Understanding the interdependent cycles of soil carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus during soil saturation events 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Lieberman ◽  
Christian von Sperber ◽  
Maia Rothman ◽  
Cynthia Kallenbach
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Flood Duration ◽  
Soil Saturation ◽  
Flood Period ◽  
Soluble C

<p>With climate change, much of the world will experience devastating shifts in weather patterns like increased flooding, intensifying periods of soil saturation. Soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles are sensitive to changes in soil saturation, where exchange between the mineral-bound and the soluble bioavailable pools can occur with increases in moisture content. With soil saturation, C, N, and P may be mobilized either through greater diffusion or reduced conditions that cause desorption of mineral-bound C, N and P into their respective soluble pools. De-sorption, resorption and diffusion dynamics of C, N, and P may or may not reflect the stoichiometry of the mineral bound pool. Changes in bioavailable soluble C, N and P that could occur with soil saturation and drying may cause unknown consequences for microbial biomass C:N:P. With increases in soil moisture, simultaneous changes in both substrate stoichiometry and microbial growth may occur that impact microbial biomass stoichiometry.  Such changes in microbial stoichiometry and microbial retention of C, N, and P may affect the post-flood fate of soluble C, N, and P. Understanding how releases in mineral bound C, N and P alter the bioavailable C:N:P and how this in turn impacts microbial activity and accumulation of these substrates can inform predictions of retention or losses of C, N and P following soil saturation events.</p><p>To determine if mineral-bound, soluble and microbial biomass stoichiometry is maintained or altered during and after soil saturation events, we used a laboratory incubation approach with manipulated soil saturation and duration. Soil incubations were maintained at three water-holding capacity (WHC) levels: 20% (control), 50%, (moderate) and 100% (severe). We maintained the moderate and severe water-logging treatments for  0.5 h, 24 h, 1 week, followed by air-drying to 20% WHC to examine the influence of flood duration. To understand the exchanges of C, N and P between different pools during flooding, we compared changes in soluble and mineral bound soil C, N and P and impacts on microbial C, N, and P exo-cellular enzymes, and microbial biomass C:N:P. Preliminary results indicate that greater soil moisture content increases soluble P and that the 24 hour flood period captures shifts in the mineral bound P pool that do not remain for the longer flood period (1 week). Enzyme activity similarly reflects an increase in microbial activity in the soil held at 50% and 100% moisture content for 24 hours. We also discuss how soil moisture levels and flood duration impact soluble and mineral bound C relative to P, and how microbial biomass C:N:P tracks these fractions. By exploring the combined response of mineral-bound and soluble C, N, and P to variation in soil saturation, we can better understand how different flood scenarios will impact soil C, N and P retention.</p>

Influence of Plastic Mulching on Soil Moisture, Nutrient and Microbial Biomass in Pineapple Cultivation on Undulating Hilly Areas of Nagaland

Agropedology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christy Sangma ◽  
◽  
A. Thirugnanavel ◽  
Ph. Romen Sharma ◽  
G. Rajesha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Available N ◽  
Plastic Mulching

The pineapple var. Kew was planted on black polythene film mulching with double hedgerow planting to find out the influence of mulches on soil and plant. The soil samples were collected twice (kharif and rabi) at two different depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm), and the pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, basal respiration and soil microbial biomass carbon were analysed. The data revealed that soil organic carbon and available N, P, and K content were slightly higher in the bottom hill than the top hill. The mulched field had higher nutrients than the non-mulched field. The fertility level varied slightly between the seasons. The biological parameters (microbial biomass carbon) were observed to be significantly higher (P≤0.05) in the bottom hill in both the seasons than the non-mulched field. The soil moisture content ranged from 5.9 % in March to 24.24 % August in the bottom hill (15-30 cm depth). The moisture content in the non-mulched field was lower than the mulched field.

Corrigenda - Temporal fluctuations in biochemical properties of soil under pasture. I. Respiratory activity and microbial biomass

Soil Research ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
DJ Ross ◽  
VA Orchard ◽  
DA Rhoades
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Respiratory Activity ◽  
Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Moist Soil ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Temporal Fluctuations

