scholarly journals Predicting the salt water intrusion in the Shatt al Arab estuary using an analytical approach

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali D. Abdullah ◽  
Jacqueline I. A. Gisen ◽  
Pieter van der Zaag ◽  
Hubert H. G. Savenije ◽  
Usama F. A. Karim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seawater Intrusion ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Tidal Mixing ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Hydrologic Simulation ◽  
Salinity Distribution ◽  
Salt Intrusion ◽  
Extreme Salinity

Abstract. Longitudinal and vertical salinity measurements are used in this study to predict the extent of in-land seawater intrusion in a deltaic river estuary. A predictive model is constructed to apply to the specific tidal, seasonal and discharge variability and geometric characteristics of the Shatt al-Arab River (SAR) situated along the border of Iraq and Iran. Reliable hydrologic simulation of salinity dynamics and seawater intrusion was lacking prior to this study. Tidal excursion is simulated analytically using a 1-D analytical salt intrusion model with recently updated equations for tidal mixing. The model was applied under different river conditions to analyze the seasonal variability of salinity distribution during wet and dry periods near spring and neap tides between March 2014 and January 2015. A good fit is possible with this model between computed and observed salinity distribution. Estimating water abstractions along the estuary improves the performance of the equations, especially at low flows and with a well calibrated dispersion-excursion relationship of the updated equations. Salt intrusion lengths given the current data varied from 38 to 65 km during the year of observation. With extremely low river discharge, which is highly likely there, we predict a much further distance of 92 km. These new predictions demonstrate that the SAR, already plagued with extreme salinity, may face deteriorating water quality levels in the near future, requiring prompt interventions.

scholarly journals Predicting the salt water intrusion in the Shatt al-Arab estuary using an analytical approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 4031-4042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali D. Abdullah ◽  
Jacqueline I. A. Gisen ◽  
Pieter van der Zaag ◽  
Hubert H. G. Savenije ◽  
Usama F. A. Karim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seawater Intrusion ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Tidal Mixing ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Hydrologic Simulation ◽  
Salinity Distribution ◽  
Salt Intrusion ◽  
Extreme Salinity

Abstract. Longitudinal and vertical salinity measurements are used in this study to predict the extent of inland seawater intrusion in a deltaic river estuary. A predictive model is constructed to apply to the specific tidal, seasonal, and discharge variability and geometric characteristics of the Shatt al-Arab River (SAR) situated along the border of Iraq and Iran. Reliable hydrologic simulation of salinity dynamics and seawater intrusion was lacking prior to this study. Tidal excursion is simulated analytically using a 1-D analytical salt intrusion model with recently updated equations for tidal mixing. The model was applied under different river conditions to analyse the seasonal variability of salinity distribution during wet and dry periods near spring and neap tides between March 2014 and January 2015. A good fit is possible with this model between computed and observed salinity distribution. Estimating water abstractions along the estuary improves the performance of the equations, especially at low flows and with a well-calibrated dispersion–excursion relationship of the updated equations. Salt intrusion lengths given the current data varied from 38 to 65 km during the year of observation. With extremely low river discharge, which is highly likely there, we predict a much further distance of 92 km. These new predictions demonstrate that the SAR, already plagued with extreme salinity, may face deteriorating water quality levels in the near future, requiring prompt interventions.

scholarly journals Salt intrusion in the Pungue estuary, Mozambique: effect of sand banks as a natural temporary salt intrusion barrier

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2523-2542 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Graas ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Salt Intrusion ◽  
Water Intrusion ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Monthly Discharge

Abstract. This paper presents a salt intrusion model for the Pungue estuary with the aim to determine the minimum discharge required to prevent the salt intrusion from reaching the water intake situated 82 km from the estuary mouth. The Pungue river is shared between Zimbabwe and Mozambique and has a large variation in precipitation and runoff. The mean monthly discharge can be as low as 8 m3/s and as high as 893 m3/s. The second largest city of Mozambique, Beira, relies on the Pungue for its water supply. In the dry season it frequently occurs that the water intake has to be ceased because the salinity of the Pungue is too high. The salt intrusion model used in this paper is based on a fully analytical and predictive theory which is confronted with measurements of salt intrusion and estuary topography. The paper presents the collection of estuary characteristics and the salt water intrusion measurements that were obtained by field measurements in 1993 and 2002. Using these data the salt intrusion model has successfully been applied. During salinity intrusion measurements in the dry season of 1993 it was observed that sand banks in the middle zone of the estuary prevented the salt water from intruding further upstream, resulting in lower salinity levels upstream than the theoretical salt water intrusion model predicts. This effect occurs during ebb of neap and average tides and can reduce the salt water intrusion by 10 km. The model indicates that in a natural situation a minimum monthly discharge of 12 m3/s is required to maintain acceptable salinity levels during high water and spring tide near the water intake. The actual water discharge upstream of the water intake has to be higher, since this minimum discharge does not take into account the water abstracted for irrigation and/or urban water supply. Current water abstractions lead to salt water intrusion near the water intake at approximately 10% of the time. The model indicates that an additional water abstraction of 5 m3/s will lead to an increase in salt water reaching the intake at 10% of the time. During neap tide the sand banks act as a temporary natural salt intrusion barrier reducing the chance of salt water reaching the water intake.

