scholarly journals On the variability of return periods of European winter precipitation extremes over the last three centuries

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pauling ◽  
H. Paeth
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Extremes ◽  
Anthropogenic Influences ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Last 300 Years ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Early 18Th Century

Abstract. We investigate the changes of extreme European winter (December-February) precipitation back to 1700 and show for various European regions that return periods of extremely wet and dry winters are subject to significant changes both before and after the onset of anthropogenic influences. Generally, winter precipitation has become more extreme. We also examine the spatial pattern of the changes of the extremes covering the last 300 years where data quality is sufficient. Over central and Eastern Europe dry winters occurred more frequently during the 18th and the second part of the 19th century relative to 1951–2000. Dry winters were less frequent during both the 18th and 19th century over the British Isles and the Mediterranean. Wet winters have been less abundant during the last three centuries compared to 1951–2000 except during the early 18th century in central Europe. Although winter precipitation extremes are affected by climate change, no obvious connection of these changes was found to solar, volcanic or anthropogenic forcing. However, physically meaningful interpretation with atmospheric circulation changes was possible.

scholarly journals On the variability of return periods of European winter precipitation extremes over the last five centuries

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pauling ◽  
H. Paeth
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Precipitation Extremes ◽  
Anthropogenic Influences ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Last 300 Years ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Early 18Th Century

Abstract. We investigate the changes of extreme European winter (December–February) precipitation over the last half millennium and show for various European regions that return periods of extremely wet and dry winters are subject to significant changes both before and after the onset of anthropogenic influences. Additionally, we examine the spatial pattern of the changes of the extremes covering the last 300 years where data quality is sufficient. Over central and eastern Europe dry winters occurred more frequently during the 18th and the second part of the 19th century relative to 1951–2000. Dry winters were less frequent during both the 18th and 19th century over the British Isles and the Mediterranean. Wet winters have been less abundant during the last three centuries compared to 1951–2000 except during the early 18th century in central Europe. Although winter precipitation extremes are affected by climate change, no obvious connection of these changes was found to solar, volcanic or anthropogenic forcing. However, physically meaningful interpretation with atmospheric circulation changes was possible.

scholarly journals LANSKAP PERTAMBANGAN ORANG CINA DI MONTERADO, KALIMANTAN BARAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ida Bagus Putu Prajna Yogi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Gold Mining ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Chinese People ◽  
West Kalimantan ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The arrival of Chinese People on a large scale in the early 18th century in West Kalimantan due to the presence of a large gold potential in the area. Monterado is one of the gold mining landscape in West Kalimantan. This cultural landscape shows the activity of big mining and technology owned by the Chinese miners. In addition to the ability to mine, it turns out the Chinese also formed an organization called "kongsi" to support the mining activities. Settlements and cities that grew as a result of gold mining Monterado appear in coastal areas, which is currently a Singkawang. The dissolution of the kongsi in Monterado in the middle of the 19th century, led to stop mining activities in Monterado Similarly, for mining authority was taken over by the colonial, but the miners did not agree with it and choose to stop mining.Kedatangan orang Cina di Kalimantan Barat dalam sekala besar terjadi pada abad ke 18 Masehi, dikarenakan adanya potensi emas di wilayah tersebut. Monterado adalah salah satu lanskap pertambangan emas terbesar di Kalimantan Barat. Lanskap budaya tersebut menunjukan aktifitas pertambangan yang besar dan teknologi yang dimiliki oleh para penambang Cina pada saat itu. Selain kemampuan untuk tambang, ternyata China juga membentuk sebuah organisasi yang disebut "kongsi" untuk mendukung kegiatan pertambangan. Pemukiman dan kota-kota yang tumbuh sebagai pengaruh dari pertambangan emas Monterado muncul di wilayah pesisir, yang saat ini menjadi Kota Singkawang. Data mengenai permukiman di lokasi tambang sangat minim, hal tersebut diperkirakan masyarakat tambang lebih memilih untuk menetap di daerah pelabuhan. Namun, beberapa kuburan Cina dan sisa tiang rumah ditemukan di lokasi tambang. Pembubaran kongsi di Monterado di pertengahan abad ke-19 menyebabkan berhentinya kegiatan pertambangan di lokasi tersebut. Setelah pertambangan diambil alih oleh pemerintah Belanda para penambang emas Cina tetap memilih untuk tidak menambang lagi sebab kegiatan menambang emas tersebut dianggap sudah tidak menguntungkan.

scholarly journals “A Quarter of an Hour before his Death, He Was Still Alive”: The Literary Character Image of La Palice and the Phenomenon of Nizy Style

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 72-95
Author(s):  
Konstantin V. Dushenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Literary Character ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early 18Th Century

