scholarly journals Comparing the impacts of 2003 and 2010 heatwaves in NPP over Europe

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 15879-15911 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bastos ◽  
C. M. Gouveia ◽  
R. M. Trigo ◽  
S. W. Running
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Vegetation Carbon ◽  
The One ◽  
Very High

Abstract. In the last decade, Europe was stricken by two outstanding heatwaves, the 2003 event in Western Europe and the recent 2010 episode over Russia. Both extreme events were characterised by record-breaking temperatures, and widespread socio-economic impacts, including significant increments on mortality rates, decreases in crop production and in hydroelectric production. This work aims to assess the influence of both mega-heatwaves on vegetation carbon uptake, using yearly Net Primary Production (NPP) and monthly Net Photosynthesis (PsN) data derived from satellite imagery obtained from MODIS for the period 2000–2011. In 2010, markedly low productivity was observed over a very large area in Russia, at monthly, seasonal and yearly scales, falling below 50% of average NPP. This decrease in NPP in 2010 was far more intense than the one affecting Western Europe in 2003, which corresponded to 20–30% of the average, and affected a~much larger extent. Total NPP anomalies reached −19 Tg C for the selected regions in France during 2003 and −94 Tg C for western Russia in 2010, which corresponds almost to the magnitude of total NPP anomaly during 2010 for the whole Europe. Overall, the widespread negative PsN anomalies in both regions match the patterns of very high temperature values preceded by a long period of below-average precipitation, leading to strong soil moisture deficits, stressing the role of soil-atmosphere coupling. In the case of 2003 heatwave, results indicate a strong influence of moisture deficits coupled with high temperatures in the response of vegetation, while for the 2010 event very high temperatures appear to be the main driver of very low NPP.

scholarly journals Development of an assembly for the realization of a transducer able to operate at very high temperatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 283 ◽  
pp. 07011
Author(s):  
Didier Flotté ◽  
David Macel ◽  
Abd Ennour Bouzenad ◽  
Frédéric Navacchia
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
Assembly Technique ◽  
The One ◽  
Piezoelectric Disc ◽  
Very High

Monitoring the operation of the latest-generation nuclear reactor requires ultrasonic transducers able to operate at very high temperatures (> 600°C). To achieve this, CEA has requested from “Institut de Soudure” to help developing a new technology for these transducers compared to the one previously developed. This began with the development of a reliable assembly technique between a lithium niobate piezoelectric disc whose Curie temperature exceeds 1100°C and stainless steel discs. The chosen solution was to braze the niobate disc between two stainless steel discs. Parallel to this development, it was also necessary to develop a NDE procedure to verify the quality of the brazing assemblies. This development began with a simulation of immersion ultrasonic testing of the assemblies. The constraints were to be able to control the two brazed interfaces from the same access face, with the possibility of detecting and dimensioning defects with an equivalent diameter of 0.25 mm. This phase is important to define the optimal transducer with the associated operating conditions. The first assemblies validated the preliminary choices. To exploit the cartographies obtained, a signal processing procedure was developed. This enabled an automatic characterization of the indications observed. However, the analysis of the signals observed proved to be more complex than the one predicted by the simulation. Once the origin of the various observed signals was identified it was then possible to define windows allowing the construction of the cartographies to analyze. In case of a good quality assembly, it was possible to qualify the generated beam and to image it in the focal plane but with an observed signal having a very low damping. These first encouraging results, however, show that there is still some validation and development work to increase the sensitivity of the developed translator and its damping.

scholarly journals Analysing the spatio-temporal impacts of the 2003 and 2010 extreme heatwaves on plant productivity in Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 3421-3435 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bastos ◽  
C. M. Gouveia ◽  
R. M. Trigo ◽  
S. W. Running
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Plant Productivity ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Extreme Response ◽  
Climatic Event ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Very High