scholarly journals Salt water intrusion in the breakthrough valley of the river Aa between the Flemish coastal plain and the Saint Omer basin (France)

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 00017
Author(s):  
Luc Lebbe ◽  
Devlin Depret ◽  
Jasper Claus ◽  
Gert Jan Devriese
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Pumping Test ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Lateral Variation ◽  
Salinity Distribution ◽  
Electro Magnetic

The salinity distribution in a breakthrough valley has been studied based on field observations and using a numerical model. The studied valley is located in Northern France between the Saint Omer basin and the Flemish coastal plain. The field campaign starts with the installation of observation wells. In these observations wells the electrical conductivity is logged versus depth with an electro-magnetic device. These wells also allow the necessary measurements to deduce the fresh water heads. Some of the wells are used for the performance of a pumping test. The lateral variation of the electrical conductivity of the water in the drainage canals is measured. With a numerical model the evolution of the flow and distribution of the fresh and salt water are simulated. Two simulations are made with the same schematization of the groundwater reservoir consisting of quaternary marine sediments, silt and clay and with the same hydraulic and solute parameters and boundary conditions but with two different initial salinity distributions. The results of both simulations show that the salinity distribution in the quaternary marine sediments depends not only on the lateral variation of the watertable but also on the shape of the incision of the palaeo-valley into the clay of Ypresian age. The salinity distribution in the lower part of the quaternary marine sediments depends first and foremost on the shape of the incision of the palaeo-valley into the clay of Ypresian age whereas the salinity distribution in the upper part of the quaternary marine sediments depends first and foremost on the lateral variation of the watertable.

scholarly journals The impact of shoreline change on the salinity distribution in the wetlands of Liao River Estuary, China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingliang Zhang ◽  
Tianping Xu ◽  
Hengzhi Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Shoreline Change ◽  
Tidal Mixing ◽  
Salinity Distribution ◽  
Estuarine Wetlands ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The wetland of Liao River Estuary in northeast China is one of the best-preserved wetlands across the globe. However, it is extremely vulnerable to hydrological changes as well as other disturbances, particularly upstream river discharges and the reclamation from anthropogenic activities. In this study, a 3D hydrodynamic model (FVCOM) was used to reproduce the flow patterns of the Liao River Estuary and to explore the variation in salinity under different scenarios. Furthermore, the impact of river discharge and shoreline changes on the salinity distribution in the Liao River Estuary were quantitatively analyzed and discussed through several simulation experiments. The model reasonably reconstructed the spatio-temporal variability and distribution of salinity in the Liao River Estuary and the wetlands across intertidal areas. Increases in runoff were demonstrated to significantly decrease the mean salinity values of the estuary, with changes in salinity negatively correlated to the longitudinal distance from the estuary mouth. Moreover, the shoreline change caused by the construction of Panjin Port was observed to have an obvious influence on the salinity distribution of the Liao River Estuary, particularly in the lower reaches of the Pink Beach Wetland. Comparisons of the Liao River Estuary residual flow fields under different shorelines revealed that the establishment of the port resulted in the diffusion of the runoff from the Daliao River due to the obstruction of the port body, which enhanced the tidal mixing effect and consequently weakened the dilution effect of fresh water entering the Pink Beach Wetland. Overall, the current study should be helpful for offering a greater understanding of Suaeda heteroptera vegetation degradation in the Liao River Estuary, China, this work also provides a new perspective in investigating the degradation mechanism in other estuarine wetlands.

