaiprasert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Cold Spot ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Spot Area ◽  
H37rv Strain ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
Cold Spots ◽  
Genomic Clusters

Abstract Background At present, there are few studies on polymorphism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) gene and how it affects the TB epidemic. This study aimed to document the differences of polymorphisms between tuberculosis hot and cold spot areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Methods The cold and hot spot areas, each with 3 counties, had been pre-identified by TB incidence for 5 years from the surveillance database. Whole genome sequencing analysis was performed on all sputum Mtb isolates from the detected cases during January and June 2018. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of each isolate compared to the H37Rv strain were called and used for lineage and sub-lineage identification. Pairwise SNP differences between every pair of isolates were computed. Analyses of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) across counties of the same hot or cold spot area and between the two areas were performed. Results As a whole, 59.8% (57.7% sub-lineage 2.2 and 2.1% sub-lineage 2.1) and 39.8% (17.8% sub-lineage 4.4, 6.5% sub-lineage 4.2 and 15.5% sub-lineage 4.5) of the Mtb strains were Lineage 2 and Lineage 4 respectively. The percentages of sub-lineage 2.2 (Beijing family strains) are significantly higher in hot spots. Through the MDS dimension reduction, the genomic population structure in the three hot spot counties is significantly different from those three cold spot counties (T-test p = 0.05). The median of SNPs distances among Mtb isolates in cold spots was greater than that in hot spots (897 vs 746, Rank-sum test p < 0.001). Three genomic clusters, each with genomic distance ≤ 12 SNPs, were identified with 2, 3 and 4 consanguineous strains. Two clusters were from hot spots and one was from cold spots. Conclusion Narrower genotype diversity in the hot area may indicate higher transmissibility of the Mtb strains in the area compared to those in the cold spot area.

New Localization Technique for Breast Cancer Biopsy: Mammotome Guidance with Imaging Probe

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. S37-S39 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Soluri ◽  
R Scafè ◽  
F Falcini ◽  
R Sala ◽  
N Burgio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Radioguided Surgery ◽  
Exact Matching ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Imaging Probe ◽  
Stereotactic Core Biopsy ◽  
Cancer Biopsy

Aims and Background The “Imaging probe” (IP) is a small, portable, high-resolution gamma camera to be used in radioguided surgery. The present work discusses a special prototype designed for guiding biopsies. The IP was mounted to a Fischer digital X-ray stereotactic core biopsy system in such a way that biopsy could be guided simultaneously by X-ray stereotaxis and 99mTc-Sestamibi (MIBI) images from IP. Methods The IP field of view was 22.8 × 22.8 mm2, with a spatial resolution of approx. 2.5 mm. We used off-line software for image fusion on a dedicated Pentium III portable PC. It was matched with a Fischer digital X-ray stereotactic biopsy system dedicated to direct the mammotome towards breast opacities. The operator was allowed to slightly correct the direction of the mammotome needle taking into account stereotactic X-ray, scintigraphic and fused images. Biopsy samples were counted by IP before they were sent to the pathologist. Results High-resolution IP scintigraphy showed substantial, though not exact, matching between MIBI hot spots and X-ray opacities. More than one hot spot was detected even in the smallest (0.6 cm) lesion. Post-biopsy scintigraphy showed absence of significant hot spots in two patients, whereas in the third patient one of the three hot spots was still partially present. All lesions showed cancer on histological examination. Conclusions Measurement of radioactivity in biopsy specimens confirmed the heterogeneous distribution of radioactivity within cancers that IP had detected before biopsy.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Mental Health: An Examination of 911 Calls for Service

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim M Lersch
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Calls For Service ◽  
Spot Area ◽  
Mental Health Issues ◽  
Suicide Threats ◽  
The City ◽  
Zip Code

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore the rate and geographic distribution of 911 calls for service related to mental health issues during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the City of Detroit, MI, USA. The results suggest that the total number of calls for mental health issues was at the lowest level when compared with the same time period for the previous 3 years. Furthermore, as both the daily reported COVID-19 cases and related deaths increased over time, there was a significant decline in both suicide threats and suicides in progress. Significant hot spots were found for the total calls as well as for threats of suicide. These hot spots did not coincide with the spatial distribution of reported cases of COVID-19 by ZIP code. While higher and lower areas of reported cases were found, these differences by ZIP code were not found to be significant. When compared with the previous 3 years of data, the hot spot area was much smaller in 2020, implying that the mental health-related calls for service were more evenly spread throughout the city.

scholarly journals The geno-spatio analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in hot and cold spots of Guangxi, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingwen Lin ◽  
Zhezhe Cui ◽  
Virasakdi Virasakdi ◽  
Prasit Palittapongarnpim ◽  
Angkana Chaiprasert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Cold Spot ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Spot Area ◽  
H37rv Strain ◽  
Lineage 2 ◽  
Cold Spots ◽  
Genomic Clusters

