scholarly journals Droughts in Bern and Rouen from the 14th to the beginning of the 18th century derived from documentary evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 2173-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Camenisch ◽  
Melanie Salvisberg
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Precipitation Reconstruction ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Documentary Data ◽  
Historical Climatology ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Indirect Information

Abstract. Droughts derive from a precipitation deficit and can also be temperature driven. They are dangerous natural hazards for human societies. Documentary data from the pre-modern and early modern times contain direct and indirect information on precipitation that allow for the production of reconstructions using historical climatology methods. For this study, two drought indices – the drought index of Bern (DIB) and the drought index of Rouen (DIR) – have been created on the basis of documentary data produced in Bern, Switzerland, and Rouen, France, respectively for the period from 1315 to 1715. These two indices have been compared to a third supra-regional drought index (SDI) for Switzerland, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Belgium that was synthesised from precipitation reconstruction based on historical climatology. The results of this study show that the documentary data from Bern mainly contain summer droughts, whereas the data from Rouen rather allow for the reconstruction of spring droughts. The comparison of the three above-mentioned indices shows that the DIB and the DIR most probably do not contain all of the actual drought events; however, they detect droughts that do not appear in the SDI. This fact suggests that more documentary data from single locations, such as historical city archives, should be examined in the future and should be added to larger reconstructions in order to obtain more complete drought reconstructions.

scholarly journals Droughts in Bern and in Rouen from the 14th to the beginning of the 18th century derived from documentary evidence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Camenisch ◽  
Melanie Salvisberg
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Drought Index ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Precipitation Reconstruction ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Documentary Data ◽  
Historical Climatology ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Indirect Information

Abstract. Droughts derive from a deficit of precipitation and belong to the most dangerous natural hazards for human societies. Documentary data of the pre-modern and early modern times contain direct and indirect information on precipitation that allow the production of reconstructions with the methods of historical climatology. For this study, two drought indices have been created on the basis of documentary data produced in Bern, Switzerland (DIB) and in Rouen, France (DIR) for the period from 1315 to 1715. These two indices have been compared to a third supra-regional drought index for Switzerland (SDI), Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Belgium synthesised from precipitation reconstruction based on historical climatology. The results of the study show that the documentary data from Bern mainly contain summer droughts, whereas the data from Rouen rather allow the reconstruction of spring droughts. The comparison of the three indices shows that the DIB and the DIR most probably do not contain all actual drought events, but they also detect droughts that do not appear in the SDI. This fact suggests that more documentary data from single places, such as historical city archives, should be examined in the future and added to larger reconstructions in order to obtain more complete drought reconstructions.

The Singing Coachman or, The Road and Russia's Ethnographic Invention in Early Modern Times

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-61
Author(s):  
John Randolph
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Travel Writing ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
National Character ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Road ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Modern Times

AbstractScholars agree that the first modern ethnographic traditions surrounding Russia developed in travel accounts written by foreigners in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. These laid the foundations for a 'national turn' in Russian belles-lettres in the late 18th century. Yet scholars have paid relatively little attention to the history of the coach system, known as the iam, that made travel writing about Muscovy possible. Many foreign travelers—as well as Imperial Russian hommes des lettres —were fascinated by the figures of Russia's iamshchiki, the state peasants who manned the state-organized coach system. The lives and expressions of these coachmen were often taken as proxies for Russia's national character. This article describes this process, demonstrating how the iam system provided a practical as well as a symbolic frame for the making of early conceptions of Russian nationality.

Das Leere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst A. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Classical Philology ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
Critical Account ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Henry More

In this book Ernst A. Schmidt, emeritus of Classical Philology at Tübingen University, presents his research on the subject of "the void" in antiquity and early modern times. Schmidt first deals with atomistics from Leucipp to Lucretius, the pore theory from Empedocles to Heron of Alexandria, and the theory of Philoponos. This is followed by an investigation of the reception of ancient concepts in early modern physics (Galileo, Gassendi, Henry More). In an appendix the author offers a critical account of ancient atomism in three texts from the 18th century by Polignac, Wieland and Le Sage. There is no comparably comprehensive and source-saturated work on the subject to date. Anyone interested in "the void" or looking for sources will be well served by Schmidt.

scholarly journals Nathanael Jacob Gerlach i Christian Gabriel Fischer w Północnych Niderlandach: zapomniane źródło do dziejów medycyny i przyrodoznawstwa w Zjednoczonych Prowincjach późnych lat 20. XVIII w. – część I

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-210
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Pękacka-Falkowska
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
University Of Leiden ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
The University ◽  
Dutch Universities

