scholarly journals Simulations and parameterisation of shallow volcanic plumes of Piton de la Fournaise, La Réunion Island using Méso-NH version 4-9-3

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 8361-8397
Author(s):  
S. G. Sivia ◽  
F. Gheusi ◽  
C. Mari ◽  
A. Di Muro
Keyword(s):  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Eddy Diffusivity ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Volcanic Emissions ◽  
Summit Eruption ◽  
Piton De La Fournaise ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Convective Motions ◽  
La Réunion Island

Abstract. In mesoscale models (resolution ~1 km) used for regional dispersion of pollution plumes, the heat sources, the induced atmospheric convective motions and the volcanic emissions of gases and aerosols are all sub-grid scale processes (mostly true for effusive eruptions) which need to be parameterized. We propose a modified formulation of the EDMF scheme (Eddy Diffusivity-Mass Flux) proposed by Pergaud et al. (2009) which is based on a single updraft. It is used to represent volcano induced updrafts tested for a case study of January 2010 summit eruption of Piton de la Fournaise (PdF) volcano. The validation of this modified formulation using large eddy simulation (LES) focuses on the ability of the model to transport tracer concentrations up to 1–2 km in the lower troposphere as is the case of majority of PdF eruptions. The modelled volcanic plume agrees well with the SO2 (sulphur dioxide) tracer concentrations found with LES and a sensitivity test performed for the modified formulation of the EDMF scheme emphasizes the sensitivity of the parameterisation to entrainment at the plume base.

scholarly journals Simulations and parameterisation of shallow volcanic plumes of Piton de la Fournaise, Réunion Island, using Méso-NH version 4-9-3

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1427-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. Sivia ◽  
F. Gheusi ◽  
C. Mari ◽  
A. Di Muro
Keyword(s):  
Lower Troposphere ◽  
Air Entrainment ◽  
Eddy Diffusivity ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Summit Eruption ◽  
Piton De La Fournaise ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Convective Motions

Abstract. In mesoscale models (resolution ~ 1 km) used for regional dispersion of pollution plumes the volcanic heat sources and emissions of gases and aerosols, as well as the induced atmospheric convective motions, are all sub-grid-scale processes (mostly true for weak effusive eruptions) which need to be parameterised. We propose a modified formulation of the EDMF scheme (eddy diffusivity/mass flux) proposed by Pergaud et al. (2009) which is based on a single sub-grid updraft model. It is used to represent volcano induced updrafts tested for a case study of the January 2010 summit eruption of Piton de la Fournaise (PdF) volcano. The validation of this modified formulation using a reference large eddy simulation (LES) focuses on the ability of the model to transport tracer concentrations up to 1–2 km above the ground in the lower troposphere as is the case of majority of PdF eruptions. The modelled volcanic plume agrees reasonably with the profiles of SO2 (sulfur dioxide) tracer concentrations and specific humidity found from the reference LES. Sensitivity tests performed for the modified formulation of the EDMF scheme emphasise the sensitivity of the parameterisation to ambient fresh air entrainment at the plume base.

scholarly journals First results of the Piton de la Fournaise STRAP 2015 experiment: multidisciplinary tracking of a volcanic gas and aerosol plume

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 5355-5378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Tulet ◽  
Andréa Di Muro ◽  
Aurélie Colomb ◽  
Cyrielle Denjean ◽  
Valentin Duflot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Plume Dispersion ◽  
La Réunion ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Piton De La Fournaise ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
First Results ◽  
La Réunion Island

Abstract. The STRAP (Synergie Transdisciplinaire pour Répondre aux Aléas liés aux Panaches volcaniques) campaign was conducted over the entire year of 2015 to investigate the volcanic plumes of Piton de La Fournaise (La Réunion, France). For the first time, measurements at the local (near the vent) and at the regional scales were conducted around the island. The STRAP 2015 campaign has become possible thanks to strong cross-disciplinary collaboration between volcanologists and meteorologists. The main observations during four eruptive periods (85 days) are summarised. They include the estimates of SO2, CO2 and H2O emissions, the altitude of the plume at the vent and over different areas of La Réunion Island, the evolution of the SO2 concentration, the aerosol size distribution and the aerosol extinction profile. A climatology of the volcanic plume dispersion is also reported. Simulations and measurements show that the plumes formed by weak eruptions have a stronger interaction with the surface of the island. Strong SO2 mixing ratio and particle concentrations above 1000 ppb and 50 000 cm−3 respectively are frequently measured over a distance of 20 km from Piton de la Fournaise. The measured aerosol size distribution shows the predominance of small particles in the volcanic plume. Several cases of strong nucleation of sulfuric acid have been observed within the plume and at the distal site of the Maïdo observatory. The STRAP 2015 campaign provides a unique set of multi-disciplinary data that can now be used by modellers to improve the numerical parameterisations of the physical and chemical evolution of the volcanic plumes.

