scholarly journals Studying the large-scale effect of leaf thermoregulation using an Earth system model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin Heidkamp ◽  
Felix Ament ◽  
Philipp de Vrese ◽  
Andreas Chlond
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Leaf Temperature ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Excess

Abstract. Plants have the ability to regulate heat and water losses. This process also known as leaf thermoregulation helps to maintain the leaf temperature within an optimal range. In a number of laboratory and field experiments, the leaf temperature has been found to deviate substantially from the ambient temperature. In the present study, we address the question of whether the negative correlation between the leaf temperature excess and the ambient air temperature, which is characteristic of leaf thermoregulation, constitutes a robust feature at larger scales, across a broad range of atmospheric conditions and canopy characteristics. To this end, we developed a new dual-source canopy layer energy balance scheme (CEBa) and implemented it into JSBACH, the land component of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology's Earth system model (MPI-ESM). The approach calculates the temperature and humidity in the ambient canopy air space, the temperature of the ground surface, and the temperature of the leaf as well as the energy and moisture fluxes between the different compartments. Here leaf thermoregulation is investigated using different modeling approaches, namely a zero-dimensional instantaneous solution of the energy balance as well as offline FLUXNET site experiments and coupled global simulations. With the help of the simulations at the site-level, we can show that the model is capable of reproducing the effect of leaf thermoregulation even though the simulated signal at the canopy scale is less pronounced than indicated by measurements at the leaf scale. However, on a global scale and over longer-timescales, this negative correlation is only simulated in idealized setups that neglect limitations on the plant available water, and even then, the signal is less pronounced than indicated by the short-term observations of individual leaves. When accounting for moisture limitations, we predominantly find positive correlations between leaf temperature excess and the ambient air temperature.

Comparison of the surface mass and energy balance of CESM and MAR forced by CESM over Greenland: present and future

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Lang ◽  
Charles Amory ◽  
Alison Delhasse ◽  
Stefan Hofer ◽  
Christoph Kittel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Added Value ◽  
System Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Surface Mass

<p>We have compared the surface mass (SMB) and energy balance of the Earth System model (ESM) CESM (Community Earth System Model) with those of the regional climate model (RCM) MAR (Modèle Atmosphérique Régional) forced by CESM over the present era (1981 — 2010) and the future (2011 — 2100 with SSP585 scenario).</p><p>Until now, global climate models (GCM) and ESMs forcing RCMs such as MAR didn’t include a module able to simulate snow and energy balance at the surface of a snow pack like the SISVAT module of MAR and were therefore not able to simulate the SMB of an ice sheet. Evaluating the added value of an RCM compared to a GCM could only be done by comparing atmospheric outputs (temperature, wind, precipitation …) in both models. CESM is the first ESM including a land model capable of simulating the surface of an ice sheet and thus to directly compare the SMB of an RCM and an ESM the first time.</p><p>Our results show that, if the SMB and is components are very similar in CESM and MAR over the present era, they quickly start to diverge in our future projection, the SMB of MAR decreasing more than that of CESM. This difference in SMB evolution is almost exclusively explained by a much larger increase of the melter runoff in MAR compared to CESM whereas the temporal evolution of snowfall, rainfall and sublimation is comparable in both runs.</p>

Biogeophysical effects of idealised land cover and land management changes on the climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven De Hertog ◽  
Inne Vanderkelen ◽  
Felix Havermann ◽  
Suqi Guo ◽  
Julia Pongratz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Local Effect ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Local Cooling ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Local Warming ◽  
The Tropics

<p>Land cover and land management (LCLM) changes have been highlighted for their critical role in low-end warming scenarios, both in terms of global mitigation and local adaptation. Yet the overall potential of LCLM options and their combination is still poorly understood. Here we model the climatic effects of four LCLM options using three state-of-the-art Earth system models, including the Community Earth System Model (CESM), the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) and the European Consortium Earth System Model (EC-EARTH). The considered LCLM options represent idealized conditions:(i) a fully afforested world, (ii) a fully deforested world, (ii) a fully afforested world with extensive wood harvesting, and (iv) a fully deforested world with extensive irrigation. In these idealized sensitivity experiments, ran under present-day climate conditions, the effects of the different LCLM strategies represent an upper bound of the potential for global mitigation and local adaptation. To disentangle the local and non-local effects from the LCLM changes, a checkerboard perturbation, as proposed by Winckler et al. (2017) is applied.</p><p>Our first results show that deforestation leads to a pronounced warming in 2m air temperature in CESM over most regions, being most pronounced in the tropics (up to 4°C). In contrast, in the boreal regions of North America and Asia, deforestation causes a ~1°C cooling in 2m air temperature. In CESM, the local effect seems to dominate the temperature response from deforestation, while the resulting non-local effect overall has a smaller magnitude. This contrasts to the effect from afforestation, of which the non-local component dominates the 2m air temperature signal. Afforestation indeed shows a strong local cooling in the tropics and a slight local warming in the temperate and boreal regions, yet, the local cooling is regionally offset by  a global, non-local warming of up to 2 °C. In a next step, we will extend this analysis to the ensemble of Earth system models and increase our process-based understanding of these results and their implications on hot extremes as well as the effects on other temperature metrics (surface temperature and temperature of the lowest level of atmospheric column). Finally, we will perform a subgrid-scale comparison of the effects of LCLM on temperature.</p><p><strong>References:</strong></p><p>Winckler, J., Reick, C.H., Pongratz, J., 2017. Robust identification of local biogeophysical effects of land-cover change in a global climate model, American Meteorological society, 30(2), DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0067.1</p>