Temporal fluctuations in respiratory activity (CO2 production) and two indices of microbial biomass (biomass carbon and mineral-nitrogen flush contents) were determined in topsoil, predominantly a Typic Haplaquoll, from a site under grazed pastures in the Wairarapa area. Samples, with organic carbon contents averaging 6.7 and 3.6%, were taken from two separate plots at c. 4-weekly intervals for over a year. Biomass indices were estimated by the chloroform fumigation technique. The suitability of a physiological procedure for indicating biomass fluctuations was also investigated. Correlations between properties were calculated with plot effects removed. Rates of CO2 production by field-moist soil, and soil at a standardized water potential, were lowest in samples taken at the driest time of the year and correlated significantly with field-moisture content. In contrast, biomass carbon estimates were generally highest in late summer and autumn, and lowest in winter, and were correlated negatively with soil moisture content. Mineral-nitrogen flush fluctuations were less marked, and not significantly related to soil moisture or biomass carbon content. In the physiological procedure, using field-moist soil, neither rates of CO2 production by soil + glucose, nor net glucose response values, were correlated significantly with biomass carbon estimated by the fumigation technique. This procedure therefore appears unsuitable for estimating temporal fluctuations in the biomass of an individual soil under pasture.

THE EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE ON FUSARIUM SPECIES

1953 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Stover
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Optimum Growth ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Genus Fusarium ◽  
Saturated Condition ◽  
Soil Saturation

Six species and forms of the genus Fusarium show optimum growth and survival in soil at 15% saturation. Optimum soil moisture content for actinomycete growth and survival is similar to that for the Fusarium species whereas that for bacteria is at 75% soil saturation. The present studies indicate that Fusarium spp. are strongly aerobic and that Fusarium populations can be greatly reduced by maintaining the soil in a saturated condition in the absence of hosts.

scholarly journals Soil Nematode Fauna and Microbial Characteristics in an Early-Successional Forest Ecosystem

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renčo ◽  
Čerevková ◽  
Gömöryová
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Nematode Communities ◽  
Functional Guilds ◽  
Ecosystem Disturbance ◽  
Plant Parasites ◽  
Nematode Abundance

Windstorms can often decrease the diversity of native local biota in European forests. The effects of windstorms on the species richness of flora and fauna in coniferous forests of natural reserves are well established, but the effects on biotas in productive deciduous forests have been less well studied. We analyzed the impact of windstorms on the diversity and abundance of soil nematode communities and microbial activity and their relationships with the succession of plant species and basic soil physicochemical properties 12 and 36 months after a windstorm in Fagus sylvatica forests. The relationships were investigated in cleared early-successional forest ecosystems and at undamaged forest sites as a control. The windstorm significantly affected total nematode abundance, number of nematode species, and the diversity and abundance of all nematode functional guilds, but no functional guilds disappeared after the disturbance. The abundance of several nematode taxa but not total nematode abundance was positively correlated with soil-moisture content. Indices of the nematode communities were inconsistent between sites due to their variable ability to identify ecosystem disturbance 12 months after the storm. In contrast, the metabolic activity of various functional groups identified ecosystem disturbance well throughout the study. Positive correlations were identified between the number of plant parasites and soil-moisture content and between carnivore abundance and soil pH. Positive mutual links of some nematode genera (mainly plant parasites) with the distribution of dominant grasses and herbs depended on the habitat. In contrast, microbial activity differed significantly between disturbed and undisturbed sites up to 36 months after the storm, especially soil basal respiration, N mineralization, and microbial biomass. Our results indicated different temporal responses for two groups of soil organisms to the destruction of the tree canopy. Soil nematodes reacted immediately, but changes in the microbial communities were visible much later after the disturbance.

Pore size effect on soil carbon dynamics during decomposition of switchgrass

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyungmin Kim ◽  
Andrey Guber ◽  
Alexandra Kravchenko
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Priming Effect ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Phenol Oxidase ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Cycle

<p>Soil pore size distribution (PSD) regulates oxygen diffusion and transport of water/mineralized nutrients. Microbial activity, which drives the carbon (C) cycle in the soil system, can react to these physical factors regulated by PSD. In this study, we investigated the contribution of PSD to C-related microbial activity during the switchgrass decomposition. We used two types of soils, which have controlled PSD (dominant pore size of < 10um and > 30 um). 13C labeled switchgrass leaf and root were incorporated into different PSD of soils and incubated for 21 days under 50% water-filled pore space. During the incubation, microbial activity was assessed with several indicators. i) Fate and transport of mineralized switchgrass, ii) Priming effect, iii) Spatial distribution of b-glucosidase and phenol oxidase, and iv) Microbial biomass. Our preliminary results showed that CO2 emission from switchgrass leaf was greater in the soil dominated by < 10 um pores. Higher b -glucosidase activity and mineralized C from switchgrass leaf supported greater C-related activity in such soil. However, interestingly, we observed a greater priming effect in the soil dominated by > 30 um pores. Due to the less mineralization and transport of switchgrass-derived C in such pores, enzymes targeting more complex substrate could be more active in such soil stimulating mineralization of native soil C. Our full results of phenol oxidase, microbial biomass, and more detailed analysis on 13C and C dynamics will help understanding how PSD can affect biochemical reactions in plant decomposition system.</p>