scholarly journals First results of the Piton de la Fournaise STRAP 2015 experiment: multidisciplinary tracking of a volcanic gas and aerosol plume

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Tulet ◽  
Andréa Di Muro ◽  
Aurélie Colomb ◽  
Cyrielle Denjean ◽  
Valentin Duflot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Aerosol Size Distribution ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Plume Dispersion ◽  
La Réunion ◽  
Volcanic Gas ◽  
Piton De La Fournaise ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
First Results ◽  
La Réunion Island

Abstract. The STRAP (Synergie Transdisciplinaire pour Répondre aux Aléas liés aux Panaches volcaniques) campaign was conducted in 2015 to investigate the volcanic plumes of Piton de La Fournaise (La Réunion, France). For the first time, measurements at the local (near the vent) and at the regional scales around the island were conducted. The STRAP 2015 campaign has become possible thanks to a strong cross-disciplinary collaboration between volcanologists and meteorologists. The main observations during four eruptive periods (85 days) are summarized. They include the estimates of SO2, CO2 and H2O emissions, the altitude of the plume at the vent and over different areas of La Réunion Island, the evolution of the SO2 concentration, the aerosol size distribution, and the aerosol extinction profile. A climatology of the volcanic plume dispersion is also reported. Simulations and measurements showed that the plume formed by weak eruption has a stronger interaction with the surface of the island. Strong SO2 and particles concentrations above 1000 ppb and 50 000 cm−3, respectively, are frequently measured over 20 km of distance from the Piton de la Fournaise. The measured aerosol size distribution shows the predominance of small particles in the volcanic plume. A particular emphasis is placed on the gas-particle conversion with several cases of strong nucleation of sulfuric acid observed within the plume and at the distal site of the Maïdo observatory. The STRAP 2015 campaign gave a unique set of multi-disciplinary data that can now be used by modellers to improve the numerical paramameterizations of the physical and chemical evolution of the volcanic plumes.

Self-limiting atmospheric lifetime of environmentally reactive elements in volcanic plumes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgenia Ilyinskaya ◽  
Emily Mason ◽  
Penny Wieser ◽  
Lacey Holland ◽  
Emma Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Volcanic Emissions ◽  
Metal Pollutants ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
Pollutant Concentrations ◽  
Cadmium And Lead

<p>Volcanoes are a large global source of almost every element, including ~20 environmentally reactive trace elements classified as metal pollutants (e.g. selenium, cadmium and lead). Fluxes of metal pollutants from individual eruptions can be comparable to total anthropogenic emissions from large countries such as China.</p><p>The 2018 Lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kīlauea, Hawaii produced exceptionally high emission rates of major and trace chemical species compared to other basaltic eruptions over 3 months (200 kt/day of SO<sub>2</sub>; Kern et al. 2019). We tracked the volcanic plume from vent to exposed communities over 0-240 km distance using in-situ sampling and atmospheric dispersion modelling. This is the first time that trace elements in volcanic emissions (~60 species) are mapped over such distances. In 2019, we repeated the field campaign during a no-eruption period and showed that volcanic emissions had caused 3-5 orders of magnitude increase in airborne metal pollutant concentrations across the Island of Hawai’i.</p><p>We show that the volatility of the elements (the ease with which they are degassed from the magma) controls their particle-phase speciation, which in turn determines how fast they are depleted from the plume after emission. Elements with high magmatic volatilities (e.g. selenium, cadmium and lead) have up to 6 orders of magnitude higher depletion rates compared to non-volatile elements (e.g. magnesium, aluminium and rare earth metals).</p><p>Previous research and hazard mitigation efforts on volcanic emissions have focussed on sulphur and it has been assumed that other pollutants follow the same dispersion patterns. Our results show that the atmospheric fate of sulphur, and therefore the associated hazard distribution, does not represent an accurate guide to the behaviour and potential impacts of other species in volcanic emissions. Metal pollutants are predominantly volatile in volcanic plumes, and their rapid deposition (self-limited by their volatility) places disproportionate environmental burdens on the populated areas in the immediate vicinity of the active and, in turn, reduces the impacts on far-field communities.</p><p>Reference: Kern, C., T. Elias, P. Nadeau, A. H. Lerner, C. A. Werner, M. Cappos, L. E. Clor, P. J. Kelly, V. J. Realmuto, N. Theys, S. A. Carn, AGU, 2019; https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm19/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/507140.</p>

scholarly journals Systematic investigation of bromine monoxide in volcanic plumes from space by using the GOME-2 instrument

