scholarly journals Investigation of dominant hydrological processes in a tropical catchment in a monsoonal climate via the downward approach

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 769-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Montanari ◽  
M. Sivapalan ◽  
A. Montanari
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Ungauged Catchments ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
High Storage Capacity ◽  
Streamflow Response

Abstract. This study explores the dominant processes that may be responsible for the observed streamflow response in Seventeen Mile Creek, a tropical catchment located in a monsoonal climate in Northern Territory, Australia. The hydrology of this vast region of Australia is poorly understood due to the low level of information and gauging that are available. Any insights that can be gained from the few well gauged catchments that do exist can be valuable for predictions and water resource assessments in other poorly gauged or ungauged catchments in the region. To this end, the available rainfall and runoff data from Seventeen Mile Creek catchment are analyzed through the systematic and progressive development and testing of rainfall-runoff models of increasing complexity, by following the "downward" or "top-down" approach. This procedure resulted in a multiple bucket model (4 buckets in parallel). Modelling results suggest that the catchment's soils and the landscape in general have a high storage capacity, generating a significant fraction of delayed runoff, whereas saturation excess overland flow occurs only after heavy rainfall events. The sensitivity analyses carried out with the model with regard to soil depth and temporal rainfall variability revealed that total runoff from the catchment is more sensitive to rainfall variations than to soil depth variations, whereas the partitioning into individual components of runoff appears to be more influenced by soil depth variations. The catchment exhibits considerable inter-annual variability in runoff volumes and the greatest determinant of this variability turns out to be the seasonality of the climate, the timing of the wet season, and temporal patterns of the rainfall. The water balance is also affected by the underlying geology, nature of the soils and the landforms, and the type, density and dynamics of vegetation, although information pertaining to these is lacking.

scholarly journals Investigation of dominant hydrological processes in a tropical catchment in a monsoonal climate via the downward approach

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Montanari ◽  
M. Sivapalan ◽  
A. Montanari
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Ungauged Catchments ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
High Storage Capacity ◽  
Streamflow Response

Abstract. This study explores the dominant processes that may be responsible for the observed streamflow response in Seventeen Mile Creek, a tropical catchment located in a monsoonal climate in Northern Territory, Australia. The hydrology of this vast region of Australia is little understood due to the low level of information and gauging that is available. Any insights that can be gained from the few well gauged catchments that exist can be valuable for predictions and water resource assessments in other poorly gauged or ungauged catchments in the region. To this end, the available rainfall and runoff data from Seventeen Mile Creek catchment are analyzed through the systematic and progressive development and testing of rainfall-runoff models of increasing complexity, by following the "downward" or "top-down" approach. At the end a multiple bucket model (4 buckets in parallel) is developed. Modelling results suggest that the catchment's soils and the landscape in general have a high storage capacity, generating a significant fraction of delayed runoff, whereas saturation excess overland flow occurs only after heavy rainfall events. The sensitivity analyses carried out with the model with regard to soil depth and temporal rainfall variability reveal that total runoff from the catchment is more sensitive to rainfall variations than to soil depth variations, whereas the partitioning into individual components of runoff appears to be more influenced by soil depth variations. The catchment exhibits considerable inter-annual variability in runoff volumes and the greatest determinant of this variability turns out to be the seasonality of the climate, the timing of the wet season, and temporal patterns of the rainfall. The water balance is also affected by the underlying geology, nature of the soils and the landforms, and the type, density and dynamics of vegetation, although, information pertaining to these is lacking.

