Influence of Warming and Atmospheric Circulation Changes on Multidecadal European Flood Variability

Abstract. European flood frequency and intensity change on a multidecadal scale. Floods were more frequent in the 19th (Central Europe) and early 20th century (Western Europe) than during the mid-20th century and again more frequent since the 1970s. The causes of this variability are not well understood and the relation to climate change is unclear. Palaeoclimate studies from the northern Alps suggest that past flood-rich periods coincided with cold periods. In contrast, some studies suggest that more floods might occur in a future, warming world. Here we reconcile the apparent contradiction by addressing and quantifying the contribution of atmospheric processes to multidecadal flood variability. For this, we use long series of annual peak streamflow, daily weather data, reanalyses, and reconstructions. We show that both changes in atmospheric circulation and moisture content affected multidecadal changes of annual peak streamflow in Central and Western Europe over the past two centuries. We find that during the 19th and early 20th century, atmospheric circulation changes led to high peak values of moisture flux convergence. The circulation was more conducive to strong and long-lasting precipitation events than in the mid-20th century. These changes are also partly reflected in the seasonal mean circulation and reproduced in atmospheric model simulations, pointing to a possible role of oceanic variability. For the period after 1980, increasing moisture content in a warming atmosphere led to extremely high moisture flux convergence. Thus, the main atmospheric driver of flood variability changed from atmospheric circulation variability to water vapour increase.

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Fibre production in angora rabbits

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600018481 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 1990 ◽

pp. 67-67

Author(s):

J. C. McKay

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Thermal Insulation ◽

Western Europe ◽

Fold Increase ◽

Fibre Production ◽

Early 20Th Century ◽

Low Density ◽

World Production ◽

Wool Growth ◽

Sheep Wool

Angora rabbits carry a mutation.which confers continuous wool growth. The use of the wool in textiles was first recorded in 1706 in the U.K. and western Europe dominated world production until the the early 20th century. China now produces 60 percent of the world's 4,000 tonne annual crop.Genetic and nutritional improvements have led to a five-fold increase in annual yields over the last 40 years. Current commercial strains produce up to 1.5 Kg of wool per year from rabbits weighing 4 Kg. To maintain such yields requires concentrate diets with protein contents of at least 16 percent and cystine+methionine contents of 0.8 percent.The wool may be sheared or plucked and consists of three fibre types. The wool hairs (80 percent of the fleece) are among the finest animal fibres at 8-12 microns. They have a hollow medulla which gives important properties of low density (1.23 grams per ml versus 1.3 for sheep wool) and high thermal insulation (2-3 times that of sheep wool).

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Double Edged Blades: Re-visiting the British (and Irish) Flint Daggers

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society ◽

10.1017/ppr.2014.4 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 80 ◽

pp. 33-65 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Catherine J. Frieman

Keyword(s):

Bronze Age ◽

20Th Century ◽

Western Europe ◽

Early Bronze Age ◽

Early 20Th Century ◽

No Production ◽

New Classification ◽

Dry Land ◽

The Subject ◽

Made In

Flint daggers are a well-known and closely studied category of artefact found throughout western Europe during the final centuries of the Neolithic and the earliest phases of metal use. They are widely linked to the adoption of metal objects and metallurgy – in many cases being described as copies of metal daggers. In Britain, several hundred flint daggers have been recovered from a variety of contexts, among the best known of which are a handful of rich Beaker single inhumation burials. The British flint daggers were of great interest to early archaeologists, and were the subject of several publications in the early 20th century, most notably the seminal 1931 typochronology and catalogue by W.F. Grimes. However, despite 80 years of evolution in our understanding of the British Early Bronze Age, Beaker burials, European flint daggers, and lithic technology in general, little further attention has been accorded to the British flint daggers. This paper returns to the flint daggers deposited in British contexts. It proposes a new classification for British daggers, distinguishing between those probably produced in Britain and those brought in from elsewhere on the continent. It further examines thechaîne opératoirefor these daggers based on their final form as no production locales are yet known and examines in detail the choices made in their deposition, not just in funerary contexts but on dry land and, most importantly, in wet contexts. Finally, it proposes a sequence of development for British flint daggers which links them technologically and morphologically to lanceolate Scandinavian daggers in circulation in the Netherlands. It is suggested that people in south-east Britain knowingly played up this Dutch connection in order to highlight a specific ancestral identity linking them directly to communities across the Channel.

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Atmospheric Dynamics Leading to West European Summer Hot Temperatures Since 1851

Complexity ◽

10.1155/2018/2494509 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

M. Carmen Alvarez-Castro ◽

Davide Faranda ◽

Pascal Yiou

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Circulation ◽

20Th Century ◽

Western Europe ◽

Health Economy ◽

Dynamical System Theory ◽

Spring Precipitation ◽

Atmospheric Circulation Patterns ◽

Circulation Patterns ◽

Increasing Temperature ◽

Heat Events

Summer hot temperatures have many impacts on health, economy (agriculture, energy, and transports), and ecosystems. In Western Europe, the recent summers of 2003 and 2015 were exceptionally warm. Many studies have shown that the genesis of the major heat events of the last decades was linked to anticyclonic atmospheric circulation and to spring precipitation deficit in Southern Europe. Such results were obtained for the second part of the 20th century and projections into the 21st century. In this paper, we challenge this vision by investigating the earlier part of the 20th century from an ensemble of 20CR reanalyses. We propose an innovative description of Western-European heat events applying the dynamical system theory. We argue that the atmospheric circulation patterns leading to the most intense heat events have changed during the last century. We also show that the increasing temperature trend during major heatwaves is encountered during episodes of Scandinavian Blocking, while other circulation patterns do not yield temperature trends during extremes.

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PHILOSOPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS VIEWS OF FLORENSKY AND THE IDEA OF ACTUAL INFINITY

Study of Religion ◽

10.22250/2072-8662.2019.1.108-113 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 108-113

Author(s):

Dmitry N. Radul ◽

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Western Europe ◽

Early 20Th Century ◽

Actual Infinity ◽

European Culture ◽

Potential Infinity ◽

History Of ◽

The Law ◽

The One

The article briefly observes the history of the idea of the actual infinity in European culture until the beginning of the 20th century. Special attention is paid to the role of Cantor set theory in reviving interest in the idea of actual infinity in Western Europe and Russia. The influence of the Cantor’s philosophy of religion on the Western European theology of the late 19th century - early 20th century is given. The influence of Cantor’s ideas on the formation of Florensky’s views is described. A detailed analysis of the application of the idea of actual infinity in the book “The Pillar and the Statement of Truth” is given. Florensky describes the understanding of the connection of Kant’s antinomical of reason and the idea of a potential infinity. The potential infinity is considered by Florensky as a source of imperfection and sinfulness. Special attention is paid to the understanding of truth as actual infinity. The introduction of the actual infinity allows Florensky to remove the one-sidedness of the law of identity and the law of sufficient basis in the Supreme unity...

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