DETECTION OF DRY INTRUSION ON WATER VAPOR IMAGES OVER CENTRAL EUROPE – JUNE 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

The knowledge of evaluation of the intensity of cyclogenesis which could be connected with the weather having a significant impact on Earth’s surface is quite useful. If, as one of the basic assumptions, the existence of connection between dry intrusions, dry bands, tropopause height and warm dark areas distribution on water vapor images (WV images) is considered, it is possible to set up a method of detecting dry intrusions on searching and tracking areas with higher brightness temperature compared with the surrounding environment. This paper covers the period between June 2010 and September 2011 over Central Europe. The ISIS method (<i>Instrument de Suivi dans I’Imagerie satellitaire</i>), originally developed for detection of cold cloud tops, was used as an initial ideological point. Subsequently, this method was modified by Michel and Bouttier for usage on WV images. Some of the applied criteria and parameters were chosen with reference to the results published by Michel and Bouttier as well as by Novotny. The procedure can be divided into two steps: detection of warm areas and their tracking. Cases of detection of areas not evidently connected with dry intrusions can be solved by filtering off based on the connection between detected warm areas to the cyclonic side of jet streams and significant lowering of the tropopause.

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DETECTION OF DRY INTRUSION ON WATER VAPOR IMAGES OVER CENTRAL EUROPE – JUNE 2010 TO SEPTEMBER 2011

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-281-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol XLI-B8 ◽

pp. 281-284 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Novotny ◽

K. Dejmal ◽

F. Hudec ◽

P. Kolar

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Central Europe ◽

Tropopause Height ◽

Jet Streams ◽

Basic Assumptions ◽

Surrounding Environment ◽

Set Up ◽

Cloud Tops ◽

Dry Bands ◽

Dry Intrusions

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Muslim, Catholic and Orthodox religiosity in Central Europe in contrast to American Protestant religiosity

Sociologija ◽

10.2298/soc0503213f ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 213-228 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sergej Flere ◽

Miran Lavric

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Religious Practice ◽

Social Pressure ◽

Religious Groups ◽

Concept Of God ◽

Set Up

Four religious cultural settings, a Slovenian Catholic one, a Bosnian Muslim one, a Serbian Orthodox one and an American Protestant one, are compared on the basis of a variety of measures of religiosity, resulting from a survey carried out on large student samples in 2005. Certain cultural peculiarities of the groups emerge: e.g., the particular Muslim stress on the concept of God as austere judge. These peculiarities, indicative of a more pronouncedly rigid and authentic religiosity do not add up to a qualitatively different religiosity among the Muslims. Nevertheless, clear differences appeared in the structure of religiosity, which are of particular relevance to the two more intensively religious groups: the American Protestants and the Bosnian Muslims. The former group's religiosity is more dependent on social pressure, and its religious practice is more frequent, whereas the latter group's religiosity seems better linked to their personality set-up and integrated in personality. The American Protestants are slightly more inclined to sacrifice their life both for religious purposes and for their country.

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Water vapor near the cloud tops of Venus from Venus Express/VIRTIS dayside data

Icarus ◽

10.1016/j.icarus.2011.06.018 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 217 (2) ◽

pp. 561-569 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

V. Cottini ◽

N.I. Ignatiev ◽

G. Piccioni ◽

P. Drossart ◽

D. Grassi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Venus Express ◽

Cloud Tops

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THE VIBRATIONAL CONSTANTS OF ACETYLENE

Canadian Journal of Research ◽

10.1139/cjr48a-025 ◽

1948 ◽

Vol 26a (5) ◽

pp. 279-291 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Norma Morgenroth Nordin ◽

R. N. H. Haslam

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Perturbation Methods ◽

Resonance Interaction ◽

Vapor Molecule ◽

Water Vapor Molecule ◽

Vibrational Energies ◽

Set Up ◽

Vibrational Constants ◽

Work Done

On the basis of the work done by Darling and Dennison on the water vapor molecule, the vibrational constants of acetylene are calculated, taking into account the resonance interaction arising from the near equality of the fundamentals ν1 and ν3. Seventeen band centers are known experimentally. The band centers depend on the 10 constants χi, χik and γ which are functions of the potential constants. The expressions for the vibrational energies of the band centers are set up, those for interacting doublets or triplets being found by perturbation methods. The 10 constants are determined and the positions of eight bands calculated to check the results. The agreement is very satisfactory. The positions of 10 other bands not yet observed are predicted.

