scholarly journals The Soil heat flow sensor functioning checks, imbalances’ origins and forgotten energies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bartosz Marian Zawilski
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Energy Balance ◽  
Soil Heat Flux ◽  
Indirect Measurement ◽  
Geothermal Heat ◽  
Desiccation Cracking ◽  
Physical Sensor ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
One Year

Abstract. Soil heat flux is an important component of the Surface Energy Balance (SEB) equation. Measuring it require an indirect measurement. Every used technique may present some possible errors tied with each specific technique, soil inhomogeneities or physicals phenomenon such as latent heat conversion beneath the plates especially in a desiccation cracking soil or vertisol. The installation place may also induce imbalances. Finally, some errors resulting from the physical sensor presence, vegetation presence or soil inhomogeneities may occur and are not avoidable. For all these reasons it is important to check the validity of the measurements. One quick and easy way is to integrate results during one year. The corresponding integration should be close to zero after a necessary geothermal heat efflux subtraction which should be included into the SEB equation for long term integrations. However, below plate evaporation and vegetation absorbed water or rainfall water the infiltration may also contribute to the observed short scale or/and long scale imbalance. Another energy source is usually not included in the SEB equation: the rainfall or irrigation. Yet its importance for a short- and long-term integration is notable. As an example, the most used sensors: Soil Heat Flux Plates (SHFP), is given.

scholarly journals Short- and long-term effects of ponderosa pine fuel treatments intersected by the Egley Fire Complex, Oregon, USA

Fire Ecology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie M. Dodge ◽  
Eva K. Strand ◽  
Andrew T. Hudak ◽  
Benjamin C. Bright ◽  
Darcy H. Hammond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Tree Density ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Fuel Treatments ◽  
Dead Tree ◽  
High Severity ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
One Year

Abstract Background Fuel treatments are widely used to alter fuels in forested ecosystems to mitigate wildfire behavior and effects. However, few studies have examined long-term ecological effects of interacting fuel treatments (commercial harvests, pre-commercial thinnings, pile and burning, and prescribed fire) and wildfire. Using annually fitted Landsat satellite-derived Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) curves and paired pre-fire treated and untreated field sites, we tested changes in the differenced NBR (dNBR) and years since treatment as predictors of biophysical attributes one and nine years after the 2007 Egley Fire Complex in Oregon, USA. We also assessed short- and long-term fuel treatment impacts on field-measured attributes one and nine years post fire. Results One-year post-fire burn severity (dNBR) was lower in treated than in untreated sites across the Egley Fire Complex. Annual NBR trends showed that treated sites nearly recovered to pre-fire values four years post fire, while untreated sites had a slower recovery rate. Time since treatment and dNBR significantly predicted tree canopy and understory green vegetation cover in 2008, suggesting that tree canopy and understory vegetation cover increased in areas that were treated recently pre fire. Live tree density was more affected by severity than by pre-fire treatment in either year, as was dead tree density one year post fire. In 2008, neither treatment nor severity affected percent cover of functional groups (shrub, graminoid, forb, invasive, and moss–lichen–fungi); however, by 2016, shrub, graminoid, forb, and invasive cover were higher in high-severity burn sites than in low-severity burn sites. Total fuel loads nine years post fire were higher in untreated, high-severity burn sites than any other sites. Tree canopy cover and density of trees, saplings, and seedlings were lower nine years post fire than one year post fire across treatments and severity, whereas live and dead tree basal area, understory surface cover, and fuel loads increased. Conclusions Pre-fire fuel treatments effectively lowered the occurrence of high-severity wildfire, likely due to successful pre-fire tree and sapling density and surface fuels reduction. This study also quantified the changes in vegetation and fuels from one to nine years post fire. We suggest that low-severity wildfire can meet prescribed fire management objectives of lowering surface fuel accumulations while not increasing overstory tree mortality.

scholarly journals Treatment and Prognosis of Myocardial Infarction Outside Cardiology Departments

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Anton Gard ◽  
Bertil Lindahl ◽  
Nermin Hadziosmanovic ◽  
Tomasz Baron
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Coronary Intervention ◽  
Cardiology Department ◽  
Percutaneous Coronary ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Long Term Prognosis ◽  
One Year

Aim: Our aim was to investigate the characteristics, treatment and prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) treated outside a cardiology department (CD), compared with MI patients treated at a CD. Methods: A cohort of 1310 patients diagnosed with MI at eight Swedish hospitals in 2011 were included in this observational study. Patients were followed regarding all-cause mortality until 2018. Results: A total of 235 patients, exclusively treated outside CDs, were identified. These patients had more non-cardiac comorbidities, were older (mean age 83.7 vs. 73.1 years) and had less often type 1 MIs (33.2% vs. 74.2%), in comparison with the CD patients. Advanced age and an absence of chest pain were the strongest predictors of non-CD care. Only 3.8% of non-CD patients were investigated with coronary angiography and they were also prescribed secondary preventive pharmacological treatments to a lesser degree, with only 32.3% having statin therapy at discharge. The all-cause mortality was higher in non-CD patients, also after adjustment for baseline parameters, both at 30 days (hazard ratio (HR) 2.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62–3.22), one year (HR 1.82; 95% CI 1.39–2.36) and five years (HR 1.62; 95% CI 1.32–1.98). Conclusions: MI treatment outside CDs is associated with an adverse short- and long-term prognosis. An improved use of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and secondary preventive pharmacological treatment might improve the long-term prognosis in these patients.