In early modern times, numerous inhabitants of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, both townsmen and representatives of the nobility and magnatery, visited the United Provinces. Many of the burghers also studied at the University of Leiden or other Dutch universities and gymnasia. In the autumn of 1727, Nathanael Jacob Gerlach from Gdańsk/Danzig matriculated at the Academia Lugduno-Batava. The Danziger, together with his tutor, Christian Gabriel Fischer, took a few-year educational journey through Western countries. The testimony of their several months’ stay in the Netherlands is the 2nd volume of Fischer’s handwritten Itinerarium. The selection presents those excerpts from the 2nd volume of the diaries which describe people, places and events related to the teaching of medicine and natural history in the 18th century Netherlands. The fi rst part of the paper focuses on Leiden, the second one – on Amsterdam, Haarlem and Utrecht.

scholarly journals The Sexual Orientation of Panji : Cultural Construction in Intermediation

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Seno Gumira Ajidarma
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Comic Book ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Hegemonic Discourse ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Ideological Struggle ◽  
Early Modern Times

The Panji love scenes from (1) Br. 126 manuscript in Jawi characters of Hikayat Panji Kuda Semirang, (2) Sastrawinata’s story book Panji Semirang published by Balai Pustaka, and (3) the comic book Panji Semirang by R. A. Kosasih, chronologically shows intermediation as a non-direct adaptation that represents the cultural construction that shifts the meaning, from a hidden signs of transgenderism to the domination of heterosexual orientation. The phenomena is connected with the fact that from early modern times (15th to 18th century) to second half of early modern period (17th to 18th century) in the region, there is the process where gender pluralism met the domination of mainstream religions and modern science, which marginalized and suppressed the former to the edge of normality. As transgender subculture still exists as an ideological struggle, the study of local genius should be done with a consciousness to contest the hegemonic discourse.

HELLMOUTH IN THE JAWS OF CERBERUS. IN RUSSIA IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 17TH AND BEGINNING OF THE 18TH CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-75
Author(s):  
Olga A. Kuznetsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
The Middle Ages

The paper is focused on the adaptation of the image of Cerberus in Russian culture of the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Times. Fragmentary information about some characters of the Greco-Roman mythology penetrated into Russian medieval literature from the Byzantine. Christians often borrowed and reinterpreted those images in the traditions of Christian symbolism. One of these characters, Cerberus, the dog of Hades, became an infernal character: a guard or a demon of the Christian Hell. As a dog it turned into an Evil animal, executioner of sinners. Аs a three-headed creature it resembled dragons and other legendary monsters. Perhaps, the story about Hercules, who tamed Cerberus, became the basis of novel in the Sinai Patericon (story about Saint John Kolobos and graveyard hyena). At the beginning of the 18th century Russia experienced a secondary influence of Ancient symbolism through Western European emblematic collections and similar translated works. A lot of exotic images were rediscovered and aquired new meanings. Under the influence of the Jesuit theatre, the mouth of Cerberus became a variation of a well-known in Russia iconographic image of Hellmouth. In the plays by Dimitri of Rostov, the characters sent to the underworld found themselves in the mouth of a monstrous dog – inside an ingenious stage device. Toward the end of the 18th century Hell as a dog’s head appeared also in Russian popular prints, lubok.

La otredad: ¿real o inventada? El caso de las brujas

1999 ◽  
pp. 21-33
Author(s):  
Elia Nathan Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Empirical Content ◽  
Extreme Situation ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Witch ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
The One ◽  
In Virtue Of

The purpose of this paper is two-fold. On the one hand, it offers a general analysis of stigmas (a person has one when, in virtue of its belonging to a certain group, such as that of women, homosexuals, etc., he or she is subjugated or persecuted). On the other hand, I argue that stigmas are “invented”. More precisely, I claim that they are not descriptive of real inequalities. Rather, they are socially created, or invented in a lax sense, in so far as the real differences to which they refer are socially valued or construed as negative, and used to justify social inequalities (that is, the placing of a person in the lower positions within an economic, cultural, etc., hierarchy), or persecutions. Finally, I argue that in some cases, such as that of the witch persecution of the early modern times, we find the extreme situation in which a stigma was invented in the strict sense of the word, that is, it does not have any empirical content.

Shakespeare’s Dancing Bodies

2019 ◽  
pp. 172-196
Author(s):  
Brandon Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern Dance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Somatic Psychology ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Romeo And Juliet ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Early Modern Times

Romeo’s well-known excuse that he cannot dance because he has soles of lead is demonstrative of the autonomous volitional quality Shakespeare ascribes to body parts, his utilization of humoral somatic psychology, and the horizontally divided body according to early modern dance practice and theory. This chapter considers the autonomy of and disagreement between the body parts and the unruliness of the humors within Shakespeare’s dramas, particularly Romeo and Juliet. An understanding of the body as a house of conflicting parts can be applied to the feet of the dancing body in early modern times, as is evinced not only by literary texts, but dance manuals as well. The visuality dominating the dance floor provided opportunity for social advancement as well as ridicule, as contemporary sources document. Dance practice is compared with early modern swordplay in their shared approaches to the training and social significance of bodily proportion and rhythm.

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