High-resolution hydrologic dynamics of the Nadadish experimental catchment in Chuzhou Hydrology Laboratory, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimin Liao ◽  
Jiufu Liu ◽  
Hongwei Liu ◽  
Haixia Zhang ◽  
Niu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Observation System ◽  
Rain Gauges ◽  
Total Runoff

<p>To obtain new hydrologic data and reveal new hydrologic mechanisms, it is key to perform high-resolution observation of hydrologic dynamics in experimental catchments. Supported by Chuzhou Hydrology Laboratory, this study conducted experimental investigation of hydrologic dynamics in Nandadish experimental catchment during 2015-2019. Nandadish with an area of 7897 m<sup>2</sup> is a natural experimental catchment covered by forest whose dominant tree species are B. papyrifera and Q. acutissima. The surface surrounding boundary was sealed by concrete so that Nadadish forms an excellent critical zone experimental block (CZEB). Four rain gauges were installed over the towers to measure the rain over the trees (inferred as P); 144 rain gauges were used to measure the rain under the trees (i.e. throughfall); and 31 trees were equipped to collect stem flow. A separate runoff observation system was constructed to measure the runoffs in different layers: the uppermost trough collects throughfall; the next lower trough collects surface runoff (RS); the two lower troughs collect subsurface flow from soil layers with the depths of 0–50, and 50–100 cm (inferred as R50 and R100). Soil moisture was observed by 31 profile-type sensors with 9, 12 or 15 sensor points with a depth spacing of 10 cm. An array of 30 galvanized tube wells intersected through the soil till the bed rock. Water table measurement was performed with pressure-type sensors at the bottom of each well. According experimental results, conclusions are determined as following: (1) Throughfall variability during the leafed period was slightly higher than that during the leafless period inferred from the coefficient of variation of throughfall amounts, with 13.2-40.9% and 18.7-31.9%, respectively. The multiple regression model analysis suggested that the controlling factors of throughfall variability were significant differently in different periods. (2) B. papyrifera required less precipitation amount (4.3 to 5.8 mm) to initially trigger stemflow than Q. acutissima (5.4 to 6.0 mm). (3) Under the condition of P≥25 mm, the proportion of RS, R50 and R100 was 46.3%, 15.2% and 38.5%, and thus the subsurface runoff dominated the runoff. The synthetic runoff coefficient of total runoff was 0.33; the synthetic runoff coefficients of Rs, R50 and R100 were 0.15, 0.05 and 0.13, respectively. (4) The depths of soil distinction layers were located at the range of 80-90 cm based on the data of profile soil moisture. (5) Saturated overland flow occurred in the area where the gentle slope with soil depth of less than 1 m was located at the mid-downstream through analyzing the water table dynamics. This investigation can enhance the in-depth understanding of hydrologic dynamics in the small forest headwater catchments.</p>

scholarly journals RECONSTRUCTION OF THE 2007 JAKARTA FLOOD BY J2000 HYDROLOGICAL MODEL

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miga Magenika Julian
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Distributed Hydrological Model ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
High Precipitation

This study addresses to reconstruct the hydrological dynamics during the 2007 Jakarta flood. Katulampa sub-basin in upper Citarum basin is considered as a study area. Katulampa act as a monitoring station of water flow in the upper part of Jakarta. The distributed hydrological model named J2000 was implemented. The model requires the hydrometeorological input as precipitation, temperature, humidity, wind speed and sunshine duration, and also the morphological data for topographic details, land use, soil, and geological information. The period of simulation covers from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2007, at a daily time step. Observed runoff in Katulampa gauging station is used to validate the model by comparing simulated and observed runoff variables. The model performed reasonably well. The modelling results gave the efficiency of Nash-Sutcliffe (NS) by 0.60, the corresponding coefficient correlation (r) by 0.84 and -1.1% deviations. During the flood event in February 2007, total runoff is dominantly originated by overland flow with 89% of total runoff. This flow comes from the excess of saturated soil during the high precipitation. At that day, the precipitation is nine times higher than the daily average precipitation in the wet season. The results show that the hydrological model can be employed as a powerful tool to reconstruct the hydrological dynamic during the extreme events (i.e. high precipitation). Katulampa station where is located in the upper part of Ciliwung is proposed as an early warning system to aware of water flow before entering to the lowlands area (i.e. Jakarta).

scholarly journals Role of Runoff–Infiltration Partitioning and Resolved Overland Flow on Land–Atmosphere Feedbacks: A Case Study with the WRF-Hydro Coupled Modeling System for West Africa