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MIAWARA-C, a new ground based water vapor radiometer for measurement campaigns

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions ◽

10.5194/amtd-3-2389-2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 2389-2432

Author(s):

C. Straub ◽

A. Murk ◽

N. Kaempfer

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Middle Atmosphere ◽

Horn Antenna ◽

Profile Measurement ◽

Correlation Receiver ◽

Water Vapor Radiometer ◽

Set Up ◽

Compact Design ◽

Crucial Parameter ◽

Measurement Campaigns

Abstract. In this paper a new 22 GHz water vapor spectro-radiometer which has been specifically designed for profile measurement campaigns of the middle atmosphere is presented. The instrument is of a compact design and has a simple set up procedure. It can be operated as a standalone instrument as it maintains its own weather station and a calibration scheme that does not rely on other instruments or the use of liquid nitrogen. The optical system of MIAWARA-C combines a choked gaussian horn antenna with a parabolic mirror which reduces the size of the instrument in comparison with currently existing radiometers. For the data acquisition a correlation receiver is used together with a digital cross correlating spectrometer. The complete backend section, including the computer, is located in the same housing as the instrument. The receiver section is temperature stabilized to avoid gain fluctuations. Calibration of the instrument is achieved through a balancing scheme with the sky used as the cold load and the tropospheric properties are determined by performing regular tipping curves. Since MIAWARA-C is used in measurement campaigns it is important to be able to determine the elevation pointing in a simple manner as this is a crucial parameter in the calibration process. Here we present two different methods; scanning the sky and the Sun. Finally, we report on the first spectra and retrieved water vapor profiles acquired during the Lapbiat campaign at Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory. The performance of MIAWARA-C is validated here by comparison of the presented profiles against the equivalent profiles from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the EOS/Aura satellite.

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Water vapor observations up to the lower stratosphere through the Raman lidar during the MAïdo LIdar Calibration Campaign

Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions ◽

10.5194/amtd-7-10361-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 7 (10) ◽

pp. 10361-10422

Author(s):

D. Dionisi ◽

P. Keckhut ◽

Y. Courcoux ◽

A. Hauchecorne ◽

J. Porteneuve ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Calibration Procedure ◽

Relative Difference ◽

Lamp Method ◽

Control Procedure ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Set Up ◽

Lidar Calibration ◽

Good Agreement

Abstract. A new lidar system devoted to tropospheric and lower stratospheric water vapor measurements has been installed at the Maïdo altitude station facility of La Reunion Island, in the southern subtropics. The main objectives of the MAïdo LIdar Calibration Campaign (MALICCA), performed in April 2013, were to validate the system, to set up a calibration methodology, to compare the acquired water profiles with radiosonde measurements and to evaluate its performances and capabilities with a particular focus on the UTLS measurements. Varying the characteristics of the transmitter and the receiver components, different system configuration scenarios were tested and possible parasite signals (fluorescent contamination, rejection) were investigated. A hybrid calibration methodology has been set up and validated to insure optimal lidar calibration stability with time. In particular, the receiver transmittance is monitored through the calibration lamp method that, at the moment, can detect transmittance variations greater than 10–15%. Calibration coefficients are then calculated through the hourly values of IWV provided by the co-located GPS. The comparison between the constants derived by GPS and Vaisala RS92 radiosondes launched at Maïdo during MALICCA, points out an acceptable agreement in terms of accuracy of the mean calibration value (with a difference of approximately 2–3%), but a significant difference in terms of variability (14 vs. 7–9%, for GPS and RS92 calibration procedures, respectively). We obtained a relatively good agreement between the lidar measurements and 15 co-located and simultaneous RS92 radiosondes. A relative difference below 10% is measured in low and middle troposphere (2–10 km). The upper troposphere (up to 15 km) is characterized by a larger spread (approximately 20%), because of the increasing distance between the two sensors. To measure water vapor in the UTLS region, nighttime and monthly water vapor profiles are presented and compared. The good agreement between the lidar monthly profile and the mean WVMR profile measured by satellite MLS has been used as a quality control procedure of the lidar product, attesting the absence of significant wet biases and validating the calibration procedure. Thanks to its performance and location, the MAIDO H2O lidar is devoted to become a reference instrument in the southern subtropics, allowing to insure the long-term survey of the vertical distribution of water vapor, and to document scientific themes such as stratosphere–troposphere exchange, tropospheric dynamics in the subtropics, links between cirrus clouds and water vapor.