Predicting of salt water intrusion in the Sebou river estuary (Morocco)

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soufiane Haddout ◽  
Abdellatif Maslouhi ◽  
Mohammed Igouzal
Keyword(s):  
Salt Water ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Water Intrusion

scholarly journals The Breede River estuary (Cape Province, South Africa): A historical perspective on hydrology, geomorphology, and sedimentology

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Burg Flemming ◽  
Keith Martin
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
High Tide ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Salt Water Intrusion ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Tidal Elevation ◽  
Marine Sand

AbstractA hitherto unpublished historical dataset of the Breede River estuary, Western Cape, South Africa, that was collected in the summer season of 1983 is presented. Bathymetric, physiographic, and sedimentological data were collected at 1–1.5-km intervals between the mouth and the Malgas ferry crossing at km 35. The remaining estuary up to km 52 was not surveyed. Sedimentologically, the estuary could be divided into a lower marine sand reach (mouth to km 5), a mixed sand/mud reach (km 5–18.5), and a fluvial sand reach upstream of km 18.5. Hydrological data were collected at three midstream anchor stations (mouth, km 14.5, and km 24) which were occupied for complete tidal cycles. Five parameters were recorded: tidal elevation, current velocity, salinity, temperature, and light transmittance. Pronounced velocity asymmetries of the tides were revealed by phase delays between the times of low (high) water and corresponding slack water (turn of the tide), as well as considerable up-estuary delays in the occurrence of high and low tides. The mode of tidal wave propagation was synchronic (constant height) up to a distance of ~23 km at spring high tide and ~13 km at neap high tide, from where it proceeded in hyposynchronic mode (progressive decrease in height). Peak surface velocities reached 1.5 m/s at Station 1 (mouth), 0.6 m/s at Station 2 (km 14), and 0.45 m/s at Station 3 (km 24). The marine sand reach and parts of the mixed sand/mud and fluvial sand reaches were distinctly flood dominated as revealed by the orientation of bedforms. Salt water intrusion reached up to km 25, where river background levels were reached. Suspended sediment concentrations (turbidity) varied from 55–85 mg/l at the mouth, 65–200 mg/l in the mixed sand/mud reach, and 55–85 mg/l in the fluvial sand reach. At the time of observation, the Breede River estuary was in a well-mixed hydrological state. The fluvial sand reach displayed numerous, up to 18-m-deep scour pools. Grain-size distributions revealed distinct differences between the individual estuary sections, the sand/mud, and marine sand reaches, in particular, being characterized by up to four, mostly mixed hydraulic populations. Offshore seismic profiles suggest that the Duiwenhoks River, located 14 km to the east of the Breede mouth, was a tributary of the latter during Pleistocene sea-level lowstands. From a global perspective, the Breede River estuary conforms physically to typical small estuaries that are only marginally impacted by human interferences.

scholarly journals The impacts of runoff decrease and shoreline change on the salinity distribution in the wetlands of Liao River estuary, China

Ocean Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-201
Author(s):  
Mingliang Zhang ◽  
Tianping Xu ◽  
Hengzhi Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Degradation Mechanism ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Shoreline Change ◽  
Tidal Mixing ◽  
Spatiotemporal Variability ◽  
Salinity Distribution ◽  
Estuarine Wetlands ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The wetland of Liao River estuary (LRE) in northeastern China is one of the best-preserved wetlands across the globe. However, it is extremely vulnerable to hydrological changes as well as other disturbances, particularly upstream river discharges and the reclamation from anthropogenic activities. In this study, a 3D hydrodynamic model was used to reproduce the flow patterns of the LRE and to explore the variation in salinity under different scenarios. Furthermore, the impact of river discharge and shoreline changes on the salinity distribution in the LRE was quantitatively analyzed and discussed through several simulation experiments. The model reasonably reconstructed the spatiotemporal variability and distribution of salinity in the Liao River estuary and the wetlands across intertidal areas. Increases in runoff were demonstrated to significantly decrease the mean salinity values of the estuary, with changes in salinity negatively correlated to the longitudinal distance from the estuary mouth. Moreover, the shoreline change caused by the construction of Panjin Port was observed to have an obvious influence on the salinity distribution of the LRE, particularly in the lower reaches of the Pink Beach wetland. Comparisons of the Liao River estuary residual flow fields under different shorelines revealed that the establishment of the port resulted in the diffusion of the runoff from the Daliao River due to the obstruction of the port body, which enhanced the tidal mixing effect and consequently weakened the dilution effect of freshwater entering the Pink Beach wetland. Overall, the current study should be helpful for offering a greater understanding of Suaeda heteroptera vegetation degradation in the LRE, China, and also provides a new perspective in investigating the degradation mechanism in other estuarine wetlands.

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