scholarly journals Short-and long-term results of distal pancreatectomy

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
V. N. Barykov ◽  
A. G. Istomin ◽  
R. R. Abdrashitov ◽  
A. S. Ryzhikh
Keyword(s):  
Distal Pancreatectomy ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Pancreatic Stump ◽  
Pancreatogenic Diabetes ◽  
Pancreatic Fistulas ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Wirsung Duct ◽  
One Year

Aim. To assess the results of distal pancreatectomy for malignant and benign tumors and chronic pancreatitis complications. Materials and methods. Forty-seven patients, who underwent distal pancreatectomy, were under observation during the period from 01.01.2008 to 28.02.2019. Results. The long-term results of surgical treatment demonstrated the following complications: pancreatic fistulas – 15 % of observations, pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus – 12.7 %, subphrenic abscesses – 10 %. In the long-term period after the surgery – from 10 years and not less than one year – 30 patients were followed up, constituting 63.8 % of the total number. Conclusions. To prevent complications in the form of pancreatic fistula with pathological Wirsung duct dilatation more than 4–5 mm in diameter, it is necessary to form anastomosis between the pancreatic stump and the small bowel.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial and Oxidative Impacts of Short and Long-term Administration of HAART on HIV Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-124
Author(s):  
Joy E. Ikekpeazu ◽  
Oliver C. Orji ◽  
Ikenna K. Uchendu ◽  
Lawrence U.S. Ezeanyika
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
One Year

Background and Objective: There may be a possible link between the use of HAART and oxidative stress-related mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV patients. We evaluated the mitochondrial and oxidative impacts of short and long-term administration of HAART on HIV patients attending the Enugu State University Teaching (ESUT) Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria following short and long-term therapy. Methods: 96 patients categorized into four groups of 24 individuals were recruited for the study. Group 1 comprised of age-matched, apparently healthy, sero-negative individuals (the No HIV group); group 2 consisted of HIV sero-positive individuals who had not started any form of treatment (the Treatment naïve group). Individuals in group 3 were known HIV patients on HAART for less than one year (Short-term treatment group), while group 4 comprised of HIV patients on HAART for more than one year (Long-term treatment group). All patients were aged between 18 to 60 years and attended the HIV clinic at the time of the study. Determination of total antioxidant status (TAS in nmol/l), malondialdehyde (MDA in mmol/l), CD4+ count in cells/μl, and genomic studies were all done using standard operative procedures. Results: We found that the long-term treatment group had significantly raised the levels of MDA, as well as significantly diminished TAS compared to the Short-term treatment and No HIV groups (P<0.05). In addition, there was significantly elevated variation in the copy number of mitochondrial genes (mtDNA: D-loop, ATPase 8, TRNALEU uur) in the long-term treatment group. Interpretation and Conclusion: Long-term treatment with HAART increases oxidative stress and causes mitochondrial alterations in HIV patients.

scholarly journals Temperature Measurements on a Solar and Low Enthalpy Geothermal Open-Air Asphalt Surface Platform in a Cold Climate Region

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caner Çuhac ◽  
Anne Mäkiranta ◽  
Petri Välisuo ◽  
Erkki Hiltunen ◽  
Mohammed Elmusrati
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Solar Irradiation ◽  
Solar Heat ◽  
Heat Collector ◽  
One Year

Solar heat, already captured by vast asphalt fields in urban areas, is potentially a huge energy resource. The vertical soil temperature profile, i.e., low enthalpy geothermal energy, reveals how efficiently the irradiation is absorbed or radiated back to the atmosphere. Measured solar irradiation, heat flux on the asphalt surface and temperature distribution over a range of depths describe the thermal energy from an asphalt surface down to 10 m depth. In this study, those variables were studied by long-term measurements in an open-air platform in Finland. To compensate the nighttime heat loss, the accumulated heat on the surface should be harvested during the sunny daytime periods. A cumulative heat flux over one year from asphalt to the ground was 70% of the cumulative solar irradiance measured during the same period. However, due to the nighttime heat losses, the net heat flux during 5 day period was only 18% of the irradiance in spring, and was negative during autumn, when the soil was cooling. These preliminary results indicate that certain adaptive heat transfer and storage mechanisms are needed to minimize the loss and turn the asphalt layer into an efficient solar heat collector connected with a seasonal storage system.

scholarly journals One-Year Follow-Up of Spa Treatment in Older Patients with Osteoarthritis: A Prospective, Single Group Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Zwolińska ◽  
Aneta Weres ◽  
Justyna Wyszyńska
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Spa Therapy ◽  
Spa Treatment ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
One Year