Treatment of a Municipal Leachate Under Multi-Variable Conditions

1982 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
P.T. Wong ◽  
D.S. Mavinic
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Nutrient Loading ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Removal Rates ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature

Abstract The treatability of a municipal leachate (BOD5 = 8090 mg/L) was investigated, by aerobic biostabilization, at a nutrient loading of BOD5:N:P of 100:3.2:1.1. The first stage effluents were subsequently polished by lime-magnesium coagulation. The ranges of ambient air temperature and sludge age studied were 5° to 25°C and 5 to 20 days, respectively. In the biostabilization phase, a BOD5:N:P loading of 100:3.2:1.1 was found to be “adequate” for treatment. Organic and metal removals in the first stage units were excellent. Under all conditions investigated, except for the two units close to washout conditions (5-day sludge age units at 5° and 10°C), BOD5 and COD removals of at least 99.4 and 96.4 percent, respectively, were achieved. Similarly, removal rates for most of the metals monitored were greater than 90 percent. In general, the removal of residual contaminants was not enhanced significantly by the addition of magnesium in the lime-magnesium polishing step.

Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology Earth System Model and Its Simulation Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyundo Pak ◽  
Yign Noh ◽  
Myong-In Lee ◽  
Sang-Wook Yeh ◽  
Daehyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Ocean Science

scholarly journals Climate Change Projection in the Twenty-First Century Simulated by NIMS-KMA CMIP6 Model Based on New GHGs Concentration Pathways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun Min Sung ◽  
Jisun Kim ◽  
Sungbo Shim ◽  
Jeong-byn Seo ◽  
Sang-Hoon Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
First Century ◽  
System Model ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Future Projections ◽  
Twenty First Century

AbstractThe National Institute of Meteorological Sciences-Korea Meteorological Administration (NIMS-KMA) has participated in the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP) and provided long-term simulations using the coupled climate model. The NIMS-KMA produces new future projections using the ensemble mean of KMA Advanced Community Earth system model (K-ACE) and UK Earth System Model version1 (UKESM1) simulations to provide scientific information of future climate changes. In this study, we analyze four experiments those conducted following the new shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) based scenarios to examine projected climate change in the twenty-first century. Present day (PD) simulations show high performance skill in both climate mean and variability, which provide a reliability of the climate models and reduces the uncertainty in response to future forcing. In future projections, global temperature increases from 1.92 °C to 5.20 °C relative to the PD level (1995–2014). Global mean precipitation increases from 5.1% to 10.1% and sea ice extent decreases from 19% to 62% in the Arctic and from 18% to 54% in the Antarctic. In addition, climate changes are accelerating toward the late twenty-first century. Our CMIP6 simulations are released to the public through the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) international data sharing portal and are used to support the establishment of the national adaptation plan for climate change in South Korea.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Cloud Particle‐Size Feedback in an Earth System Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (19) ◽  
pp. 10910-10917
Author(s):  
Jiang Zhu ◽  
Christopher J. Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
System Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Cloud Particle

scholarly journals Simulations of the Mid-Pliocene Warm Period using the NASA/GISS ModelE2-R Earth System Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 2811-2842 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Chandler ◽  
L. E. Sohl ◽  
J. A. Jonas ◽  
H. J. Dowsett
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Earth System Model ◽  
Warm Period ◽  
System Model ◽  
Earth System ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Future Global Warming

Abstract. Climate reconstructions of the mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP) bear many similarities to aspects of future global warming as projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In particular, marine and terrestrial paleoclimate data point to high latitude temperature amplification, with associated decreases in sea ice and land ice and altered vegetation distributions that show expansion of warmer climate biomes into higher latitudes. NASA GISS climate models have been used to study the Pliocene climate since the USGS PRISM project first identified that the mid-Pliocene North Atlantic sea surface temperatures were anomalously warm. Here we present the most recent simulations of the Pliocene using the AR5/CMIP5 version of the GISS Earth System Model known as ModelE2-R. These simulations constitute the NASA contribution to the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP) Experiment 2. Many findings presented here corroborate results from other PlioMIP multi-model ensemble papers, but we also emphasize features in the ModelE2-R simulations that are unlike the ensemble means. We provide discussion of features that show considerable improvement compared with simulations from previous versions of the NASA GISS models, improvement defined here as simulation results that more closely resemble the ocean core data as well as the PRISM3D reconstructions of the mid-Pliocene climate. In some regions even qualitative agreement between model results and paleodata are an improvement over past studies, but the dramatic warming in the North Atlantic and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea in these new simulations is by far the most accurate portrayal ever of this key geographic region by the GISS climate model. Our belief is that continued development of key physical routines in the atmospheric model, along with higher resolution and recent corrections to mixing parameterizations in the ocean model, have led to an Earth System Model that will produce more accurate projections of future climate.

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