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 1489-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Arnault ◽  
Sven Wagner ◽  
Thomas Rummler ◽  
Benjamin Fersch ◽  
Jan Bliefernicht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Efficiency Coefficient ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Coupled Modeling ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Outer Domain ◽  
Terrestrial Water

Abstract The analysis of land–atmosphere feedbacks requires detailed representation of land processes in atmospheric models. The focus here is on runoff–infiltration partitioning and resolved overland flow. In the standard version of WRF, runoff–infiltration partitioning is described as a purely vertical process. In WRF-Hydro, runoff is enhanced with lateral water flows. The study region is the Sissili catchment (12 800 km2) in West Africa, and the study period is from March 2003 to February 2004. The WRF setup here includes an outer and inner domain at 10- and 2-km resolution covering the West Africa and Sissili regions, respectively. In this WRF-Hydro setup, the inner domain is coupled with a subgrid at 500-m resolution to compute overland and river flow. Model results are compared with TRMM precipitation, model tree ensemble (MTE) evapotranspiration, Climate Change Initiative (CCI) soil moisture, CRU temperature, and streamflow observation. The role of runoff–infiltration partitioning and resolved overland flow on land–atmosphere feedbacks is addressed with a sensitivity analysis of WRF results to the runoff–infiltration partitioning parameter and a comparison between WRF and WRF-Hydro results, respectively. In the outer domain, precipitation is sensitive to runoff–infiltration partitioning at the scale of the Sissili area (~100 × 100 km2), but not of area A (500 × 2500 km2). In the inner domain, where precipitation patterns are mainly prescribed by lateral boundary conditions, sensitivity is small, but additionally resolved overland flow here clearly increases infiltration and evapotranspiration at the beginning of the wet season when soils are still dry. The WRF-Hydro setup presented here shows potential for joint atmospheric and terrestrial water balance studies and reproduces observed daily discharge with a Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient of 0.43.

scholarly journals Modified Richards’ Equation to Improve Estimates of Soil Moisture in Two-Layered Soils after Infiltration

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honglin Zhu ◽  
Tingxi Liu ◽  
Baolin Xue ◽  
Yinglan A. ◽  
Guoqiang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Controlling Factors ◽  
Moisture Distribution ◽  
Richards Equation ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
Soil Moisture Distribution

Soil moisture distribution plays a significant role in soil erosion, evapotranspiration, and overland flow. Infiltration is a main component of the hydrological cycle, and simulations of soil moisture can improve infiltration process modeling. Different environmental factors affect soil moisture distribution in different soil layers. Soil moisture distribution is influenced mainly by soil properties (e.g., porosity) in the upper layer (10 cm), but by gravity-related factors (e.g., slope) in the deeper layer (50 cm). Richards’ equation is a widely used infiltration equation in hydrological models, but its homogeneous assumptions simplify the pattern of soil moisture distribution, leading to overestimates. Here, we present a modified Richards’ equation to predict soil moisture distribution in different layers along vertical infiltration. Two formulae considering different controlling factors were used to estimate soil moisture distribution at a given time and depth. Data for factors including slope, soil depth, porosity, and hydraulic conductivity were obtained from the literature and in situ measurements and used as prior information. Simulations were compared between the modified and the original Richards’ equations and with measurements taken at different times and depths. Comparisons with soil moisture data measured in situ indicated that the modified Richards’ equation still had limitations in terms of reproducing soil moisture in different slope positions and rainfall periods. However, compared with the original Richards’ equation, the modified equation estimated soil moisture with spatial diversity in the infiltration process more accurately. The equation may benefit from further solutions that consider various controlling factors in layers. Our results show that the proposed modified Richards’ equation provides a more effective approach to predict soil moisture in the vertical infiltration process.