Abstract Background At present, there are few studies on polymorphism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) gene and how it affects the TB epidemic. This study aimed to document the differences of polymorphisms between tuberculosis hot and cold spot areas of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Methods The cold and hot spot areas, each with 3 counties, had been pre-identified by TB incidence for 5 years from the surveillance database. Whole genome sequencing analysis was performed on all sputum Mtb isolates from the detected cases during January and June 2018. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of each isolate compared to the H37Rv strain were called and used for lineage and sub-lineage identification. Pairwise SNP differences between every pair of isolates were computed. Analyses of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) across counties of the same hot or cold spot area and between the two areas were performed. Results As a whole, 59.8% (57.7% sub-lineage 2.2 and 2.1% sub-lineage 2.1) and 39.8% (17.8% sub-lineage 4.4, 6.5% sub-lineage 4.2 and 15.5% sub-lineage 4.5) of the Mtb strains were Lineage 2 and Lineage 4 respectively. The percentages of sub-lineage 2.2 (Beijing family strains) are significantly higher in hot spots. Through the MDS dimension reduction, the genomic population structure in the three hot spot counties is significantly different from those three cold spot counties (T-test p = 0.05). The median of SNPs distances among Mtb isolates in cold spots was greater than that in hot spots (897 vs 746, Rank-sum test p < 0.001). Three genomic clusters, each with genomic distance ≤ 12 SNPs, were identified with 2, 3 and 4 consanguineous strains. Two clusters were from hot spots and one was from cold spots. Conclusion Narrower genotype diversity in the hot area may indicate higher transmissibility of the Mtb strains in the area compared to those in the cold spot area.

Spatial Hotspot Analysis of Bucharest’s Urban Heat Island (UHI) Using Modis Data

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgiana Grigoraș ◽  
Bogdan Urițescu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Hotspot Analysis ◽  
The City

Abstract The aim of the study is to find the relationship between the land surface temperature and air temperature and to determine the hot spots in the urban area of Bucharest, the capital of Romania. The analysis was based on images from both moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), located on both Terra and Aqua platforms, as well as on data recorded by the four automatic weather stations existing in the endowment of The National Air Quality Monitoring Network, from the summer of 2017. Correlation coefficients between land surface temperature and air temperature were higher at night (0.8-0.87) and slightly lower during the day (0.71-0.77). After the validation of satellite data with in-situ temperature measurements, the hot spots in the metropolitan area of Bucharest were identified using Getis-Ord spatial statistics analysis. It has been achieved that the “very hot” areas are grouped in the center of the city and along the main traffic streets and dense residential areas. During the day the "very hot spots” represent 33.2% of the city's surface, and during the night 31.6%. The area where the mentioned spots persist, falls into the "very hot spot" category both day and night, it represents 27.1% of the city’s surface and it is mainly represented by the city center.

The family Orthotrichaceae (Bryophyta) in flora of Russia: results of revision and biogeographical review

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. E. Fedosov
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spots ◽  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Longitudinal Gradient ◽  
Biogeographic Pattern ◽  
The Family ◽  
North Pacific Region

Recent studies on Orthotrichoid mosses in Russia are summarized genus by genus. Orthotrichum furcatum Otnyukova is synonymized with Nyholmiella obtusifolia. Orthotrichum vittii is excluded from the Russian moss flora. Description of O. dagestanicum is amended. Fifty four currently recognized species from 9 genera of the Orthotrichaceae are presently known to occur in Russia; list of species with common synonyms and brief review of distribution in Russia is presented. Numerous problematic specimens with unresolved taxonomy were omitted for future. Revealed taxonomical inconsistencies in the genera Zygodon, Ulota, Lewinskya, Nyholmiella, Orthotrichum are briefly discussed. Main regularities of spatial differentiation of the family Orthotrichaceae in Russia are considered. Recently presented novelties contribute to the certain biogeographic pattern, indicating three different centers of diversity of the family, changing along longitudinal gradient. Unlike European one, continental Asian diversity of Orthotrichaceae is still poorly known, the Siberian specimens which were previously referred to European species in most cases were found to represent other, poorly known or undescribed species. North Pacific Region houses peculiar and poorly understood hot spot of diversity of Orthotrichoid mosses. Thus, these hot spots are obligatory to be sampled in course of revisions of particular groups, since they likely comprise under-recorded cryptic- or semi-cryptic species. Latitudinal gradient also contributes to the spatial differentiation of the revealed taxonomic composition of Orthotrichaceae.

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