Abundance and distribution of microplastics in water and sediments of the river Elbe, Germany

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Stock ◽  
Annkatrin Weber ◽  
Christian Scherer ◽  
Christian Kochleus ◽  
Georg Dierkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
River Elbe ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Polymer Distribution ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Formate Solution

<p>Plastic pollution in the aquatic environment has gained worldwide attention in the last years. Microplastics have been investigated for over 45 years especially in the marine environment, but only in the past years research has also started to focus on freshwater environments. In the frame of the project about macro- and microplastics in German rivers, samples from 11 sites from the German part of the river Elbe were taken in order to study the plastic pollution in water and sediment, detect sinks of microplastics and better understand transport mechanisms.</p><p>The sediment samples were taken with a Van-Veen-grabber, the water samples from the Elbe with an Apstein plankton net (mesh size 150 µm) from the same location. The sediment samples were presorted with wet sieving, organic digestion and density separation and filtered on aluminium oxide filters. For the water samples, the organic matter was digested using a reagent composed of equal volumes of 10 M KOH and 30 % H2O2, then, the microplastic particles were isolated from remaining matrix by density floatation using 1.6 g/mL potassium formate solution and pressure filtration. Analysis was done by visual inspection, selected particles measured with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and masses calculated with a pyrolysis GC-MS.</p><p>The results of the sediments of the Elbe reveal that tentative microplastic concentrations differed intensively between the different river compartments. Microplastics in the sediments were in average 600,000-fold higher than in the water samples (when referring to the same volume). The amount of particles also varies significantly between the sampling sites. In sediment samples, microplastic concentrations decreased downstream, in water samples, concentrations varied stronger. The form of the particles is also site specific. In two samples, more than 80% spheres were counted whereas the 6 locations downstream reveal an increase in fragments. Polymer distribution differed between the water and sediment phase with mostly PE and PP in the water samples and a more diverse distribution in the sediments.</p>

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on Abundance of Microplastic in Sediments and Water Samples Along the Coast of Pakistan (Sindh and Balochistan)-Northern Arabian Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (Special Issue) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quratulan Ahmed ◽  
Qadeer Mohammad Ali ◽  
Levent Bat ◽  
Aysah Oztekin ◽  
Sehrish Memon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabian Sea ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Plastic Material ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Northern Arabian Sea ◽  
Pollution Problem ◽  
High Pollution ◽  
Preliminary Study

Plastic material dominates our life and accordingly, it dominates the environment as a pollutant. Pakistan coasts are facing with plastic pollution problem like the rest of the world. The number and types of microplastics found in sea water and sediment samples from 25 locations along the Arabian Sea coast of Pakistan were explored in this study. The results of the present study show that the region is under a high pollution from microplastics. Microplastic abundance in seawater was found as mean 582.12±246.14 particle. L-1 and in sediment samples was mean 987.40±617.06 particle.kg-1 dry sediment. Microplastic concentration was maximum in Manora both seawater and sediment samples. Fibers were major contribution to total microplastics, up to 99% of all samples both seawater and sediment samples.

Current Status of Contamination by Persistent Organochlorines in the Lower Chao Phraya River, Thailand

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Tabucanon ◽  
S. Watanabe ◽  
C. Siriwong ◽  
R. Boonyatumanond ◽  
S. Tanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Current Status ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Chao Phraya River ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

Water and sediment samples collected from the lower Chao Phraya River and a canal along the river during 1988 - 1991 were analyzed to determine the current status of contamination by organochlorine pesticides, such as HCHs, DDTs, aldrin, dieldrin and chlordanes. Aldrin and dieldrin had high frequencies of occurrence in water samples. The medians of concentrations of these pesticides were approximately one order of magnitude larger than total HCHs and total DDTs. Residue levels of these pesticides varied significantly. Relatively higher levels of aldrin were observed in the upstream; in contrast, residue levels of DDTs were higher in urban area. These phenomena seem to relate to the spraying purpose of these pesticides. Decreasing trends in the residue levels of pesticides during monitoring periods, however, were not observed clearly. Residue levels of organochlorines in the sediment samples were in the order of magnitude of PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and HCHs.

