scholarly journals Technical note: comparison of water vapor sampling techniques for stable isotope analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez ◽  
Miriam Coenders-Gerrits ◽  
Thom Bogaard ◽  
Erika Vatiero ◽  
Hubert Savenije
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Isotopic Fractionation ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
Cavity Output ◽  
Stable Isotope Signatures ◽  
Pumping Rates ◽  
Vapor Sampling

Abstract. Water vapor samples are key elements to describe the evaporation process thanks to the stable isotope signatures of δ2H and δ18O. However, its sampling is a difficult task that can introduce errors due to isotopic fractionation. This study investigates the consistency of different sampling techniques for atmospheric water vapor. The isotope signature of a parcel of air was determined with a cavity output spectroscopy device during a period of 3 hours (benchmark). This parcel of air was sampled simultaneously with 3 types of sampling bags made of different materials (metalized polyethylene -MPE-, polyvinyl fluoride -PVF-, low density polyethylene -LDPE-) and with 2 cryogenic baths running at two different pumping rates (3 L min-1 and 50 mL min-1). The tested water vapor sampling techniques differ in their ability to keep reliable measurements after sampling and are highly susceptible to procedural errors. MPE bags are the best option for measuring samples up to two weeks of storage after sampling. LDPE and PVF bags are only reliable if the measurement is performed on the same sampling day.

scholarly journals Technical note: an alternative water vapor sampling technique for stable isotope analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
César~Dionisio Jiménez-Rodríguez ◽  
Miriam Coenders-Gerrits ◽  
Thom Bogaard ◽  
Erika Vatiero ◽  
Hubert Savenije
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Laser Spectroscopy ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Coniferous Forest ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Sample Volume ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Alternative Water

Abstract. Recent developments in laser spectroscopy enabled to carry out direct measurements of δ2H and δ18O of air water vapor in the field. However, certain experimental sites or project budgets do not ease the deployment of this technology to obtain the needed measurements. We carried out three consecutive experiments aiming to provide an alternative method to sample air vapour in the field, and preventing fractionation during the process. The first experiment determined the minimum air sample volume required to obtain measurements of δ2H and δ18O with a laser spectrometer. The second one test evaluated the capacity to retrieve continuously similar isotopic signatures of the collected samples from one location. The third experiment assessed the applicability of this methodology under an experimental set up in a coniferous forest in The Netherlands. Stable isotope measurements of water vapor by laser spectroscopy can be obtained with a sample volume of 450 mL of air. This allows to measure each sample during a period of 300 s, obtaining isotope signatures with standard deviations lower than 0.1 ‰, and 0.5 ‰, for δ18O and δ2H, respectively. Air samples collected with bags were homogeneously mixed, allowing to retrieve a better temporal variation in the field than the cold traps employed.

scholarly journals Developing Non-destructive Methods to Determine Natal Origins of Snake River Cutthroat Trout in the Jackson Lake Watershed

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
Scott Carleton
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Cutthroat Trout ◽  
Snake River ◽  
Early Life Stages ◽  
Data Resource ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
Stable Isotope Signatures ◽  
Non Destructive

Across their native ranges, cutthroat trout populations are imperiled due to habitat loss, habitat alteration, and introduction of non-native species (Liknes and Graham 1988, Behnke 1992, Hitt et al. 2003). These changes have not gone undetected and a great deal of time and money have been invested in conservation and restoration of cutthroat trout populations (Kershner 1995, USDA 1996, Young and Harig 2002, Baker et al. 2008). The success of these projects is tightly linked to the ability of resource managers to prioritize management efforts. Specifically, where should the investments of time and money br focused to yield the greatest impact on conservation and restoration. This study proposes to use a relatively new, proven analytical tool, stable isotope analysis, to identify differences in the stable isotope signatures of tributary streams entering Jackson Lake. These differences are translated into the tissues, specifically otolith bones, of cutthroat trout that use these tributaries during early life stages or upon return for spawning (Kennedy et al. 2002, Muhlfeld et al. 2005, Coghlan et al. 2007, Barnett-Johnson et al. 2008, Walther et al. 2008, Ziegler and Whitledge 2010). The ability to link adult trout back to their natal origins and identify where these adults are returning to spawn will provide the data resource managers need to prioritize conservation and restoration efforts in the upper Snake River watershed, with special emphasis on tributary streams entering Jackson Lake.