Introduction. Few studies evaluated the effects of spa therapy on pain perception and quality of life in older people with osteoarthritis. Therefore, the aim of the study was to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of spa therapy on quality of life and pain in patients aged 60 years and older with osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods. 70 patients with generalized osteoarthritis were enrolled in the study. Spa treatment lasted 3 weeks (15 days of treatment) and was applied during a session lasting 120 to 150 minutes a day. All the patients benefited from kinesiotherapy, physical agent modalities, massage, peloid therapy, hydrotherapy with mineral waters, and crenotherapy. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain, the Laitinen scale, and WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire were used to assess the condition of the patients. The examinations were performed three times: at the beginning of the spa treatment, after three months, and one year after the first examinations. Results. Statistically significant improvements were observed in pain (VAS) between consecutive assessments (p <.001). Laitinen scale also reported beneficial, statistically significant changes in the level of pain (p <.001). The WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire reported a statistically significant improvement in the domain of social relations in 2-3 and 1-3 periods (p = .025 and p = .011, resp.). A significant improvement was recorded in the domain of environment between 2-3 and 1-3 periods (p <.001). Conclusion. Spa treatment reduced the level of pain in majority of the patients in short- and long-term follow-up and contributed to improving the quality of life in the domain of social relations and environment. To confirm the results of this study, there is a need for a randomized controlled trial comparing spa treatment with usual care in the older population with osteoarthritis. Trial Registration Number. This trial was retrospectively registered on 3 January 2018 with NCT03388801.

scholarly journals Conditional Variance Forecasts for Long-Term Stock Returns

Risks ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enno Mammen ◽  
Jens Perch Nielsen ◽  
Michael Scholz ◽  
Stefan Sperlich
Keyword(s):  
Stock Returns ◽  
Conditional Variance ◽  
Price Ratio ◽  
Prediction Errors ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Smoothing Parameters ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

In this paper, we apply machine learning to forecast the conditional variance of long-term stock returns measured in excess of different benchmarks, considering the short- and long-term interest rate, the earnings-by-price ratio, and the inflation rate. In particular, we apply in a two-step procedure a fully nonparametric local-linear smoother and choose the set of covariates as well as the smoothing parameters via cross-validation. We find that volatility forecastability is much less important at longer horizons regardless of the chosen model and that the homoscedastic historical average of the squared return prediction errors gives an adequate approximation of the unobserved realised conditional variance for both the one-year and five-year horizon.

scholarly journals The Effect of SnCl2/AmF Pretreatment on Short- and Long-Term Bond Strength to Eroded Dentin

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Zumstein ◽  
Anne Peutzfeldt ◽  
Adrian Lussi ◽  
Simon Flury
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Failure Mode ◽  
Resin Composite ◽  
Adhesive System ◽  
Adhesive Systems ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Self Etch

This study investigated the effect of SnCl2/AmF pretreatment on short- and long-term bond strength of resin composite to eroded dentin mediated by two self-etch, MDP-containing adhesive systems. 184 dentin specimens were produced from extracted human molars. Half the specimens (n=92) were artificially eroded, and half were left untreated. For both substrates, half the specimens were pretreated with SnCl2/AmF, and half were left untreated. The specimens were treated with Clearfil SE Bond or Scotchbond Universal prior to application of resin composite. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) was measured after 24 h or 1 year. Failure mode was detected and EDX was performed. μTBS results were statistically analyzed (α=0.05). μTBS was significantly influenced by the dentin substrate (eroded < noneroded dentin) and storage time (24 h > 1 year; p<0.0001) but not by pretreatment with SnCl2/AmF or adhesive system. The predominant failure mode was adhesive failure at the dentin-adhesive interface. The content of Sn was generally below detection limit. Pretreatment with SnCl2/AmF did not influence short- and long-term bond strength to eroded dentin. Bond strength was reduced after storage for one year, was lower to eroded dentin than to noneroded dentin, and was similar for the two adhesive systems.

scholarly journals Short- and long-term effects of using shooting straps on free-throw accuracy of young female basketball players

Kinesiology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel-Ángel Gómez ◽  
Jaime Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Basketball Player ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Intervention Training ◽  
Free Throw ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
One Year ◽  
Experimental Group

This study identified the short- and long-term effects of using a shooting strap on the accuracy of freethrows performed by U15 female basketball players during training and competition. Thirty six female<br>basketball player volunteers (aged 14.3±0.5 years) from the Lithuanian Schoolchildren Basketball League were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. The experimental group used a shooting strap that immobilized movements of the supporting hand while shooting. The control group performed freethrows without any training aid. Learning and transfer of performance was assessed before and after the intervention training sessions (4-week intervention program applied 4 times per week), and on a retention test after one year. Results showed that: (a) free-throw accuracy was higher after one month and after one year of intervention than before the intervention training program in both practice and competition; (b) the experimental group scored better in practice and competition than the control group after one month and one year of the intervention; and (c) free-throw accuracy was higher during training sessions than during&nbsp;competition. The identified short-term and long-term improvements in free-throw shooting accuracy support the usage of shooting straps. The use of shooting straps and external assisting devices might allow adjusting programs of training to provide fluent free-throw accuracy progresses from youth to senior categories.

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