scholarly journals Contamination Levels of Organochlorine and Organophosphorous Pesticide Residues in Water and Sediment from River Owena, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yetunde A. Adeshina ◽  
Akinnawo Solomon ◽  
Aiyesanmi F. Ademola
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Pesticide Residues ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fish Farming ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Organophosphorous Pesticide ◽  
Contamination Levels

River Owena functions as the source of water for the Owena dam which supplies drinking water to the communities in the region, the river also plays an important economic role in irrigation and fish farming in the region. But there has been an indiscriminate used of pesticide because residents of the study area are not well orientated concerning the negative impact of pesticide in the environment. Analysis of organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide residues was carried out in water and sediment from river Owena, the objective of the research is to determine the contamination levels of organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide in the water and sediment of river Owena. Analysis was carried out using gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector in order to identify and quantify the concentration of organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide in the water and sediment samples from river Owena. Analysis revealed the contamination of water and sediment with organophosphorous pesticide residues at different contamination levels in both dry and rainy season, while a low levels of organochlorine pesticide residues only during the dry season. The TOPP for sediment samples ranges from 1.045mg/L during the dry season and 2.279mg/L during the rainy season, while the TOPP for water samples ranges from 7.163mg/L during the dry season to 7.83mg/L during the rainy season. The TOCP values ranges from 1.288mg/L to 0.015mg/L for sediment and water samples respectively during the dry season, while organochlorine pesticides were not detected during the rainy season. The occurrence and seasonal variation of organophosphorous pesticide residues in river Owena can be attributed to the intense agricultural and urban activities in the vicinity of river Owena. 

scholarly journals Allium cepa Bio Assay to Assess the Water and Sediment Cytogenotoxicity in a Tropical Stream Subjected to Multiple Point and Nonpoint Source Pollutants

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. Dimuthu Nilmini Wijeyaratne ◽  
L. G. Y. J. G. Wadasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Allium Cepa ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Sediment Elutriates ◽  
Tip Cells ◽  
Root Tip Cells ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

The present study was conducted to assess the cytotoxicity of water and sediments of an industrial effluent receiving water body in the western province of Sri Lanka using Allium cepa bioassay. Six sampling sites (Site A: Urban; B: Industrial; C: Water intake for public water supply; D: Industrial; E: Agricultural; F: Reference) were selected from the study area. Ten replicate water and sediment samples were collected from each site, and physical and chemical parameters were measured using standard analytical methods. Cytotoxicity of water and sediment elutriates were measured using Allium cepa bioassay. Despite the significant spatial variations, the overall water and sediment quality parameters of the study sites were in accordance with the standard ambient environment parameters to sustain a healthy aquatic life. In the A. cepa bulbs exposed to water samples, significant root growth variations were not observed within 48 hours of exposure. However, significant root length variations were observed in A. cepa bulbs exposed to sediment elutriates within the 48-hour exposure and the percentage root growth inhibition increased with increase of exposure time. Similar trend was observed in mitotic activity indicating significantly lower mitotic indices (compared to that of the reference site) in A. cepa root tip cells exposed to sediment elutriates than those exposed to water samples. Further, the highest number of nuclear abnormalities was recorded from root tip cells of A. cepa exposed to water and sediment samples from sites B, C, and D. Therefore, it is of extreme importance to identify the composition and speciation of these cytogenotoxic compounds in the tropical climatic conditions and to propose possible clean-up or treatment solutions to overcome this environmental and public health risk associated problem.

scholarly journals Spatial Variations of the Bacterial Diversity in an Alkaline Lake

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Gozde Ozbayram ◽  
Latife Koker ◽  
Reyhan Akçaalan ◽  
Fatih Aydın ◽  
Meriç Albay
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Diversity Patterns ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Alkaline Lake ◽  
Community Profile

