scholarly journals Soil temperature response to 21st century global warming: the role of and some implications for peat carbon in thawing permafrost soils in North America

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wisser ◽  
S. Marchenko ◽  
J. Talbot ◽  
C. Treat ◽  
S. Frolking
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Carbon Pool ◽  
Permafrost Soil ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Thawing Permafrost

Abstract. Northern peatlands contain a large terrestrial carbon pool that plays an important role in the Earth's carbon cycle. A considerable fraction of this carbon pool is currently in permafrost and is biogeochemically relatively inert; this will change with increasing soil temperatures as a result of climate warming in the 21st century. We use a geospatially explicit representation of peat areas and peat depth from a recently-compiled database and a geothermal model to estimate northern North America soil temperature responses to predicted changes in air temperature. We find that, despite a widespread decline in the areas classified as permafrost, soil temperatures in peatlands respond more slowly to increases in air temperature owing to the insulating properties of peat. We estimate that an additional 670 km3 of peat soils in North America, containing ~33 Pg C, could be seasonally thawed by the end of the century, representing ~20% of the total peat volume in Alaska and Canada. Warming conditions result in a lengthening of the soil thaw period by ~40 days, averaged over the model domain. These changes have potentially important implications for the carbon balance of peat soils.

scholarly journals Soil temperature response to 21st century global warming: the role of and some implications for peat carbon in thawing permafrost soils in North America

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wisser ◽  
S. Marchenko ◽  
J. Talbot ◽  
C. Treat ◽  
S. Frolking
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Carbon Pool ◽  
Permafrost Soil ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Thawing Permafrost

Abstract. Northern peatlands contain a large terrestrial carbon pool that plays an important role in the Earth's carbon cycle. A considerable fraction of this carbon pool is currently in permafrost and is biogeochemically relatively inert; this will change with increasing soil temperatures as a result of climate warming in the 21st century. We use a geospatially explicit representation of peat areas and peat depth from a recently-compiled database and a geothermal model to estimate northern North America soil temperature responses to predicted changes in air temperature. We find that, despite a widespread decline in the areas classified as permafrost, soil temperatures in peatlands respond more slowly to increases in air temperature owing to the insulating properties of peat. We estimate that an additional 670 km3 of peat soils in North America, containing ~33 Pg C, could be seasonally thawed by the end of the century, representing ~20 % of the total peat volume in Alaska and Canada. Warming conditions result in a lengthening of the soil thaw period by ~40 days, averaged over the model domain. These changes have potentially important implications for the carbon balance of peat soils.

Temperature of upland and peatland soils in a north central Minnesota forest

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale S. Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Peat Soils ◽  
North Central ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Aspen Forest

Soil temperature strongly influences physical, chemical, and biological activities in soil. However, soil temperature data for forest landscapes are scarce. For 6 yr, weekly soil temperatures were measured at two upland and four peatland sites in north central Minnesota. One upland site supported mature aspen forest, the other supported short grass. One peatland site was forested with black spruce, one supported tall willow and alder brush, and two had open vegetation — sedges and low shrubs. Mean annual air temperature averaged 3.6 °C. Mean annual soil temperatures at 10- to 200-cm depths ranged from 5.5 to 7.6 °C among the six sites. Soils with open vegetation, whether mineral or peat, averaged about 1 °C warmer annually and from 2 to 3 °C warmer during summer than the forested soils. The tall brush peatland was cooler than all other sites due to strong groundwater inputs. The mineral soils warmed more quickly in the spring, achieved higher temperatures in the summer, and cooled more quickly in the fall than the peat soils; however, the greatest temperature differences between mineral and peat soils occurred at or below 50 cm. In the upper 20 cm, vegetation and groundwater had greater effects on temperature than did soil type (mineral or peat). Summer soil temperatures were higher, relative to air temperature, during periods of greater precipitation. This effect was minimal at upland sites but substantial in the peatlands. In spite of the persistent sub-freezing air temperatures typical of Minnesota winters, significant frost developed in the soils only in those years when severe cold weather arrived before an insulating cover of snow had accumulated. Key words: Soil temperature, vegetation effects, forest soils, groundwater, peatlands

scholarly journals Seasonal dynamics of methane emissions from a subarctic fen in the Hudson Bay Lowlands

