Drivers and future changes in simultaneous extremes and their implications for global food security

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Kornhuber ◽  
Corey Lesk ◽  
Peter Pfleiderer ◽  
Jonas Jägermeyer ◽  
Carl-Friedrich Schleussner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Rossby Waves ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Wave Characteristics ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Global Food

<p>In a strongly interconnected world, simultaneous extreme weather events in far-away regions could potentially impose high-end risks for societies. In the mid-latitudes, amplified Rossby waves are associated with a strongly meandering jet-stream causing simultaneous heatwaves and floods across multiple major crop producing regions simultaneously with detrimental effects on harvests and potential implications for global food security.</p><p>While no scientific consensus on future changes in these wave events has been established so far, impacts of associated extremes are expected to become more severe due to thermodynamic factors alone, possibly enhancing crop production co-variability across major breadbasket regions and amplifying future risks of multiple harvest failures.</p><p>Quantifying future changes in crop co-variability linked to amplified Rossby waves faces a key challenge: Models need to exhibit sufficient skill along a chain of complex and non-linear features, namely i. Rossby Wave characteristics, ii. location and magnitude of associated surface extremes and iii. respective yield response. Here we investigate those relationships in the latest CMIP6 and GGCMI model simulations, providing preliminary results on future changes in crop production co-variability, linked to amplified Rossby waves.</p>

Food safety and methods to ensure food security in the face of climate change.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Jyoti Tripathi ◽  
◽  
Prasad S. Variyar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Food

Serious social, economic, and ecological consequences of climate change due to the high levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in our atmosphere resulting from a wide range of human activities including the burning of fossil fuels and land use have impacted weather events world over. Extreme weather events and warmer global temperatures are likely to be more frequent with an adverse overall effect on agricultural production unless there is an urgent reduction in GHG emissions. There is thus an immediate need for increasing adaptive capacity in agriculture to long-term climatic trends and increasing variability in weather patterns. Climate change also poses significant challenges to global food safety due to the emergence of new pathogens, insect pests, and toxicants. Food safety threats cause an enormous burden on economies due to disruptions or restrictions in global and regional agrifood trade, food loss, and associated income. Food safety thus plays a critical role across the four pillars of food security—availability, access, utilization, and stability. Climate change is likely to create new safety issues entailing reassessing our tolerance to risk and safety limits presently established for the human food chain. The present review focuses on the factors affecting food security and safety as a consequence of climate change and the pre- and postharvest strategies that need to be adopted to mitigate these effects for enhancing food safety and global food sufficiency in future.

Food safety and methods to ensure food security in the face of climate change.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (015) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Global Food

Abstract Serious social, economic, and ecological consequences of climate change due to the high levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in our atmosphere resulting from a wide range of human activities including the burning of fossil fuels and land use have impacted weather events world over. Extreme weather events and warmer global temperatures are likely to be more frequent with an adverse overall effect on agricultural production unless there is an urgent reduction in GHG emissions. There is thus an immediate need for increasing adaptive capacity in agriculture to long-term climatic trends and increasing variability in weather patterns. Climate change also poses significant challenges to global food safety due to the emergence of new pathogens, insect pests, and toxicants. Food safety threats cause an enormous burden on economies due to disruptions or restrictions in global and regional agrifood trade, food loss, and associated income. Food safety thus plays a critical role across the four pillars of food security-availability, access, utilization, and stability. Climate change is likely to create new safety issues entailing reassessing our tolerance to risk and safety limits presently established for the human food chain. The present review focuses on the factors affecting food security and safety as a consequence of climate change and the pre- and postharvest strategies that need to be adopted to mitigate these effects for enhancing food safety and global food sufficiency in future.

scholarly journals FRAMING GM CROPS AS A SOLUTION FOR GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (9SE) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
P.B Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Fruit Storage ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Global Food

Genetically Modified organisms (GMOs) are a tool of solution in helping to tackle the challenge of global food security for ever growing population. With global population expected to grow by 40% in the next few decades, agriculture will need to become more productive and more sustainable in order to keep pace with rapidly increasing demands. The current biotechnology permits to alter the genetic makeup of living organisms to produce much quicker and beneficial results. The present study is aimed to evaluate the economic, environmental and nutritive benefits of transgenic crops. We have reviewed many articles from various journals, blogs and media clips related to the subject. Results indicate that the use of GMOs have many potential benefits that include increased crop production, improved nutrition, and drought tolerance, reduced fertilizers and pesticides, better environmental condition, improved economic benefits and improvement in fruit storage. Conversely, there are few concerns about possible unpredicted adverse health effects, environmental damage, gene pollution and business exploitation. Results also indicate the towering costs and uncertainty about the guidelines of GMOs have slowed the rate of innovation of new qualities and prevented set ups and major corporate sectors from developing many second-generation varieties to facilitate the improvement of our well-being.

scholarly journals Reconciling Techno-simplicity and Eco-complexity for future food security

F1000Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Santiago L. Poggio ◽  
Sarina Macfadyen ◽  
David A. Bohan
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Landscape Complexity ◽  
Ecosystem Integrity ◽  
Ecological Intensification ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Yield Gaps ◽  
Global Food