Lake Iznik is one of the largest lake of Turkey covering 308 km2 surface area with 65 m max. depth. The lake has alkaline characteristics (Akcaalan et al. 2014). It is a mesotrophic lake that becomes stratified between June-September and well mixed between October-April. Although there are almost 200 lakes in Turkey, there is very little published research focused on the bacterial diversity structures (Ozbayram et al. 2020.) The specific objective of this study was to evaluate the bacterial community profile in the surface water and sediment of the alkaline lake during the winter turnover. For this purpose, the samples were collected from 6 stations (5 on the shore and 1 in the middle of the lake) in February 2020 when the lake was completely mixed. In addition to the surface water and sediment samples, a sample was also collected from the depth of 40 m from the station located in the mid-lake. The water samples were filtered from a 0.22 µm filter and the sediment samples were taken into sterile plastic containers. The total DNAs were extracted using the NucleoSpin® Soil Kit (Macherey-Nagel, Germany) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Bacterial community profiles of the samples were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene-targeted sequencing using Illumina® MiSeq™. Physicochemical parameters were measured as explained by Ozbayram et al. 2020. The pH was between 8.29-8.67 and the Electrical Conductivity (EC) was in the range of 734-996 µS/cm (Suppl. material 1 -Table S1). Whereas the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels were measured as 10.12-11.65 mg/L in the surface waters, it was 9.72 mg/L in the 40 m. Among all samples, the highest value of the Shannon and Pielou's evenness indices were calculated for the surface water sample collected from station 2 indicated a more evenly distributed and diverse bacterial community (Suppl. material 1-Table S2). Bacterial diversity patterns of the samples were presented at the phylum level in Figure 1. In compliance with the literature on freshwaters (Zhang et al. 2014), the community was dominated by Proteobacteria species, and higher abundances were determined in the sediment samples (ranged 40.4-50.0 %). Especially, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria were the major classes of this phylum in the sediment. On the other hand, the composition of bacterial communities in water samples showed a difference in which Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes (in particular, the order: Flavobacteriales) were also predominated the communities. However, the community profile slightly differed with depth (station 6). At the genus level, most of the reads were not assigned any genera. Ilumatobacter, Fluviicola, and Flavobacterium were represented 3.4-7.1% of the bacterial community of water samples. Fig. 1 Overall, due to the complete mixing conditions in the lake, there was a homogenization of the bacterial communities and the diversity patterns were quite similar in the water samples. In further studies, samples will be collected during the stratification and the community structures will be compared.

scholarly journals Microplastic abundance and distribution in the open water and sediment of the Ottawa River, Canada, and its tributaries

FACETS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse C. Vermaire ◽  
Carrington Pomeroy ◽  
Sofia M. Herczegh ◽  
Owen Haggart ◽  
Meaghan Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Ottawa River ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

Microplastic pollution is prevalent in the Ottawa River, with all open water samples ( n = 62) and sediment samples ( n = 10) containing microplastics. The median microplastic concentration of nearshore 100 L water samples was 0.1 fragments per L (ranged between 0.05 and 0.24 fragments per L). The larger volume Manta trawls samples taken in the middle of the Ottawa River had an overall mean concentration of plastics of 1.35 fragments per m3. Plastic concentrations were significantly higher downstream of the wastewater treatment plant (1.99 fragments per m3) compared with upstream of the effluent output (0.71 fragments per m3), suggesting that the effluent plume is a pathway for plastic pollution to the Ottawa River. The mean concentration of microplastic fragments recovered in the sediment samples was 0.22 fragments per g dry weight. The abundance of microplastics in the sediment was not significantly related to the mean particle size or the organic content of the sediment. The most common form of plastic particles found was microfibers. These made up between 70% and 100% of all plastic particles observed, although plastic microbeads and secondary plastic fragments were also recovered.

MONITORING RIVER WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES BY BOTH PIXE ANALYSIS AND RADIOACTIVITY DETERMINATION

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 199-208
Author(s):  
YUANXUN ZHANG ◽  
DEYI LI ◽  
YINSONG WANG ◽  
WAIGUO SHEN ◽  
MIN ZHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Tandem Accelerator ◽  
Pixe Analysis ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

In cooperation with the Shanghai Environmental Specimen Bank (SESB) research project and in support of the Shanghai government's comprehensive plan to harness the Suzhou River, we collected water and sediment samples in the every spring season since 1998. The elemental analysis of sediment and water samples was performed by the PIXE technique using the 3 × 2 MeV NEC Tandem accelerator at the Taipei Institute of Physics. The characterization of á and â radioactive levels for water and sediment samples was performed using BH1216, low-background, radioactivity instrument at the Shanghai Institute of Nuclear Research. PIXE results showed that the content of Cl , K , Ca , Cr , Mn , Fe , Zn and Pb in river water gradually decreased with the rising tide. At high tide, their concentrations were minimum, and then once again increased toward the ebb tide. The analysis also demonstrated that the radioactivity of water samples had been gradually decreasing year by year. It was found that the decreasing rate of á radioactivity was a little quicker than that of â radioactivity. Further aspects of environmental data evaluation and assessment are also discussed in detail.