A hysteretic model for rainfall-runoff of a simplifed catchment 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Flynn ◽  
Warren Roche
Keyword(s):  
Overland Flow ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Nonlinear Phenomenon ◽  
Hysteretic Model ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
History Of ◽  
Preisach Operator ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model

<div>The soil can be modelled as a porous medium in which the three phases of matter coexist and produce the emergent phenomenon of hysteresis.</div><div>Rate-independent hysteresis is a nonlinear phenomenon where the output depends not only on the current input but also the previous history of inputs to the system. In multiphase porous media such as soils, the hysteresis is in the relationship between the soil-moisture content, and the capillary pressure.</div><div>In this work, we develop a simplified hysteretic rainfall-runoff model consisting of the following subsystems that capture much of the physics of flow through a slab of soil:</div><div>1) A slab of soil where rainfall enters and if enough water is present in the soil, it will subsequently drain into the groundwater reservoir. This part of the model is represent by ODE with a Preisach operator.</div><div>2) A runoff component: If the rainfall exceeds the maximum infiltration rate of the soil, the excess will become surface runoff. This part of the model is represented by a series of two hysteretic reservoirs instead of the two linear reservoirs in the literature.</div><div>3) A ground water storage and outflow subsystem component: this is also modelled by a hysteretic reservoir. Finally, the outputs from the groundwater output and the overland flow are combined to give the total runoff. We will examine this model and compare it with non-hysteretic case both qualitatively and quantitively.</div>

Fate of urea-nitrogen from cattle urine in a pasture-crop sequence in a seasonally dry tropical environment

1985 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 809 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Vallis ◽  
DCI Peake ◽  
RK Jones ◽  
RL McCown
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
15N Urea ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Crop Sequence

The fate of urea-N in cattle urine applied during the dry season (in August) to the pasture phase of a pasture-crop sequence at Katherine, N.T., was investigated. Cattle urine labelled with 15N-urea was applied to three sets of microplots to measure the following parameters: (a) amount and distribution of 15N remaining in the microplots during the remainder of the dry season with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 5.0 t ha-1 of pasture residues present initially; (b) the effect of placing the urine 5 cm below the soil surface on the amount of 15N remaining during the dry season; (c) uptake of 15N by the pasture during the early part of the wet season (October to December) and uptake by sorghum sown directly into the killed pasture in January. Residual 15N in the surface soil (0-15 cm) after the sorghum crop was also measured. Of the applied 15N, 26% was lost after 1 day, 32% after 7 days and 46% after 63 days. Losses were not affected by the amount of pasture residues on the microplots when the urine was applied. Almost all of the I5N remaining in the microplots was in the 0-7.5-cm layer of soil, and 65-75% of this was mineral N. The dry-season losses of 15N were presumably through volatilization of ammonia, because leaching was absent and no loss of 15N occurred when the urine was placed 5 cm below the soil surface. Pasture growth killed at the end of December contained 6.2% of the applied 15N, the sorghum crop recovered only a further 2.1%, and after harvest of the sorghum crop the 0-15.0-cm layer of soil contained 23%. Thus about half of the 15N remaining in the soil-plant system to the 15.0 cm soil depth at the end of the dry season disappeared during the following wet season, either as a gaseous loss or by leaching deeper into the soil.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Road-Bioretention Strip System from a Hydraulic Perspective—Case Studies

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoning Li ◽  
Xing Fang ◽  
Yongwei Gong ◽  
Junqi Li ◽  
Jianlong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Soil Infiltration ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Safety Hazard ◽  
The Road ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Infiltration Parameters