La Palis is a literary character that appeared in anonymous couplets The Death of La Palis published in the early 18th century. The image of La Palis in songs is ambiguous: he is both a naive simpleton and a parodic counterpart of the panegyric image of Marshal Jacques de La Palice (1470–1525). The irony of these early verses about La Palis is usually explained by the simplicity of the soldiers who allegedly composed them in 1525 or by the further distortion of the original text. In reality, this irony bears the imprint of the 17th century burlesque poetry. In 1715, the literary image of La Palis was canonized by Bernard La Monnoy, the author of the term nizy style. The nizy style, also called the Lapalissade, is a special kind of tautology that, as Clement Rosset aptly put it, “for a moment causes a hallucination of difference.” In the 19th century, the typically Lapalissian formula “if they did not die, then they are still alive” is recorded in the tales of various peoples of Europe; the relationship between these national formulas remains unclear. The article also examines the mastering the nizy style by O. Goldsmith and Russian translators from the 18th century to the present day.

Forward-Looking Retrospection: Enharmonicism in the Classical Era

2002 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 332-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Telesco
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Central Place ◽  
The Other ◽  
Compositional Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
Tonal System

Enharmonicism steps to the fore only occasionally in 18th-century music. Indeed, over the past two centuries, it has been commonly assumed that it was invoked only when a special affect demanded it (as in the much-discussed "Dance of the Furies" from Rameau's Hippolyte et Aricie). But a survey of 18th-century music refutes this perception and reveals that the enharmonicism of the 18th century can be broadly defined as belonging to one of two categories: simultaneous or immediate enharmonicism, and retrospective enharmonicism. Most early 18th-century examples restrict their usage to the simultaneous/immediate type, which consists of reinterpretations of enharmonic pivot chords. Retrospective enharmonicism, on the other hand, is less common than immediate enharmonicism but is remarkable because it presages the expansion of the diatonic tonal system into the chromatic tonal system of the 19th century. Retrospective enharmonicism does not involve the reinterpretation of an enharmonic pivot chord, nor is a reinterpretation perceived at any one point; it becomes clear only in retrospect that one must have occurred. Rather than a negation of some resolution tendency, as happens in the reinterpretation of a dominant seventh as an augmented sixth, there is a (typically large-scale) trajectory away from some tonic which is eventually regained through the enharmonic door. Some note or chord is respelled as its enharmonic equivalent, but without any aural clue. Drastic key changes of the sort typically encountered in instances of retrospective enharmonicism are for the most part proscribed in the writings of such composers and theorists as Rameau, Kirnberger, Koch, Heinichen, and Vogler, all of whom wrote in detail about staying within an orbit of closely related keys and rarely going directly from one key to another too far away. Nevertheless, this type of enharmonicism was a recognized compositional resource which, though used relatively infrequently in the 18th century, came to occupy a more central place in the realm of available compositional techniques in the 19th century.

scholarly journals The wooden architectural complex of the city and royal residence of the John III Sobieski in Kukizów

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 059-082
Author(s):  
Mykola Bevz
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Early 18Th Century ◽  
European Architecture

The palace in Kukizów of King of Poland John III Sobieski is known only to a narrow group of architecture and art historians. The palace and park complex ceased to exist in the 19th century. The architecture of the palace is known especially from the descriptions in the inventory documents from the early 18th century. Although the authorship of the palace design belongs to the well-known artists of the era – Augustyn Wincenty Locci and Piotr Beber, its architecture has not yet been reconstructed. A specific feature of the royal residence in Kukizów was the construction of royal buildings and town buildings in a wooden material. The intention to create a city complex and an entirely wooden residence was a unique experiment in the field of European architecture and urban planning of the 17th century. In the paper we present the results of our research on the architecture of the palace and town for the end of the 17th century.