Abstract. In the last decade, Europe has been stricken by two outstanding heatwaves, the 2003 event in western Europe and the 2010 episode over Russia. Both events were characterized by record-breaking temperatures and widespread socio-economic impacts, including significant increments on human mortality, decreases in crop yields and in hydroelectric production. Previous works have shown that an extreme climatic event does not always imply an extreme response by ecosystems. This work attempts to assess how extreme was the vegetation response to the heatwaves during 2003 and 2010 in Europe, in order to quantify the impacts of the two events on carbon fluxes in plant productivity and to identify the physical drivers of the observed response. Heatwave impacts in vegetation productivity were analysed using MODIS products from 2000 to 2011. Both 2003 and 2010 events led to marked decreases in plant productivity, well below the climatological range of variability, with carbon uptake by vegetation during August reaching negative anomalies of more than 2 standard deviations, although the 2010 event affected a much larger extent. A differentiated response in autotrophic respiration was observed, depending on land-cover types, with forests increasing respiration rates in response to the heatwaves, while in crops respiration rates decreased. The widespread decrease in carbon uptake matched the regions where very high temperature values were also preceded by a long period of below-average precipitation, leading to strong soil moisture deficits. In the case of the 2003 heatwave, results indicate that moisture deficits coupled with high temperatures drove the extreme response of vegetation, while for the 2010 event very high temperatures appear to be the sole driver of very low productivity.

Problems of power: modification versus innovation

1973 ◽  
Vol 267 (882) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Automatic Control ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Main Trend ◽  
Design Management ◽  
Farm Structure ◽  
The One

In comparison with the amount of energy supplied by solar radiation for crop production, the amount of energy supplied by mechanical means is relatively small. The importance of the mechanical energy supplied by tractors and machines lies in its contribution towards the control of the growth process. The main trend in mechanization is for tractors and machines to become bigger and more powerful which in the farm structure of Western Europe leads to a mismatch between the capacity of the machines and the size of farms. Modification is regarded as more likely that innovation. Modifications in design, management and farm structure are discussed. The principal challenge of innovation is seen as the one of scale in the use of power. A small tractor using a degree of automatic control is proposed for the 15 to 100 ha farms which form the majority of holdings in the E.E.C. Automatic feeding and recording systems for livestock units on such farms are also proposed.

P20 phosphor on polyimide as a large area high-resolution transmission screen for slow scan CCD systems

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 20-21
Author(s):  
C. C. Ahn ◽  
S. Karnes ◽  
M. Lvovsky ◽  
C. M. Garland ◽  
H. A. Atwater ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Line Pair ◽  
Modulation Transfer ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Ccd Imaging ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The One ◽  
Beam Broadening

The bane of CCD imaging systems for transmission electron microscopy at intermediate and high voltages has been their relatively poor modulation transfer function (MTF), or line pair resolution. The problem originates primarily with the phosphor screen. On the one hand, screens should be thick so that as many incident electrons as possible are converted to photons, yielding a high detective quantum efficiency(DQE). The MTF diminishes as a function of scintillator thickness however, and to some extent as a function of fluorescence within the scintillator substrates. Fan has noted that the use of a thin layer of phosphor beneath a self supporting 2μ, thick Al substrate might provide the most appropriate compromise for high DQE and MTF in transmission electron microcscopes which operate at higher voltages. Monte Carlo simulations of high energy electron trajectories reveal that only little beam broadening occurs within this thickness of Al film. Consequently, the MTF is limited predominantly by broadening within the thin phosphor underlayer. There are difficulties however, in the practical implementation of this design, associated mostly with the mechanical stability of the Al support film.

Beyond Ni-based superalloys: Development of CoRe-based alloys for gas turbine applications at very high temperatures

2011 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1125-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debashis Mukherji ◽  
Joachim Rösler ◽  
Pavel Strunz ◽  
Ralph Gilles ◽  
Gerhard Schumacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Very High

Relations between carbon removal rates, biofilm size and density of a novel anaerobic reactor: the inverse turbulent bed

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 253-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Buffière ◽  
R. Moletta
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Carbon Removal ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Biomass Activity ◽  
High Turbulence ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

An anaerobic inverse turbulent bed, in which the biogas only ensures fluidisation of floating carrier particles, was investigated for carbon removal kinetics and for biofilm growth and detachment. The range of operation of the reactor was kept within 5 and 30 kgCOD· m−3· d−1, with Hydraulic Retention Times between 0.28 and 1 day. The carbon removal efficiency remained between 70 and 85%. Biofilm size were rather low (between 5 and 30 μm) while biofilm density reached very high values (over 80 kgVS· m−3). The biofilm size and density varied with increasing carbon removal rates with opposite trends; as biofilm size increases, its density decreases. On the one hand, biomass activity within the reactor was kept at a high level, (between 0.23 and 0.75 kgTOC· kgVS· d−1, i.e. between 0.6 and 1.85 kgCOD·kgVS · d−1).This result indicates that high turbulence and shear may favour growth of thin, dense and active biofilms. It is thus an interesting tool for biomass control. On the other hand, volatile solid detachment increases quasi linearly with carbon removal rate and the total amount of solid in the reactor levels off at high OLR. This means that detachment could be a limit of the process at higher organic loading rates.

