scholarly journals Inorganic carbon time series at Ocean Weather Station M in the Norwegian Sea

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Skjelvan ◽  
E. Falck ◽  
F. Rey ◽  
S. B. Kringstad
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Arctic Water ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Norwegian Sea

Abstract. Dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) has been collected at Ocean Weather Station M (OWSM) in the Norwegian Sea since 2001. Seasonal variations in (CT) are confined to the upper 50 m, where the biology is active, and below this layer no clear seasonal signal is seen. From winter to summer the surface (CT) concentration typical drop from 2140 to about 2040 μmol kg−1, while a deep water (CT) concentration of about 2163 μmol kg−1 is measured throughout the year. Observations show an annual increase in salinity normalized carbon concentration (nCT) of 1.3±0.7 μmol kg−1 yr−1 in the surface layer, which is equivalent to a pCO2 increase of 2.6±1.2 μatm yr−1, i.e. larger than the atmospheric increase in this area (2.1±0.2 μatm yr-1). Observations also show an annual increase in the deep water nCT of 0.57±0.24 μmol kg−1 yr−1, of which about 15% is due to inflow of old Arctic water with larger amounts of remineralised matter. The remaining part has an anthropogenic origin and sources for this might be Greenland Sea surface water, Iceland Sea surface water, and/or recirculated Atlantic Water. By using an extended multi linear regression method (eMLR) it is verified that anthropogenic carbon has entered the whole water column at OWSM.

scholarly journals Inorganic carbon time series at Ocean Weather Station M in the Norwegian Sea

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2929-2958 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Skjelvan ◽  
E. Falck ◽  
F. Rey ◽  
S. B. Kringstad
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Linear Regression Method ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Arctic Water ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Norwegian Sea

Abstract. Dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) has been collected at Ocean Weather Station M (OWSM) in the Norwegian Sea since 2001. Seasonal variations in CT are confined to the upper 50 m, where the biology is active, and below this layer no clear seasonal signal is seen. From winter to summer the surface CT concentration typical drops from 2140 to about 2040 μmol kg−1, while a deep water CT concentration of about 2163 μmol kg−1 is measured throughout the year. Observations show an annual increase in salinity normalized carbon concentration (nCT) of 1.3±0.7 μmol kg−1 in the surface layer, which is equivalent to a pCO2 increase of 2.6±1.2 μatm yr−1, i.e. larger than the atmospheric increase in this area. Observations also show an annual increase in the deep water nCT of 0.57± 0.24 μmol kg−1, of which about a tenth is due to inflow of old Arctic water with larger amounts of remineralised matter. The remaining part has an anthropogenic origin and sources for this might be Greenland Sea surface water, Iceland Sea surface water, and/or recirculated Atlantic Water. By using an extended multi linear regression method (eMLR) it is verified that anthropogenic carbon has entered the whole water column at OWSM.

scholarly journals A rapid transition from ice covered CO<sub>2</sub>–rich waters to a biologically mediated CO<sub>2</sub> sink in the eastern Weddell Gyre

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1373-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. E. Bakker ◽  
M. Hoppema ◽  
M. Schröder ◽  
W. Geibert ◽  
H. J. W. de Baar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Weddell Gyre ◽  
Warm Deep Water

Abstract. Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), locally called Warm Deep Water (WDW), enters the Weddell Gyre in the southeast, roughly at 25° E to 30° E. In December 2002 and January 2003 we studied the effect of entrainment of WDW on the fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in Weddell Sea surface waters. Ultimately the fCO2 difference across the sea surface drives air-sea fluxes of CO2. Deep CTD sections and surface transects of fCO2 were made along the Prime Meridian, a northwest-southeast section, and along 17° E to 23° E during cruise ANT XX/2 on FS Polarstern. Upward movement and entrainment of WDW into the winter mixed layer had significantly increased DIC and fCO2 below the sea ice along 0° W and 17° E to 23° E, notably in the southern Weddell Gyre. Nonetheless, the ice cover largely prevented outgassing of CO2 to the atmosphere. During and upon melting of the ice, biological activity rapidly reduced surface water fCO2 by up to 100 μatm, thus creating a sink for atmospheric CO2. Despite the tendency of the surfacing WDW to cause CO2 supersaturation, the Weddell Gyre may well be a CO2 sink on an annual basis due to this effective mechanism involving ice cover and ensuing biological fCO2 reduction. Dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in melting sea ice may play a minor role in this rapid reduction of surface water fCO2.

scholarly journals 14C Profiles in the Norwegian and Greenland Seas by Conventional and AMS Measurements

Radiocarbon ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-726 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reidar Nydal ◽  
Jorunn Gislefoss ◽  
Ingunn Skjelvan ◽  
Fred Skogseth ◽  
A. J. T. Jull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Greenland Sea ◽  
Mixing Rate ◽  
Norwegian Sea ◽  
Radioactive Carbon ◽  
Nuclear Tests