Distribution of microbial biomass and activity of extracellular enzymes in a hardwood forest soil reflect soil moisture content

2010 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Baldrian ◽  
Věra Merhautová ◽  
Mirka Petránková ◽  
Tomáš Cajthaml ◽  
Jaroslav Šnajdr
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Extracellular Enzymes ◽  
Hardwood Forest

scholarly journals Effects of litter and root manipulations on soil carbon and nitrogen in a Schrenk’s spruce (Picea schrenkiana) forest

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247725
Author(s):  
Haiqiang Zhu ◽  
Lu Gong ◽  
Zhaolong Ding ◽  
Yuefeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Plant Detritus ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N ◽  
Root Exclusion

Plant detritus represents the major source of soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), and changes in its quantity can influence below-ground biogeochemical processes in forests. However, we lack a mechanistic understanding of how above- and belowground detrital inputs affect soil C and N in mountain forests in an arid land. Here, we explored the effects of litter and root manipulations (control (CK), doubled litter input (DL), removal of litter (NL), root exclusion (NR), and a combination of litter removal and root exclusion (NI)) on soil C and N concentrations, enzyme activity and microbial biomass during a 2-year field experiment. We found that DL had no significant effect on soil total organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) but significantly increased soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass C, N and inorganic N as well as soil cellulase, phosphatase and peroxidase activities. Conversely, NL and NR reduced soil C and N concentrations and enzyme activities. We also found an increase in the biomass of soil bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in the DL treatment, while NL reduced the biomass of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria and fungi by 5.15%, 17.50% and 14.17%, respectively. The NR decreased the biomass of these three taxonomic groups by 8.97%, 22.11% and 21.36%, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that soil biotic factors (enzyme activity and microbial biomass) and abiotic factors (soil moisture content) significantly controlled the change in soil C and N concentrations (P < 0.01). In brief, we found that the short-term input of plant detritus could markedly affect the concentrations and biological characteristics of the C and N fractions in soil. The removal experiment indicated that the contribution of roots to soil nutrients is greater than that of the litter.

Empirical modelling of plant and soil carbon flux drivers under field conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris McCloskey ◽  
Guy Kirk ◽  
Wilfred Otten ◽  
Eric Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Carbon ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Gas Flux ◽  
Soil C ◽  
C Dynamics ◽  
Plant Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

&lt;p&gt;Our understanding of soil carbon (C) dynamics is limited; field measurements necessarily conflate fluxes from plant and soil sources and we therefore lack long-term field-scale data on soil C fluxes to use to test and improve soil C models. Furthermore, it is often unclear whether findings from lab-based studies, such as the presence of rhizosphere priming, apply to soil systems in the field. It is particularly important that we are able to understand the roles of soil temperature and moisture, and plant C inputs, as drivers of soil C dynamics in order to predict how changing climate and plant productivity may affect the net C balance of soils. We have developed a field laboratory with which to generate much-needed long-term C flux data under field conditions, giving near-continuous measurements of plant and soil C fluxes and their drivers.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The laboratory contains 24 0.8-m diameter, 1-m deep, naturally-structured soil monoliths of two contrasting C3 soils (a clay-loam and a sandy soil) in lysimeters. These are sown with a C4 grass (&lt;em&gt;Bouteloua dactyloides&lt;/em&gt;), providing a large difference in C isotope signature between C4 plant respiration and C3-origin soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, which enables clear partitioning of the net C flux. This species is used as a pasture grass in the United States, and regular trimming through the growing season simulates low-intensity grazing. The soil monoliths are fitted with gas flux chambers and connected via an automated sampling loop to a cavity ring-down spectrometer, which measures the concentration and &lt;sup&gt;12&lt;/sup&gt;C:&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C isotopic ratio of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; during flux chamber closure. Depth-resolved measurements of soil temperature and moisture in each monolith are made near-continuously, along with measurements of incoming solar radiation, rainfall, and air temperature a the field site. The gas flux chambers are fitted with removable reflective backout covers allowing flux measurements both incorporating, and in the absence of, photosynthesis.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We have collected net ecosystem respiration data, measurements of photosynthesis, and recorded potential drivers of respiration over two growing seasons through 2018 and 2019. Through partitioning fluxes between plant respiration and SOM mineralisation we have revealed clear diurnal trends in both plant and soil C fluxes, along with overarching seasonal trends which modify both the magnitude of fluxes and their diurnal patterns. Rates of photosynthesis have been interpolated between measurement periods using machine learning to generate a predictive model, which has allowed us to investigate the effect of plant productivity on SOM mineralisation and assess whether rhizosphere priming can be detected in our system. Through regression analyses and linear mixed effects modelling we have evaluated the roles of soil temperature, soil moisture, and soil N content as drivers of variation in plant and soil respiration in our two contrasting soils. This has shown soil temperature to be the most important control on SOM mineralisation, with soil moisture content playing only a minor role. We have also used our empirical models to suggest how the carbon balance of pasture and grassland soils may respond to warming temperatures.&lt;/p&gt;