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 4749-4781 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hörmann ◽  
H. Sihler ◽  
N. Bobrowski ◽  
S. Beirle ◽  
M. Penning de Vries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Volcanic Emissions ◽  
Volcanic Origin ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
Linear Fit

Abstract. During recent years, volcanic emissions turned out to be a natural source of bromine compounds in the atmosphere. While the initial formation process of bromine monoxide (BrO) has been successfully studied in local ground-based measurements at quiescent degassing volcanoes worldwide, literature on the chemical evolution of BrO on large spatial and temporal scales is sparse. The first space-based observation of a volcanic BrO plume following the Kasatochi eruption in 2008 demonstrated the capability of satellite instruments to monitor such events on a global scale. In this study, we systematically examined GOME-2 observations from January 2007 until June 2011 for significantly enhanced BrO slant column densities (SCDs) in the vicinity of volcanic plumes. In total, 772 plumes from at least 37 volcanoes have been found by using sulphur dioxide (SO2) as a tracer for a volcanic plume. All captured SO2 plumes were subsequently analysed for a simultaneous enhancement of BrO and the data were checked for a possible spatial correlation between the two species. Additionally, the mean BrO/SO2 ratios for all volcanic plumes have been calculated by the application of a bivariate linear fit. A total number of 64 volcanic plumes from at least 11 different volcanoes showed clear evidence for BrO of volcanic origin, revealing large differences in the BrO/SO2 ratios (ranging from some 10−5 to several 10−4) and the spatial distribution of both species. A close correlation between SO2 and BrO occurred only for some of the observed eruptions or just in certain parts of the examined plumes. For other cases, only a rough spatial relationship was found. We discuss possible explanations for the occurrence of the different spatial SO2 and BrO distributions in aged volcanic plumes.

Modelling new particle formation in a passive volcanic plume using a new parameterisation in WRF-Chem - effects on climate-relevant variables at the regional scale

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline Planche ◽  
Clémence Rose ◽  
Sandra Banson ◽  
Aurelia Lupascu ◽  
Mathieu Gouhier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Eruption ◽  
Cluster Formation ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Piton De La Fournaise ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
Eruption Plume

<p>New particle formation (NPF) is an important source of aerosol particles at  global scale, including, in particular, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). NPF has been observed worldwide in a broad variety of environments, but some specific conditions, such as those encountered in volcanic plumes, remain poorly documented in the literature. Yet, these conditions could promote the occurrence of the process, as recently evidenced in the volcanic eruption plume of the Piton de la Fournaise (Rose at al. 2019); a dominant fraction of the volcanic particles was moreover found to be of secondary origin in the plume, further highlighting the importance of the particle formation and growth processes associated to the volcanic plume eruption. A deeper comprehension of such natural processes is thus essential to assess their climate-related effects at present days but also to better define pre-industrial conditions and their variability in climate model simulations.</p><p>Sulfuric acid (SA) is commonly accepted as one of the main precursors for atmospheric NPF, and its role could be even more important in volcanic plume conditions, as recently evidenced by the airborne measurements conducted in the passive volcanic plumes of Etna and Stromboli (Sahyoun et al., 2019). Indeed, the flights performed in the frame of the STRAP campaign have allowed direct measurement of SA in such conditions for the first time, and have highlighted a strong connection between the cluster formation rate and SA concentration. Following these observations, the objective of the present work was to further quantify the formation of new particles in a volcanic plume and assess the effects of the process at a regional scale. For that purpose, the new parameterisation of nucleation derived by Sahyoun et al. (2019) was introduced in the model WRF-Chem, further optimized for the description of NPF. The flight ETNA13 described in detail in Sahyoun et al. (2019) was used as a case study to evaluate the effect of the new parameterisation on the cluster formation rate and particle number concentration in various size ranges, including CCN (i.e. climate-relevant) sizes.</p><p><strong>References: </strong></p><p>Sahyoun, M., Freney, E., Brito, J., Duplissy, J., Gouhier, M., Colomb, A., Dupuy, R., Bourianne, T., Nowak, J. B., Yan, C., Petäjä, T., Kulmala, M., Schwarzenboeck, A., Planche, C., and Sellegri, K.: Evidence of new particle formation within Etna and Stromboli volcanic plumes and its parameterization from airborne in-situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 124, 5650–5668, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028882, 2019.</p><p>Rose, C., Foucart, B., Picard, D., Colomb, A., Metzger, J.-M., Tulet, P., and Sellegri, K.: New particle formation in the volcanic eruption plume of the Piton de la Fournaise: specific features from a long-term dataset, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 19, 13243–13265, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-13243-2019, 2019.</p>

scholarly journals Systematic investigation of bromine monoxide in volcanic plumes from space by using the GOME-2 instrument