CO2 in the atmosphere is an important climate gas because of its absorption of infrared radiation. More knowledge about CO2 uptake in the ocean is of critical significance in predicting future climate development. For a period of approximately 30 years, radioactive carbon from nuclear tests has been a very useful tracer in CO2 exchange studies. Up to now, the measurements have been based mainly on the conventional counting technique with large CO2 samples (ca. 5 liters). Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) with small CO2 samples (1–2 ml) has made sampling much easier, and has especially stimulated the use of 14C as a tracer in the ocean.At higher latitudes, the ocean acts as a sink for CO2. In addition to Δ14C measurements, we are concerned here with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and δ13C in the Norwegian and Greenland Seas. During cruises in 1989 and 1990, we obtained several Δ14C profiles, and also repeated a few GEOSECS profiles taken in 1972. The shape of these profiles changes with time, and provides information about the mixing rate and the age of the deep water. From changes in the profiles, it appears that the deep water in the Greenland Sea has obtained about 25% of the 14C concentration in the ocean surface over a period of 25 years. The Norwegian Sea deepwater is estimated to be 50–100 years older than that of the Greenland Sea.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon Dating of Individual Fatty Acids as a Tool for Refining Antarctic Margin Sediment Chronologies

Radiocarbon ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohiko Ohkouchi ◽  
Timothy I Eglinton ◽  
John M Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Surface Sediments ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Sea Surface

We have measured the radiocarbon contents of individual, solvent-extractable, short-chain (C14, C16, and C18) fatty acids isolated from Ross Sea surface sediments. The corresponding 14C ages are equivalent to that of the post-bomb dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) reservoir. Moreover, molecular 14C variations in surficial (upper 15 cm) sediments indicate that these compounds may prove useful for reconstructing chronologies of Antarctic margin sediments containing uncertain (and potentially variable) quantities of relict organic carbon. A preliminary molecular 14C chronology suggests that the accumulation rate of relict organic matter has not changed during the last 500 14C yr. The focus of this study is to determine the validity of compound-specific 14C analysis as a technique for reconstructing chronologies of Antarctic margin sediments.

scholarly journals Fluxes of carbon and nutrients to the Iceland Sea surface layer and inferred primary productivity and stoichiometry

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 15399-15433
Author(s):  
E. Jeansson ◽  
R. G. J. Bellerby ◽  
I. Skjelvan ◽  
H. Frigstad ◽  
S. R. Ólafsdóttir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Vertical Mixing ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Net Community Production ◽  
Horizontal Advection ◽  
Vertical Fluxes ◽  
Biological Uptake ◽  
Community Production

Abstract. Fluxes of carbon and nutrients to the upper 100 m of the Iceland Sea are evaluated. The study utilises hydro-chemical data from the Iceland Sea time-series station (68.00° N, 12.67° W), for the years between 1993 and 2006. By comparing data of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and nutrients in the surface layer (upper 100 m), and a sub-surface layer (100–200 m), we calculate monthly deficits in the surface, and use these to deduce the surface layer fluxes that affect the deficits: vertical mixing, horizontal advection, air–sea exchange, and biological activity. The deficits show a clear seasonality with a minimum in winter, when the mixed layer is at the deepest, and a maximum in early autumn, when biological uptake has removed much of the nutrients. The annual vertical fluxes of DIC and nitrate amounts to 1.7 ± 0.3 and 0.23 ± 0.07 mol m−2 yr−1, respectively, and the annual air–sea uptake of atmospheric CO2 is 4.4 ± 1.1 mol m−2 yr−1. The biologically driven changes in DIC during the year relates to net community production (NCP), and the net annual NCP corresponds to export production, and is here calculated to 6.1 ± 0.9 mol C m−2 yr−1. The typical, median C : N ratio during the period of net community uptake is 11, and thus clearly higher than Redfield, but is varying during the season.

scholarly journals Transient tracer distributions in the Fram Strait in 2012 and inferred anthropogenic carbon content and transport

Ocean Science ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 319-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Stöven ◽  
Toste Tanhua ◽  
Mario Hoppema ◽  
Wilken-Jon von Appen
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Atlantic Water ◽  
Fram Strait ◽  
Polar Surface ◽  
Anthropogenic Carbon ◽  
Tracer Age ◽  
Transient Tracer ◽  
Carbon Concentrations

