scholarly journals A conceptual model of flow to the Waikoropupu Springs, NW Nelson, New Zealand, based on hydrometric and tracer (<sup>18</sup>O, Cl,<sup>3</sup>H and CFC) evidence

2008 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Stewart ◽  
J. T. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Deep Aquifer ◽  
Submarine Springs ◽  
Recharge Sources ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract. The Waikoropupu Springs, a large karst resurgence 4 km from the coast, are supplied by the Arthur Marble Aquifer (AMA) underlying the Takaka Valley, South Island, New Zealand. New evidence on the recharge sources in the catchment, combined with previous results, is used to establish a new recharge model for the AMA. Combined with the oxygen-18 mass balance, this yields a quantitative description of the inputs and outputs to the aquifer. It shows that the Main Spring is sourced mainly from the karst uplands (74%), with smaller contributions from the Upper Takaka River (18%) and valley rainfall (8%), while Fish Creek Spring contains mostly Upper Takaka River water (50%). In addition, much of the Upper Takaka River contribution to the aquifer (58%) bypasses the springs and is discharged offshore via submarine springs. The chemical concentrations of the Main Spring show input of 0.5% of sea water on average, which varies with flow and derives from the deep aquifer. Tritium measurements spanning 40 yr, and CFC-11 measurements, give a mean residence time of 8 yr for the Main Spring water using the preferred two-component model. Our conceptual flow model, based on the flow, chloride, oxygen-18 and age measurements, invokes two different flow systems with different recharge sources to explain the flow within the AMA. One system contains deeply penetrating old water with mean age 10.2 yr and water volume 3 km3, recharged from the karst uplands. The other, at shallow levels below the valley floor, has much younger water with mean age 1.2 yr and water volume 0.4 km3, recharged by Upper Takaka River and valley rainfall. The flow systems contribute in different proportions to the Main Spring, Fish Creek Springs and offshore springs. Their very different behaviours, despite being in the same aquifer, are attributed to the presence of a diorite intrusion below the surface of the lower valley, which diverts the deep flow towards the Waikoropupu Springs and allows much of the shallow flow to pass over the intrusive and escape via submarine springs.

scholarly journals A conceptual model of flow to the Waikoropupu Springs, NW Nelson, New Zealand, based on hydrometric and tracer (<sup>18</sup>O, Cl,<sup>3</sup>H and CFC) evidence

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1215-1264 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. Stewart ◽  
J. T. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Deep Aquifer ◽  
Submarine Springs ◽  
Recharge Sources ◽  
Flow Systems ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract. The Waikoropupu Springs, a large karst resurgence 4 km from the coast, are supplied by the Arthur Marble Aquifer (AMA) underlying the Takaka Valley, South Island, New Zealand. New evidence on the recharge sources in the catchment, combined with previous results, is used to establish a new recharge model for the AMA. Combined with the oxygen-18 mass balance, this yields a quantitative description of the inputs and outputs to the aquifer. It shows that the Main Spring is sourced mainly from the karst uplands (74%), with smaller contributions from the Upper Takaka River (18%) and valley rainfall (8%), while Fish Creek Spring contains mostly Upper Takaka River water (50%). In addition, much of the Upper Takaka River contribution to the aquifer (58%) bypasses the springs and is discharged offshore via submarine springs. The chemical concentrations of the Main Spring show input of 0.5% of sea water on average, which varies with flow and derives from the deep aquifer. Tritium measurements spanning 40 years, and CFC-11 measurements, give a mean residence time of 8 years for the Main Spring water using the preferred two-component model. Our conceptual flow model, based on the flow, chloride, oxygen-18 and age measurements, invokes two different flow systems with different recharge sources to explain the flow within the AMA. One system contains deeply penetrating old water with mean age 10.2 years and water volume 3 km3, recharged from the karst uplands. The other, at shallow levels below the valley floor, has much younger water, with mean age 1.2 years and water volume 0.4 km3, recharged by Upper Takaka River and valley rainfall. The flow systems contribute in different proportions to the Main Spring, Fish Creek Springs and offshore springs. Their very different behaviours, despite being in the same aquifer, are attributed to the presence of a diorite intrusive below the surface of the lower valley, which diverts the deep flow towards the Waikoropupu Springs and allows much of the shallow flow to pass over the intrusive and escape via submarine springs.