Ecological intensification has been proposed as a paradigm for ensuring global food security while preserving biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. Ecological intensification was originally coined to promote precise site-specific farming practices aimed at reducing yield gaps, while avoiding negative environmental impacts (techno-simplicity). Recently, it has been extended to stress the importance of landscape complexity to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem services (eco-complexity). While these perspectives on ecological intensification may seem distinct, they are not incompatible and should be interwoven to create more comprehensive and practical solutions. Here, we argue that designing cropping systems to be more diverse, across space and time would be an effective route to accomplish environmentally-friendly intensification of crop production. Such a novel approach will require better integration of knowledge at the landscape level for increasing agro-biodiversity (focused on interventions outside fields) with strategies diversifying cropping systems to manage weeds and pests (focused on interventions inside fields).

scholarly journals Next-Generation Breeding Strategies for Climate-Ready Crops

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Razzaq ◽  
Parwinder Kaur ◽  
Naheed Akhter ◽  
Shabir Hussain Wani ◽  
Fozia Saleem
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Gene Repertoire ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Base Editing ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Global Food

Climate change is a threat to global food security due to the reduction of crop productivity around the globe. Food security is a matter of concern for stakeholders and policymakers as the global population is predicted to bypass 10 billion in the coming years. Crop improvement via modern breeding techniques along with efficient agronomic practices innovations in microbiome applications, and exploiting the natural variations in underutilized crops is an excellent way forward to fulfill future food requirements. In this review, we describe the next-generation breeding tools that can be used to increase crop production by developing climate-resilient superior genotypes to cope with the future challenges of global food security. Recent innovations in genomic-assisted breeding (GAB) strategies allow the construction of highly annotated crop pan-genomes to give a snapshot of the full landscape of genetic diversity (GD) and recapture the lost gene repertoire of a species. Pan-genomes provide new platforms to exploit these unique genes or genetic variation for optimizing breeding programs. The advent of next-generation clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated (CRISPR/Cas) systems, such as prime editing, base editing, and de nova domestication, has institutionalized the idea that genome editing is revamped for crop improvement. Also, the availability of versatile Cas orthologs, including Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14, improved the editing efficiency. Now, the CRISPR/Cas systems have numerous applications in crop research and successfully edit the major crop to develop resistance against abiotic and biotic stress. By adopting high-throughput phenotyping approaches and big data analytics tools like artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), agriculture is heading toward automation or digitalization. The integration of speed breeding with genomic and phenomic tools can allow rapid gene identifications and ultimately accelerate crop improvement programs. In addition, the integration of next-generation multidisciplinary breeding platforms can open exciting avenues to develop climate-ready crops toward global food security.

Toward large-scale crop production forecasts for global food security

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (5/6) ◽  
pp. 5:1-5:11 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Badr ◽  
L. J. Klein ◽  
M. Freitag ◽  
C. M. Albrecht ◽  
F. J. Marianno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Global Food

scholarly journals Crop Microclimate Modification to Address Climate Change

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 384-395
Author(s):  
Udit Debangshi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Climatic Elements

Climate-related agricultural vulnerabilities, as well as their implications for food security and farm livelihoods, have been extensively documented. Extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, heat and cold waves, hailstorms, strong winds, cyclones, and other weather events have increased the exposures of agriculture to climate risk. These processes are hampered by a lack of appropriate climatic elements, resulting in an unfavourable drop in crop productivity. Increased frequency and intensity of droughts and floods, as well as erratic precipitation patterns are predicted to increase year-to-year yield variability in crop production. Microclimate, which refers to the climatic elements in the immediate vicinity of the plants, is critical because it regulates and affects the physiological reactions of the plants as well as the energy exchange activities between the plant and its surroundings. Implementation of such microclimatic modifications in crop production are required to manage extreme weather risks and boost crop output in order to increase food security and agricultural sustainability in this changing climate. The goal of this paper is to improve crop production and land productivity by modifying microclimate as a manifestation of the efficiency and effectiveness of growth factor utilisation. Keywords: Agriculture's vulnerability, Crop productivity, Climate change, Microclimatic modifications.

scholarly journals A Critical Review: Recent Advancements in the Use of CRISPR/Cas9 Technology to Enhance Crops and Alleviate Global Food Crises

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 1950-1976
Author(s):  
Adnan Rasheed ◽  
Rafaqat Ali Gill ◽  
Muhammad Umair Hassan ◽  
Athar Mahmood ◽  
Sameer Qari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Environmental Stresses ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Global Food

Genome editing (GE) has revolutionized the biological sciences by creating a novel approach for manipulating the genomes of living organisms. Many tools have been developed in recent years to enable the editing of complex genomes. Therefore, a reliable and rapid approach for increasing yield and tolerance to various environmental stresses is necessary to sustain agricultural crop production for global food security. This critical review elaborates the GE tools used for crop improvement. These tools include mega-nucleases (MNs), such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), and transcriptional activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). Specifically, this review addresses the latest advancements in the role of CRISPR/Cas9 for genome manipulation for major crop improvement, including yield and quality development of biotic stress- and abiotic stress-tolerant crops. Implementation of this technique will lead to the production of non-transgene crops with preferred characteristics that can result in enhanced yield capacity under various environmental stresses. The CRISPR/Cas9 technique can be combined with current and potential breeding methods (e.g., speed breeding and omics-assisted breeding) to enhance agricultural productivity to ensure food security. We have also discussed the challenges and limitations of CRISPR/Cas9. This information will be useful to plant breeders and researchers in the thorough investigation of the use of CRISPR/Cas9 to boost crops by targeting the gene of interest.

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