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 29325-29389 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hörmann ◽  
H. Sihler ◽  
N. Bobrowski ◽  
S. Beirle ◽  
M. Penning de Vries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Volcanic Emissions ◽  
Volcanic Origin ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
Linear Fit

Abstract. During recent years, volcanic emissions turned out to be a natural source of bromine compounds in the atmosphere. While the inital formation process of bromine monoxide (BrO) has been successfully studied in local ground-based measurements at quiescent degassing volcanoes worldwide, literature on the chemical evolution of BrO on large spatial and temporal scales is sparse. The first space-based observation of a volcanic BrO plume following the Kasatochi eruption in 2008 demonstrated the capability of satellite instruments to monitor such events on a global scale. In this study, we systematically examined GOME-2 observations from January 2007 until June 2011 for significantly enhanced BrO slant column densities (SCDs) in the vicinity of volcanic plumes. In total, 772 plumes from at least 37 volcanoes have been found by using sulphur dioxide (SO2) as a tracer for a volcanic plume. All captured SO2 plumes were subsequently analysed for a simultaneous enhancement of BrO and the data were checked for a possible spatial correlation between the two species. Additionally, the mean BrO/SO2 ratios for all volcanic plumes have been calculated by the application of a bivariate linear fit. A total number of 64 volcanic plumes from at least 11 different volcanoes showed clear evidence for BrO of volcanic origin, revealing large differences in the BrO/SO2 ratios (ranging from some 10−5 to several 10−4) and the spatial distribution of both species. A close correlation between SO2 and BrO occurred only for some of the observed eruptions or just in certain parts of the examined plumes. For other cases, only a rough spatial relationship was found. We discuss possible explanations for the occurrence of the different spatial SO2 and BrO distributions in aged volcanic plumes.

scholarly journals Investigating the Scale Adaptivity of a Size-Filtered Mass Flux Parameterization in the Gray Zone of Shallow Cumulus Convection

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 1195-1214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maren Brast ◽  
Vera Schemann ◽  
Roel A. J. Neggers
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flux ◽  
Turbulent Transport ◽  
Eddy Diffusivity ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Parameterization Scheme ◽  
Quasi Equilibrium ◽  
Gray Zone ◽  
Cumulus Clouds ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Shallow Cumulus

Abstract In this study, the scale adaptivity of a new parameterization scheme for shallow cumulus clouds in the gray zone is investigated. The eddy diffusivity/multiple mass flux [ED(MF)n] scheme is a bin-macrophysics scheme in which subgrid transport is formulated in terms of discretized size densities. While scale adaptivity in the ED component is achieved using a pragmatic blending approach, the MF component is filtered such that only the transport by plumes smaller than the grid size is maintained. For testing, ED(MF)n is implemented into a large-eddy simulation (LES) model, replacing the original subgrid scheme for turbulent transport. LES thus plays the role of a nonhydrostatic testing ground, which can be run at different resolutions to study the behavior of the parameterization scheme in the boundary layer gray zone. In this range, convective cumulus clouds are partially resolved. The authors find that for quasi-equilibrium marine subtropical conditions at high resolutions, the clouds and the turbulent transport are predominantly resolved by the LES. This partitioning changes toward coarser resolutions, with the representation of shallow cumulus clouds gradually becoming completely carried by the ED(MF)n. The way the partitioning changes with grid spacing matches the behavior diagnosed in coarse-grained LES fields, suggesting that some scale adaptivity is captured. Sensitivity studies show that the scale adaptivity of the ED closure is important and that the location of the gray zone is found to be moderately sensitive to some model constants.

scholarly journals Detection of Volcanic Plumes by GPS: the 23 November 2013 Episode on Mt. Etna

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimo Aranzulla ◽  
Flavio Cannavò ◽  
Simona Scollo
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Explosive Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Volcanic Plumes ◽  
Gps Network ◽  
Mt Etna ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Aviation Operations

<p>The detection of volcanic plumes produced during explosive eruptions is important to improve our understanding on dispersal processes and reduce risks to aviation operations. The ability of Global Position-ing System (GPS) to retrieve volcanic plumes is one of the new challenges of the last years in volcanic plume detection. In this work, we analyze the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) data from 21 permanent stations of the GPS network of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Osservatorio Etneo, that are located on the Mt. Etna (Italy) flanks. Being one of the most explosive events since 2011, the eruption of November 23, 2013 was chosen as a test-case. Results show some variations in the SNR data that can be correlated with the presence of an ash-laden plume in the atmosphere. Benefits and limitations of the method are highlighted.</p>

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