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 4465-4479 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Hanis ◽  
M. Tenuta ◽  
B. D. Amiro ◽  
T. N. Papakyriakou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Surface Soil Temperature ◽  
Filling Method ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract. Ecosystem-scale methane (CH4) flux (FCH4) over a subarctic fen at Churchill, Manitoba, Canada was measured to understand the magnitude of emissions during spring and fall shoulder seasons, and the growing season in relation to physical and biological conditions. FCH4 was measured using eddy covariance with a closed-path analyser in four years (2008–2011). Cumulative measured annual FCH4 (shoulder plus growing seasons) ranged from 3.0 to 9.6 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 among the four study years, with a mean of 6.5 to 7.1 g CH4 m−2 yr−1 depending upon gap-filling method. Soil temperatures to depths of 50 cm and air temperature were highly correlated with FCH4, with near-surface soil temperature at 5 cm most correlated across spring, fall, and the shoulder and growing seasons. The response of FCH4 to soil temperature at the 5 cm depth and air temperature was more than double in spring to that of fall. Emission episodes were generally not observed during spring thaw. Growing season emissions also depended upon soil and air temperatures but the water table also exerted influence, with FCH4 highest when water was 2–13 cm below and lowest when it was at or above the mean peat surface.

scholarly journals Non-stationary temporal characterization of the temperature profile of a soil exposed to frost in south-eastern Canada

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Anctil ◽  
A. Pratte ◽  
L. E. Parent ◽  
M. A. Bolinder
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Temperature Profile ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Temperature Time Series ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Temperature Time

Abstract. The objective of this work was to compare time and frequency fluctuations of air and soil temperatures (2-, 5-, 10-, 20- and 50-cm below the soil surface) using the continuous wavelet transform, with a particular emphasis on the daily cycle. The analysis of wavelet power spectra and cross power spectra provided detailed non-stationary accounts with respect to frequencies (or periods) and to time of the structure of the data and also of the relationships that exist between time series. For this particular application to the temperature profile of a soil exposed to frost, both the air temperature and the 2-cm depth soil temperature time series exhibited a dominant power peak at 1-d periodicity, prominent from spring to autumn. This feature was gradually damped as it propagated deeper into the soil and was weak for the 20-cm depth. Influence of the incoming solar radiation was also revealed in the wavelet power spectra analysis by a weaker intensity of the 1-d peak. The principal divergence between air and soil temperatures, besides damping, occurred in winter from the latent heat release associated to the freezing of the soil water and the insulation effect of snowpack that cease the dependence of the soil temperature to the air temperature. Attenuation and phase-shifting of the 1-d periodicity could be quantified through scale-averaged power spectra and time-lag estimations. Air temperature variance was only partly transferred to the 2-cm soil temperature time series and much less so to the 20-cm soil depth.

A Study of the Annual Soil Temperature Wave

1952 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 303 ◽  
Author(s):  
ES West
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Wave ◽  
Theoretical Equation ◽  
Mean Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Soil temperatures recorded at Griffith over an 8 year period at a depth ranging from 1 in. to 8 ft. have been examined and compared with air temperatures. The observed fluctuations m the soil temperatures fit closely the theoretical equation for the propagation of a simple harmonic temperature wave into the so11. The diffusivity of the sol1 has been deduced and compared with values found by other workers in other localities. The annual wave of the daily mean temperature at the surface of the soil has been deduced and compared with the annual wave of the dally mean air temperature and the differences in the means, amplitudes, and phase displacements have been discussed.

The impact of increased temperatures on germination patterns of semi-aquatic plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 204-209
Author(s):  
Jade Dessent ◽  
Susan Lawler ◽  
Daryl Nielsen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Seed Bank ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Number Of Seeds

AbstractFuture climate change predictions indicate that there will be an increase in ambient air temperature. Increases in ambient air temperature will result in a corresponding increase in soil temperature. The consequences of further increases in soil temperature will potentially be detrimental for the soil seed bank of plants in terms of length of dormancy and viability of seeds. This experiment investigated the effect of different exposure temperatures and duration of exposure on the germination of semi-aquatic plant species. Seeds of four species (Alternanthera denticulata, Juncus usitatus, Persicaria lapathifolia and Persicaria prostrata) were exposed to temperatures ranging from 25 to 100°C for durations between 1 and 14 days, before being germinated in an incubator for 6 weeks. Germination occurred in all four species after exposure to temperatures ranging from 25 to 60°C. These temperatures appeared to promote germination as the temperature and duration of exposure increased. However, in P. lapathifolia and P. prostrata, the number of seeds germinating declined when exposed to 70°C and there was no germination for temperatures exceeding this. In contrast, A. denticulata and J. usitatus only began to decline when exposed to 80°C, with no germination at higher temperatures. These results suggest that soil temperatures exceeding potential threshold temperatures of 70 and 80°C will result in a decline in the number of seeds germinating and may potentially see a change in species distributions. As such soil temperatures are already being experienced throughout Australia, some species may already be close to their thermal threshold.