The lucid interval associated with epidural bleeding: evolving understanding

2013 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy C. Ganz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
First Case ◽  
French School ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Operative Findings ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Le Dran ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The aim of this paper was to elucidate the evolution of our understanding of the term “lucid interval.” A number of texts were reviewed to assess their suitability for analysis. The primary requirement was that the text contain detailed descriptions of a series of patients. Details of the clinical course, the findings and timing of surgery, and, when relevant, the time of death and postmortem findings were required. Books written by Henri-François Le Dran, Percival Pott, and James Hill fulfilled these criteria. Surgical findings included the presence and type of fractures, changes in the bone, separation of periosteum, malodorous or purulent material, tense brain, and hematoma. Postmortem findings supplemented and/or complemented the surgical findings. The courses of the patients were then tabulated, and the correlation between different clinical and operative findings was thereby determined. Our understanding of a lucid interval began in the early 18th century with the work of Henri-François Le Dran and Percival Pott in London. They did not, however, demonstrate an interval without symptoms between trauma and deterioration in patients with epidural hematomas (EDHs). The interval they described was longer than usually expected with EDHs and occurred exclusively in patients who had a posttraumatic infection. In 1751, James Hill, from Dumfries, Scotland, described the first hematoma-related lucid interval in a patient with a subdural hematoma. The first case of a lucid interval associated with an EDH was described by John Abernethy. In the 19th century, Jonathan Hutchinson and Walter Jacobson described the interval as it is known today, in cases of EDH. The most recent work on the topic came from studies in Cincinnati and Oslo, where it was demonstrated that bleeding can separate dura mater and that hemorrhage into the epidural space can be shunted out via the veins. This shunting could delay the accumulation of a hematoma and thus the rise in intracranial pressure, which in turn would delay the development of symptoms. The lucid interval as previously conceived was not properly understood by the French school or by Percival Pott and Benjamin Bell, who all described a symptom-free period prior to the development of infection. The first to have a proper understanding of the interval in relation to an EDH was John Abernethy. The modern description and definition of the lucid interval was the work of Hutchinson and Jacobson in the latter half of the 19th century. Understanding of the pathophysiology of the lucid interval has been advanced by the work of Ford and McLaurin in Cincinnati and a group in Oslo, with the demonstration of what it takes to loosen dura and how an arteriovenous shunt slows down for a while the accumulation of an EDH.

On the Performance of "Quia respexit ... omnes generationes" from J. S. Bach's Magnificat

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 458-489
Author(s):  
Robert M. Cammarota
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Dramatic Effect ◽  
Rhetorical Device ◽  
The Third ◽  
Musical Texture ◽  
Compositional Practice ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
Early 18Th Century

The modern-day custom of performing the 'omnes generationes' section from J. S. Bach's Magnificat twice as fast as the aria "Quia respexit" has its origins in Robert Franz's vocal and orchestral editions of 1864, the details of which were discussed in his Mittheilungen of 1863. Up until that time, 'omnes generationes' was inextricably connected to "Quia respexit" and formed part of the third movement of Bach's Magnificat. Moreover, when Bach revised the score in 1733, he added adagio to the beginning of "Quia respexit . . . omnes generationes," establishing the tempo for the whole movement. In this study I show that Bach's setting of this verse is in keeping with Leipzig tradition (as evidenced by the settings of Schelle, G. M. Hoffmann, Telemann, Kuhnau, and Graupner) and with early 18thcentury compositional practice; that he interpreted the verse based on Luther's 1532 exegesis on the Magnificat; that the verse must be understood theologically, as a unit; that the change in musical texture at the words 'omnes generationes' is a rhetorical device, not "dramatic effect"; and, finally, that there is no change in tempo at the words 'omnes generationes' either in Bach's setting or in any other from this period. An understanding of the early 18th-century Magnificat tradition out of which Bach's setting derives, with the knowledge of the reception of Bach's Magnificat in the mid 19th century, should help us restore Bach's tempo adagio for the movement.

Speculations on the Nature and Pattern of Opium Smoking

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Withdrawal Signs

Opium smoking began spreading slowly but steadily in China from early in the 18th Century. It grew through the 19th Century to the point that by the end of the century it became a nearly universal practice among males in some regions. While estimates vary, it appears that most smokers consumed six grams or less daily. Addicted smokers were occasionally found among those smoking as little as three grams daily, but more often addicted smokers reported use of about 12 grams a day or more. An individual smoking twelve grams of opium probably ingests about 80 mg. of morphine. Thirty mg. of morphine daily may induce some withdrawal signs, while 60 mg. daily are clearly addicting. While testimony varied widely, it appears likely that most opium smokers were not disabled by their practice. This appears to be the case today, too, among those peoples in southeast Asia who have continued to smoke opium. There appear to be social and perhaps psychophysiological forces which work toward limiting the liabilities of drug use.

Scholars discover local history: the case of northeast Lapland in the 18th century

Polar Record ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lähteenmäki
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Local History ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
The People ◽  
New Form ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Distant Region

ABSTRACTThe academic study of local and regional history in Sweden took on a quite new form and significance in the 18th century. Humiliating defeats in wars had brought the kingdom's period of greatness to an end and forced the crown to re-evaluate the country's position and image and reconsider the internal questions of economic efficiency and settlement. One aspect in this was more effective economic and political control over the peripheral parts of the realm, which meant that also the distant region of Kemi Lapland, bordering on Russia, became an object of systematic government interest. The practical local documentation of this area took the form of dissertations prepared by students native to the area under the supervision of well known professors, reports sent back by local ministers and newspaper articles. The people responsible for communicating this information may be said to have functioned as ‘mimic men’ in the terminology of H.K. Bhabha. This supervised gathering and publication of local information created the foundation for the nationalist ideology and interest in ordinary people and local cultures that emerged at the end of the century and flourished during the 19th century.

Origine et diffusion des expressions romanes du type jaune paille

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Sara Matrisciano ◽  
Franz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Colour Term ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Diffusion

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document