Preparation of aqueous fatty acids for hydrogen and carbon stable isotope analysis by solid phase extraction

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Benbow ◽  
Alan R. Hayman ◽  
Robert Van Hale ◽  
Russell Frew
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Isotopic Fractionation ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Surface Modified

Stable isotope analyses of fatty acids in environmental waters provides important information as to their source(s). Analysis is often confounded due to low concentrations of fatty acids and/or a complex sample matrix requiring separation of the target analyte. The purpose of this study was to validate a method to extract fatty acids from natural waters using solid phase extraction (SPE) before compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA). Three SPE cartridges and multiple eluting solvents were tested to determine the efficiency, isotopic fractionation, and reproducibility of each extraction technique. Our results indicated that surface-modified styrene divinylbenzene cartridges, when eluted with methanol, caused negligible fractionation of the hydrogen isotopes and minimal fractionation of the carbon isotopes, but that isotopic fractionation occurred when compounds were only partially eluted from SPE cartridges. Compounds were also extracted from landfill leachate using both SPE and liquid–liquid extraction (LLE). The hydrogen isotope composition (δ2H) of compounds extracted from water using either method were within experimental precision and the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of all but one fatty acid were within experimental precision. Therefore, these experiments prove the aforementioned SPE methods to be a convenient and precise method to extract fatty acids from natural waters before CSIA.

Stable isotope composition of walleye: 15N accumulation with age and area-specific differences in δ13C

2001 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 1253-1260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathanael C Overman ◽  
Donna L Parrish
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Carbon Isotope ◽  
Trophic Position ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Isotopic Fractionation ◽  
Stomach Content Analysis ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
N Accumulation

Stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios were measured for walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) collected across Lake Champlain, Vermont, to determine relationships between isotopic composition and diet, location of capture, length, weight, and age. Variation in δ13C values reflected area-specific differences in isotopic composition of organisms collected across the lake. A critical assumption in the application of isotope techniques is that a predictable relationship exists between the diet and isotopic composition of an organism. Our results indicate that isotopic fractionation factors may not be independent of age as has largely been assumed. By combining stable nitrogen and carbon isotope analysis with conventional stomach content analysis, we documented significant age effects in the δ15N composition of adult walleye that were not attributable to observed changes in diet. Age accounted for 81% of the variation in δ15N values of walleye (ages 2–27, N = 65, δ15N range = 15.3–19.2‰), providing evidence supporting 15N accumulation over the life span of walleye. Therefore, the risk of making faulty inferences of trophic position and food web interactions based on δ15N values may be increased when age is unknown. Our results indicate that metabolic effects associated with age require greater consideration in applications of stable isotope analysis.

scholarly journals Intra-hair stable isotope analysis implies seasonal shift to salmon in gray wolf diet

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (9) ◽  
pp. 1638-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
C T Darimont ◽  
T E Reimchen
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Niche Differentiation ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Gray Wolf ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Dietary Shift ◽  
Gray Wolves ◽  
Seasonal Shift ◽  
Stable Isotope Signatures

Seasonal shifts in diet are widespread, but our ability to detect them can be limited. Comparisons of stable isotope signatures in metabolically inert tissue portions grown at different times are inadequately exploited in dietary reconstructions. We propose that segments of guard hair can index diet to periods of growth (i.e., seasons differing in resource availability). We examined inter-hair δ13C and δ15N signatures from gray wolves (Canis lupus) of British Columbia to test whether the bulk of enriched (marine-derived) nutrients was assimilated during fall, the peak of salmon (Onchorynchus spp.) migration. In five animals, we detected a seasonal dietary shift: relatively more 13C and 15N was assimilated during fall than during summer, suggesting use of salmon during fall. Twelve wolves and both controls showed no seasonal shift in diet. Using salmon when available may be adaptive, given its predictability, spatial constraint, caloric content, and lower potential to inflict injury relative to that imposed by large mammals. Our study complements others that also used novel and fine-scale isotope approaches and may permit the identification of otherwise undetectable niche differentiation among conspecifics or heterospecifics.

scholarly journals Zirconium stable isotope analysis of zircon by MC-ICP-MS: methods and application to evaluating intra-crystalline zonation in a zircon megacryst

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1167-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah G. D. Tompkins ◽  
Lisa J. Zieman ◽  
Mauricio Ibañez-Mejia ◽  
François L. H. Tissot
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Stable Isotope Analysis ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Isotopic Fractionation ◽  
Analytical Protocol ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Zircon Crystallization ◽  
Mass Dependent

An analytical protocol for Zr stable isotope analysis using a double-spike is described and applied to understanding mass-dependent isotopic fractionation in carbonatitic magmatic systems driven by zircon crystallization.

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