Soil temperatures in Egypt

1928 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. McKenzie Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Temperature Wave ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Temperature Waves ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Times ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

1. The soil temperatures in Egypt at a number of depths have been recorded by means of continuous recording thermometers. In general, the records show that the amplitude of the temperature wave at the surface of the soil is considerably greater than the air temperature wave. There is, however, a considerable damping of the wave with depth, no daily variation in temperature being observed at a depth of 100 cm.2. No definite relation between the air and soil temperatures could be traced. The maximum air temperature was recorded in May and the maximum soil temperature in July.3. The amplitude of the temperature wave decreases with increase in depth. The decrease in amplitude of the soil temperature wave is not regular owing to variations in the physical properties of the soil layers. Between any two depths, the ratio of the amplitudes of the temperature waves is constant throughout the year. The amplitude of the soil temperature wave bears no relation to the amplitude of the air temperature wave.4. The time of maximum temperature at the soil surface is constant throughout the year at 1 p.m. The times of maximum temperature at depths below the surface lag behind the time of surface maximum, but they are constant throughout the year. When plotted against depth, the times of maximum at the various soil depths lie on a straight line.

scholarly journals Specifics of soil temperature under winter wheat canopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Krčmáŕová ◽  
Hana Stredová ◽  
Radovan Pokorný ◽  
Tomáš Stdŕeda
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter wheat canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for phytopathological prediction models, crop development, and yield models. The measurement of soil temperatures was performed at the experimental field station ˇZabˇcice (Europe, the Czech Republic, South Moravia). The soil in the first experimental plot is Gleyic Fluvisol with 49-58% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm, in the second experimental plot, the soil is Haplic Chernozem with 31-32% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm. The course of soil temperature and its specifics were determined under winter wheat canopy during the main growth season in the course of three years. Automatic soil temperature sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m under soil surface), air temperature sensor in 0.05 m above soil surface. Results of the correlation analysis showed that the best interrelationships between these two variables were achieved after a 3-hour delay for the soil temperature at 0.05 m, 5-hour delay for 0.10 m, and 8-hour delay for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient reached values from 0.75 to 0.89 for the depth of 0.05 m, 0.61 to 0.82 for the depth of 0.10 m, and 0.33 to 0.70 for the depth of 0.20 m. When using multiple regression with quadratic spacing (modeling hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and the model soil temperatures at 0.05 m was −2.16 to 2.37 ◦ C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modeling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.93).

scholarly journals Local Air and Soil Temperature Modeling Using Himawari 8 Satellite Imagery

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Adhia Azhar Fauzan ◽  
Komariah Komariah ◽  
Sumani Sumani ◽  
Dwi Priyo Ariyanto ◽  
Tuban Wiyoso
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Pair Correlation ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Temperature Modeling ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Himawari 8 satellite image, which was launched in October 2014 and began the operational in July 2015, serves to identify and track the phenomenon of rapid changes in weather. The purpose of this research was to determine the model of local air and soil temperatures using Himawari 8 satellite image. Local air and soil temperatures information was collected from the Climatology Station of Semarang district, Central Java, Indonesia. Interpretation of the Himawari 8 satellite image was performed, as well as the statistical tests of correlation and regression, according to the sun's pseudo motion. Pair correlation and regression analysis on satellite image with air temperature; and air temperature with soil temperature (bare and grass). The results showed the satellite imagery of Himawari 8 could predict the air and soil temperatures, especially bare soil. In specific, the accuracies were higher on soil temperature at 0 (surface) and 5 cm depth. But each period produced vary accuracy, due to many weather elements had may affect the air and soil temperatures.

scholarly journals Long-term dynamics of the atmospheric and soil climate of humid subtropics of Russia

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-30
Author(s):  
O. V. Reshotkin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Quantitative Characteristic ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Soil Climate ◽  
Climatic Normal ◽  
Humid Subtropics

Aim. Identify patterns of temporal changes in the parameters of the atmospheric and soil climates of humid subtropics. Methods. The dynamics of air and soil temperature and precipitation are analyzed in the long-term and seasonal cycles with respect to the climatic normal, which is considered as a quantitative characteristic of the conditions of pedogenesis and climate variability over time. Results. The data on air temperature, precipitation and soil temperature yellow soils, formed in a subtropical wet-forest soil bioclimatic area are analyzed. It is shown that the average annual air temperature in 2001 - 2018 exceeded the climatic normal by 0,7°C, the annual precipitation increased by 104 mm. Modern warming leads to a change in the temperature regime of yellow soils. The average annual soil temperature at the beginning of the XXI century increased from 0,5°С at the depth of 320 cm to 0,9°С at the depth of 20 cm. The sum of active soil temperatures above 10°С at the depth of 20 cm increased by 283°С. Main conclusions. In the modern period, a change in the atmospheric and soil climate towards warming is observed in the zone of distribution of yellow soils of humid subtropics of Russia, accompanied by an increase in precipitation. Warming is most pronounced in the summer season and is practically not observed in the winter season. It is characterized by an increase in air and soil temperature throughout its profile, an increase in the sum of active temperatures. The revealed climate changes make it possible to re-evaluate the soil and agroclimatic resources of the Russian subtropics for agriculture and forestry.

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