Abstract. The storage of anthropogenic carbon in the ocean's interior is an important process which modulates the increasing carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. The polar regions are expected to be net sinks for anthropogenic carbon. Transport estimates of dissolved inorganic carbon and the anthropogenic offset can thus provide information about the magnitude of the corresponding storage processes. Here we present a transient tracer, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA) data set along 78°50′ N sampled in the Fram Strait in 2012. A theory on tracer relationships is introduced, which allows for an application of the inverse-Gaussian–transit-time distribution (IG-TTD) at high latitudes and the estimation of anthropogenic carbon concentrations. Mean current velocity measurements along the same section from 2002–2010 were used to estimate the net flux of DIC and anthropogenic carbon by the boundary currents above 840 m through the Fram Strait. The new theory explains the differences between the theoretical (IG-TTD-based) tracer age relationship and the specific tracer age relationship of the field data, by saturation effects during water mass formation and/or the deliberate release experiment of SF6 in the Greenland Sea in 1996, rather than by different mixing or ventilation processes. Based on this assumption, a maximum SF6 excess of 0.5–0.8 fmol kg−1 was determined in the Fram Strait at intermediate depths (500–1600 m). The anthropogenic carbon concentrations are 50–55 µmol kg−1 in the Atlantic Water/Recirculating Atlantic Water, 40–45 µmol kg−1 in the Polar Surface Water/warm Polar Surface Water and between 10 and 35 µmol kg−1 in the deeper water layers, with lowest concentrations in the bottom layer. The net fluxes through the Fram Strait indicate a net outflow of  ∼  0.4 DIC and  ∼  0.01 PgC yr−1 anthropogenic carbon from the Arctic Ocean into the North Atlantic, albeit with high uncertainties.

Radiocarbon in the Maritime Air and Sea Surface Water of the South China Sea

Radiocarbon ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan Gao ◽  
Liping Zhou ◽  
Kexin Liu ◽  
Xiaomei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
The South China Sea ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Surface Seawater ◽  
The South ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Maritime Air

ABSTRACTRadiocarbon (14C) generated by the thermonuclear tests in the late 1950s to early 1960s has been used as a tracer to study atmospheric and oceanic circulations, carbon exchange between different reservoirs, and fossil fuel emissions. Here we report the first measurements of 14C in atmospheric CO2 of maritime air collected over the South China Sea (SCS) during July 2014. We also present 14C of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the sea surface water in the same region. Most of the Δ14C values of the atmospheric CO2 vary in the range of 15.6±1.6‰– 22.0±1.6‰, indicating that the central SCS maritime air is well-mixed and consistent with the clean background air in the Northern Hemisphere. The 14C values of the DIC (DI14C) in the surface seawater vary between 28.3±2.5‰ and 40.6±2.7‰, mainly due to the lateral mixing between the SCS and western Pacific. The average surface seawater DI14C is 15.4 ± 5.1‰ higher than that of the maritime air 14CO2. The reversal of the sea–air Δ14C gradient occurred at ∼2000, marking the start of the upper ocean transferring bomb 14C back to the atmosphere in the SCS.

scholarly journals A rapid transition from ice covered CO<sub>2</sub>-rich waters to a biologically mediated CO<sub>2</sub> sink in the eastern Weddell Gyre

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1205-1235 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. E. Bakker ◽  
M. Hoppema ◽  
M. Schröder ◽  
W. Geibert ◽  
H. J. W. de Baar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Upward Movement ◽  
Weddell Gyre ◽  
Co2 Sink

Abstract. Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), locally called Warm Deep Water (WDW), enters the Weddell Gyre in the southeast, roughly at 25° E to 30° E. In December~2002 and January 2003} we studied the effect of entrainment of WDW on the fugacity of carbon dioxide (fCO2) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in Weddell Sea surface waters. Ultimately the fCO2 difference across the sea surface drives CO2 air-sea fluxes. Deep CTD sections and surface transects of fCO2 were made along the Prime Meridian, a northwest-southeast section, and along 17° E to 23° E during cruise ANT XX/2 on FS Polarstern. Upward movement and entrainment of WDW into the winter mixed layer had significantly increased DIC and fCO2 below the sea ice along 0° W and 17° E to 23° E, notably in the southern Weddell Gyre. Nonetheless, the ice cover largely prevented outgassing of CO2 to the atmosphere. During and upon melting of the ice, biological activity rapidly reduced surface water fCO2 by up to 100 μatm, thus creating a sink for atmospheric CO2. Despite the tendency of the surfacing WDW to cause CO2 supersaturation, the Weddell Gyre may well be a CO2 sink on an annual basis due to this effective mechanism involving ice cover and ensuing biological fCO2 reduction. Dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in melting sea ice may also play a role in this rapid reduction of surface water fCO2. The CO2 source tendency deriving from the upward movement of "pre-industrial" CDW is declining, as atmospheric CO2 levels continue to increase, and thus the CO2 sink of the Weddell Gyre will continue to increase as well (provided the upward movement of WDW does not change significantly).

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