Conclusion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlef Pollack ◽  
Gergely Rosta
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Market Model ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Economic Market ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Economic Market Model ◽  
The One ◽  
Religious Landscape

The most important conclusions of this summarizing chapter are the following: The religious landscape of Eastern Europe is more diverse than that of Western Europe. The cases of Poland and the GDR confirm the hypothesis that there is a link between the diffusion of functions and the growth in the importance of religion. The strong processes of biographical individualization that occurred in the post-communist states did not necessarily intensify individual religiosity. The economic market model cannot be confirmed for Eastern Europe. There is in Eastern and Central Europe a demonstrable link between economic prosperity and the loosening of religious and church ties. What can act as a bulwark against the eroding effects of modernization is church activity on the one hand, and the everyday proximity, visibility, and concreteness of religious practices and rituals, symbols, images, and objects on the other.

scholarly journals Ethnic Hatred and Universal Benevolence: Ethnicity and Loyalty in Precolonial Myanmar, and Britain

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 310-338
Author(s):  
Victor Lieberman
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Pressures ◽  
Legal Equality ◽  
The One

AbstractInsisting on a radical divide between post-1750 ideologies in Europe and earlier political thought in both Europe and Asia, modernist scholars of nationalism have called attention, quite justifiably, to European nationalisms’ unique focus on popular sovereignty, legal equality, territorial fixity, and the primacy of secular over universal religious loyalties. Yet this essay argues that nationalism also shared basic developmental and expressive features with political thought in pre-1750 Europe as well as in rimland—that is to say outlying—sectors of Asia. Polities in Western Europe and rimland Asia were all protected against Inner Asian occupation, all enjoyed relatively cohesive local geographies, and all experienced economic and social pressures to integration that were not only sustained but surprisingly synchronized throughout the second millennium. In Western Europe and rimland Asia each major state came to identify with a named ethnicity, specific artifacts became badges of inclusion, and central ethnicity expanded and grew more standardized. Using Myanmar and pre-1750 England/Britain as case studies, this essay reconstructs these centuries-long similarities in process and form between “political ethnicity,” on the one hand, and modern nationalism, on the other. Finally, however, this essay explores cultural and material answers to the obvious question: if political ethnicities in Myanmar and pre-1750 England/Britain were indeed comparable, why did the latter realm alone generate recognizable expressions of nationalism? As such, this essay both strengthens and weakens claims for European exceptionalism.

scholarly journals Cycles in Stone Mining and Copper Circulation in Europe 5500–2000 bc: A View from Space

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Peter Schauer ◽  
Stephen Shennan ◽  
Andrew Bevan ◽  
Sue College ◽  
Kevan Edinborough ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Broad Perspective ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Copper Mines ◽  
The One ◽  
Demographic Trajectories ◽  
Additional Reference ◽  
The Relationship

The authors of this article consider the relationship in European prehistory between the procurement of high-quality stones (for axeheads, daggers, and other tools) on the one hand, and the early mining, crafting, and deposition of copper on the other. The data consist of radiocarbon dates for the exploitation of stone quarries, flint mines, and copper mines, and of information regarding the frequency through time of jade axeheads and copper artefacts. By adopting a broad perspective, spanning much of central-western Europe from 5500 to 2000 bc, they identify a general pattern in which the circulation of the first copper artefacts was associated with a decline in specialized stone quarrying. The latter re-emerged in certain regions when copper use decreased, before declining more permanently in the Bell Beaker phase, once copper became more generally available. Regional variations reflect the degrees of connectivity among overlapping copper exchange networks. The patterns revealed are in keeping with previous understandings, refine them through quantification and demonstrate their cyclical nature, with additional reference to likely local demographic trajectories.

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