ALLOCATION AND MICROBIAL UTILIZATION OF C IN TWO SOILS CROPPED TO BARLEY

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. DINWOODIE ◽  
N. G. JUMA
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Black Soil ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Microbial Utilization ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Microbial C ◽  
Soluble C

This study was undertaken to compare some aspects of carbon cycling in a Gray Luvisol at Breton and a Black soil at Ellerslie, Alberta cropped to barley. Comparisons of the above and below-ground allocation of carbon, distribution of carbon in soil, and microbial use of carbon were made between sites. Shoot C, root C, microbial biomass C, soil organic C, water soluble organic C, and polysaccharide C were measured on four dates between 31 July and 20 Oct. 1986. The total quantity of carbon in the soil-plant system at Ellerslie (17.2 kg C m−2) was greater than at Breton (6.6 kg C m−2). On average shoot C at Ellerslie (247 g C m−2) was greater than at Breton (147 g m−2). The quantity of root C (avg. 21 g C m−2) was the same at both sites resulting in higher shoot C:root C ratios at Ellerslie than Breton. Microbial biomass (expressed as g C m−2 or g C g−1 root C) was one to two times lower at Breton than at Ellerslie but respiration (g CO2-C g−1 microbial biomass C) during a 10-d laboratory incubation was two to four times greater. Microbial biomass C, soluble C and polysaccharide C expressed as mg C g−1 of soil were less at Breton than Ellerslie. However when these data were compared on a relative basis in terms of soil C (g C g−1 soil C), microbial biomass C and soluble C were higher at Breton than Ellerslie. Polysaccharide C was the same at both sites. Although the microbial biomass was smaller at Breton than at Ellerslie, more carbon was lost from the system by microbial respiration and a greater proportion of the carbon in the soil was in microbial and soluble C pools. Soil characteristics, and cropping history affected the amount of carbon stabilized in soil. Key words: Chernozemic, Luvisolic, microbial C, soluble C, polysaccharide C, soil organic matter, barley

scholarly journals Microbial biomass and activity in litter during the initial development of pure and mixed plantations of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Bini ◽  
Aline Fernandes Figueiredo ◽  
Mylenne Cacciolari Pinheiro da Silva ◽  
Rafael Leandro de Figueiredo Vasconcellos ◽  
Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Microbial Biomass C ◽  
Senescent Leaf ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Leaf Drop

Studies on microbial activity and biomass in forestry plantations often overlook the role of litter, typically focusing instead on soil nutrient contents to explain plant and microorganism development. However, since the litter is a significant source of recycled nutrients that affect nutrient dynamics in the soil, litter composition may be more strongly correlated with forest growth and development than soil nutrient contents. This study aimed to test this hypothesis by examining correlations between soil C, N, and P; litter C, N, P, lignin content, and polyphenol content; and microbial biomass and activity in pure and mixed second-rotation plantations of Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia mangium before and after senescent leaf drop. The numbers of cultivable fungi and bacteria were also estimated. All properties were correlated with litter C, N, P, lignin and polyphenols, and with soil C and N. We found higher microbial activity (CO2 evolution) in litter than in soil. In the E. grandis monoculture before senescent leaf drop, microbial biomass C was 46 % higher in litter than in soil. After leaf drop, this difference decreased to 16 %. In A. mangium plantations, however, microbial biomass C was lower in litter than in soil both before and after leaf drop. Microbial biomass N of litter was approximately 94 % greater than that of the soil in summer and winter in all plantations. The number of cultivable fungi and bacteria increased after leaf drop, especially so in the litter. Fungi were also more abundant in the E. grandis litter. In general, the A. mangium monoculture was associated with higher levels of litter lignin and N, especially after leaf drop. In contrast, the polyphenol and C levels in E. grandis monoculture litter were higher after leaf drop. These properties were negatively correlated with total soil C and N. Litter in the mixed stands had lower C:N and C:P ratios and higher N, P, and C levels in the microbial biomass. This suggests more effective nutrient cycling in mixed plantations in the long term, greater stimulation of microbial activity in litter and soil, and a more sustainable system in general.

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