The two-dimensional overland flow simulation program, FullSWOF_2D, was revised to include submodules of determining infiltration by zones (Z) and grate-inlet (G) drainage from a 2D surface to a 1D pipe flow. The updated program, FullSWOF-ZG, was used to evaluate the performance of a road-bioretention strip (RBS) system and explore/understand key parameters of continuous RBS design. The program was validated using eight pervious surfaces under simulated rainfall events and tested with 20 experimental cases of a locally depressed curb inlet. The mean difference of simulated interception efficiencies (36.6%–86.0%) and observed interception efficiencies (34.8%–84.0%) of the curb inlet was 3.5%, which proves the program predicts the curb-inlet interception efficiency accurately. The 20 road-only and 20 RBS modeling cases were designed and modeled using the FullSWOF-ZG program. These case studies have different road lengths, curb inlet lengths, longitudinal slopes, cross slopes, bioretention-overflow inlet heights, and bioretention soil infiltration parameters. Only 34.6%–48.4% of the total runoff volume is intercepted by the RBS’s curb inlet under heavy rainfall (250 mm/h) and the remaining part of the runoff flows downstream along the road, which may cause local inundation and become a safety hazard. The curb inlet becomes the bottleneck of the RBS system that could impede the runoff flowing into the bioretention strip for detention and infiltration to improve the stormwater quality.

scholarly journals Likely Ranges of Climate Change in Bolivia

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (6) ◽  
pp. 1303-1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Seiler ◽  
Ronald W. A. Hutjes ◽  
Pavel Kabat
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Global Circulation Models ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Interannual Rainfall Variability

AbstractBolivia is facing numerous climate-related threats, ranging from water scarcity due to rapidly retreating glaciers in the Andes to a partial loss of the Amazon forest in the lowlands. To assess what changes in climate may be expected in the future, 35 global circulation models (GCMs) from the third and fifth phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3/5) were analyzed for the Bolivian case. GCMs were validated against observed surface air temperature, precipitation, and incoming shortwave (SW) radiation for the period 1961–90. Weighted ensembles were developed, and climate change projections for five emission scenarios were assessed for 2070–99. GCMs revealed an overall cold, wet, and positive-SW-radiation bias and showed no substantial improvement from the CMIP3 to the CMIP5 ensemble for the Bolivian case. Models projected an increase in temperature (2.5°–5.9°C) and SW radiation (1%–5%), with seasonal and regional differences. In the lowlands, changes in annual rainfall remained uncertain for CMIP3 whereas CMIP5 GCMs were more inclined to project decreases (−9%). This pattern also applied to most of the Amazon basin, suggesting a higher risk of partial biomass loss for the CMIP5 ensemble. Both ensembles agreed on less rainfall (−19%) during drier months (June–August and September–November), with significant changes in interannual rainfall variability, but disagreed on changes during wetter months (January–March). In the Andes, CMIP3 GCMs tended toward less rainfall (−9%) whereas CMIP5 tended toward more (+20%) rainfall during parts of the wet season. The findings presented here may provide inputs for studies of climate change impact that assess how resilient human and natural systems are under different climate change scenarios.

scholarly journals Multiregional Satellite Precipitation Products Evaluation over Complex Terrain

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1817-1836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yagmur Derin ◽  
Emmanouil Anagnostou ◽  
Alexis Berne ◽  
Marco Borga ◽  
Brice Boudevillain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Swiss Alps ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Reanalysis Dataset ◽  
Peruvian Andes ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Extensive Evaluation

Abstract An extensive evaluation of nine global-scale high-resolution satellite-based rainfall (SBR) products is performed using a minimum of 6 years (within the period of 2000–13) of reference rainfall data derived from rain gauge networks in nine mountainous regions across the globe. The SBR products are compared to a recently released global reanalysis dataset from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The study areas include the eastern Italian Alps, the Swiss Alps, the western Black Sea of Turkey, the French Cévennes, the Peruvian Andes, the Colombian Andes, the Himalayas over Nepal, the Blue Nile in East Africa, Taiwan, and the U.S. Rocky Mountains. Evaluation is performed at annual, monthly, and daily time scales and 0.25° spatial resolution. The SBR datasets are based on the following retrieval algorithms: Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA), the NOAA/Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), and Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP). SBR products are categorized into those that include gauge adjustment versus unadjusted. Results show that performance of SBR is highly dependent on the rainfall variability. Many SBR products usually underestimate wet season and overestimate dry season precipitation. The performance of gauge adjustment to the SBR products varies by region and depends greatly on the representativeness of the rain gauge network.

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