scholarly journals Enteric viruses in surface water and sediment samples from the catchment area of Peri Lagoon, Santa Catarina State, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Elmahdy ◽  
G. Fongaro ◽  
C. D. Schissi ◽  
M. M. Petrucio ◽  
C. R. M. Barardi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Plaque Assay ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

This paper aims to quantify human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus species A (RVA), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in surface water and sediments and to determine the viability of HAdV in these samples. Water and sediment samples were collected, and HAdV, RVA, and HAV were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR); HAdV was also evaluated for infectivity by a plaque assay (PA). For the water samples, HAdV was detected in 70.8% of the summer collections, with 82.4% containing infectious HAdV; the HAdV incidence in winter was 62.5%. For the sediment samples, the incidence of HAdV was 37.5% in the summer collections, with 66.7% containing infectious HAdV; the HAdV incidence in winter was 37.5%. RVA was detected in 20.8 and 45.8% of surface water samples collected in summer and winter, respectively, and 8.3 and 12.5% of sediment samples collected in summer and winter, respectively. HAV was detected only in surface waters, with 54.8 and 12.5% positivity in summer and winter samples, respectively. This study demonstrated that enteric viruses are present in water and sediments and that the presence of infectious viruses should be investigated whenever possible for quantitative microbial risk assessment studies. Combined analyses of water and sediments are important for reliable public health risk analysis of recreational and lagoon waters.

MICROBIAL FLORA AND LEVEL OF VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS OF OYSTERS (CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA), WATER AND SEDIMENT FROM GALVESTON BAYa

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 447-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Vanderzant ◽  
C. A. Thompson ◽  
S. M. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Crassostrea Virginica ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Bile Salts ◽  
Microbial Flora ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Aseptic Conditions

Aerobic plate counts at 25 C of freshly harvested oysters ranged from 2.3 × 104 to 3.0 × 107 and those of sediment samples from <102 to 3.0 × 106/g. Counts of water samples were nearly always <102/mi. Vibrio, Aeromonas, and Moraxella species predominated in the fresh oysters. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from 39 of 66 oyster samples and from 9 of 30 sediment and water samples. Isolation was most effective with prior enrichment of samples in trypticase soy broth with 7% NaCl and subsequent plating on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose agar. V. parahaemolyticus was detected in only 1 of 8 refrigerated retail oyster samples. Aerobic plate counts at 25 C of refrigerated retail oysters were not much different from those of similar lots shucked under aseptic conditions in the laboratory (before shucking and washing in the plants). Aeromonas and Moraxella species were predominant in oysters at the retail level.

Occurrence of antibiotic resistance and integronase genes in Taihu Lake

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wang Wang ◽  
Haiqing Pu ◽  
Lin Ye ◽  
Liangyan Chen ◽  
Xuxiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Taihu Lake ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Water And Sediment Samples

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), a potential threat to the health of humans and animals, have been widely detected in various environments. However, not much information about ARGs in freshwater lakes have been recorded. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of 17 kinds of ARGs and three types of integronase genes in Taihu Lake (China), an important drinking water source for local residents. Fecal coliforms were also isolated from the water and sediments for antimicrobial susceptibility tests and related ARGs detection. Results showed that tetracycline resistance gene tetC, sulfanilamide resistance genes sul1 and sul2, and class 1 integronase gene int1 were present in all water and sediment samples. TetG was present in all water samples but was mainly distributed in sediment samples from the northern region of Taihu Lake. β-Lactam resistance gene blaOXA-1 was present in all water samples but was absent in the sediment samples. TetM and tetO were found present in water and sediment samples from the western area of the lake. Remarkably, 95% of isolated fecal coliforms were resistant to trimethoprim and multi-drug resistant isolates were also observed. Sul1 and tetC genes were found to be carried by isolates resistant to corresponding antibiotics. This study provided baseline information about the occurrence of ARGs and integronase genes in Taihu Lake and the results may extend our knowledge about antibiotic resistance of microbial communities in the lake.

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