A reactive flow model of the geothermal reservoir Waiwera, New Zealand

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kühn ◽  
Heinke Stöfen
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Geothermal Reservoir ◽  
Reactive Flow

scholarly journals Hydrogeological Classification and the Correlation of Groundwater Chemistry with Basin Flow in the South-Western Part of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahpara Sheikh Dola ◽  
Khairul Bahsar ◽  
Mazeda Islam ◽  
Md Mizanur Rahman Sarker
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Shallow Aquifer ◽  
Deep Basin ◽  
Deep Groundwater ◽  
Deep Aquifer ◽  
Delta Plain ◽  
Type Water

Attempt has been made to find the relationship between the basin groundwater flow and the current water chemistry of south-western part of Bangladesh considering their lithological distribution and aquifer condition. The correlation of water chemistry and basin groundwater flow is depicted in the conceptual model. The water-types of shallow groundwater are predominantly Mg-Na-HCO3 and Ca- Mg-Na-HCO3 type. In the deep aquifer of upper delta plain is predominately Na-Cl, Ca-HCO3 and Mg- HCO3 type. In the lower delta plain Na-Cl type of water mainly occurs in the shallow aquifer and occasionally Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3 and Mg-HCO3 type may also occur in shallow aquifer of the eastern part of lower delta plain which could have originated from the recent recharge of rain water. Na- Cl type water is also found in the deep aquifer of lower delta plain. The origin of Na-Cl type water in the deep aquifer of lower delta part might be connate water or present day sea water intrusion. Fresh water occurring in the deep aquifer in the lower delta area is mostly of Mg-Ca-HCO3 and Na-HClO3 types. This type of water originate from intermediate or deep basin flow from the northern part of Bangladesh. The probable source of deep groundwater is Holocene marine transgression (Khan et al. 2000) occurred in 3000–7000 cal years BP and the deep groundwater of Upper Delta plain and Lower Delta plain is clearly influenced by deep basin flow coming from north part of BangladeshJournal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 1, 41-54, 2018

scholarly journals NURSERY TECHNIQUES WITH JUVENILE CORAL TROUT, Plectropomus leopardus WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF FOOD

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anak Agung Alit ◽  
Ketut Maha Setiawati ◽  
Tony Setia Dharma
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Coral Trout ◽  
Juvenile Coral ◽  
Trash Fish

ABSTRACT Feed management is a critical factor in the nursery activities because food serves as an energy for growth and survival rates. The study aimed to determine the best feeding to improve growth and survival rates. Cultured of coral trout grouper seeds were used for this research in 9 fiber tubs each of  0.8 tonnes of sea water volume with 3 treatments and 3 replicates. The feeding treatments were (a) commercial feeding pelle; (b) trash fish; and (c) feeding combinations (50% pellets and 50% trash fish). The initial length of coral trout grouper seeds were 3 cm long. The pellet used was a commercial pellet with dose of 5-10% biomass, while the trash fish was clupeid fish. Feeding times were twice a daya at 08:00 and 16:00 local time. A complete random design was used as an experiment design. Data was analysed using ANOVA and descriptive statistics. Water qualities during larva rearing included water temperature, pH, salinity, DO, ammonia, nitrite, and phosphate. The results showed that growth dan survical rates was significantly affected by combination feeding method (50% pellet and 50% trash fish) with growth rate of 0.08% cm/day and survival rate of 60.20±2.34%. Keywords: Feed, trash fish, juvenile coral trout grouper, growth, and survival.

Experience with Field Testings of SHE on Research Catchments

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Børge Storm ◽  
K. Høgh Jensen
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Complete System ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Extensive Field ◽  
Soil Water Flow ◽  
Hydrologic System ◽  
The Individual

The development of the European Hydrologic System (SHE) has now reached such a stage, that it is ready for practical applications. Extensive field testings and associated developments have been carried out in recent years. The testings have included the complete system as well as the individual components. Particular emphasis has been given to the development and testing of the soil water flow model. The paper demonstrates results from a field testing of SHE on the Wye Catchment in Britain, as well as examples of applications on small experimental catchments in Germany and New Zealand.

Developing a GIS-supported Tourist Flow Model for New Zealand

2007 ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Becken ◽  
Shane Vuletich ◽  
Scott Campbell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Tourist Flow

Depth-Volatile Relations in Coalfields

1956 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Suggate
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Rank Differences ◽  
Depth Of Burial

AbstractGeneral considerations relating to the use of analyses for determining depth-volatile relations in coalfields are discussed. New evidence from New Zealand is presented and British evidence reviewed. A maximum rate of downward decrease of volatiles is inferred at 23 per cent volatiles, and a depth-volatile band from 42 to 5 per cent volatiles is presented. British coalfield sequences fit the band, rendering unnecessary the complex geological explanations for differing rates of downward decrease of volatiles given by previous authors. Tectonic pressure is rejected in favour of depth of burial as a cause of rank differences.

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