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Post-depositional changes in snow isotope content: preliminary results of laboratory experiments

Climate of the Past Discussions ◽

10.5194/cpd-5-2239-2009 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 2239-2267 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

A. A. Ekaykin ◽

T. Hondoh ◽

V. Y. Lipenkov ◽

A. Miyamoto

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Isotope Exchange ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Ice Core ◽

Relative Mass ◽

Atmospheric Water ◽

Preliminary Results ◽

Set Up ◽

Isotope Content ◽

Snow Thickness

Abstract. Isotopic content of the snow and firn thickness is assumed to be altered significantly due to the post-depositional (PD) mass- and isotope exchange with the atmospheric water vapor. If so, these effects should be accounted for in the ice core-based isotope-temperature paleo-reconstructions. In order to study the intensity of the PD processes we set up a series of laboratory experiments. In this paper we describe in detail the experimental technique and briefly overview preliminary results. It is shown that the PD modifications in the upper layer of snow thickness are noticeably strong even under such a low temperature as −35°C (the value typical for the Central Antarctic summer). It is demonstrated that the PD isotopic changes in snow can be approximated as a linear function of the relative mass loss due to snow sublimation. Possible applications for improving the isotope-temperature paleo-reconstructions are shortly discussed.

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Technical note: A method for measuring size-resolved CCN in the atmosphere

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-6-4879-2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 4879-4895 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

G. P. Frank ◽

U. Dusek ◽

M. O. Andreae

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Water Vapor ◽

Size Range ◽

Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽

Technical Note ◽

Condensation Nuclei ◽

Ambient Aerosols ◽

Condensation Particle Counter ◽

Set Up ◽

Vapor Supersaturation

Abstract. We present a method to investigate cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations and activation efficiencies as a function of two independent variables, aerosol particle size and water vapor supersaturation. To date, most ambient CCN measurements have been made as the integral (total) CCN concentration as a function of water vapor supersaturation only. However, since CCN properties of aerosol particles are strongly dependent on particle size, as well as on chemical composition, which commonly varies with particle size, more detailed measurements can provide additional important information about the CCN activation. With size-resolved measurements, the effect of particle size on CCN activity can be kept constant, which makes it possible to directly assess the influence of particle chemistry. The instrumental set-up consists of a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) to select particles of a known size, within a narrow size range. A condensation nuclei (CN) counter (condensation particle counter, CPC) is used to count the total number of particles in that size range, and a CCN counter is used to count the number of CCN as a function of supersaturation, in that same size range. The activation efficiency, expressed as CCN/CN ratios, can thus directly be calculated as a function of particle size and supersaturation. We present examples of the application of this technique, using salt and smoke aerosols produced in the laboratory as well as ambient aerosols.

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The role of tropical deep convective clouds on temperature, water vapor, and dehydration in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL)

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-10-8963-2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 8963-8994 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. H. Chae ◽

D. L. Wu ◽

W. G. Read ◽

S. C. Sherwood

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Temperature Drop ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Tropical Tropopause Layer ◽

Convective Clouds ◽

Tropical Tropopause ◽

Dehydration Mechanism ◽

Environmental Air ◽

Cloud Tops

Abstract. Temperature and water vapor variations due to clouds in the TTL have been investigated using co-located MLS, CALISPO, and CloudSat data. Convective cooling occurs only up to cloud top heights, but there is warming above these heights in the TTL. Water vapor and ozone anomalies above cloud top heights support that the warming anomalies occur due to downward motion. Thicker clouds cause a greater magnitude of the temperature anomalies. Water vapor of the environment below cloud tops can either increase or decrease, depending on the cloud top height. The critical factor, which divides these different water vapor variations below cloud tops, is the relative humidity. Clouds hydrate the environment below 16 km, where the air after mixing between cloud and the environmental air does not reach saturation, but clouds dehydrate above 16 km, due to the supersaturation because of the larger temperature drop and the high initial relative humidity. Water vapor above cloud tops has negative anomalies compared to clear skies and suggests another dehydration mechanism.

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The Formation of Exhaust Condensation Trails by Jet Aircraft

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society ◽

10.1175/1520-0477-34.1.14 ◽

1953 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 14-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 161

Author(s):

H. Appleman

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Critical Temperature ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Intermediate State ◽

Aircraft Engine ◽

Ice Crystals ◽

Basic Assumptions ◽

Considerable Portion ◽

Major Exception

This paper defines the meteorological state of the atmosphere which will give rise to the formation of condensation trails (contrails) as the exhaust from an aircraft engine mixes with and saturates the environment. Three basic assumptions were made with regard to the formation of visible contrails: (1) contrails are composed of ice crystals; (2) water vapor cannot be transformed into ice without first passing through the liquid phase, thus necessitating an intermediate state of saturation with respect to water; (3) a minimum visible water content of 0.004 gm/m3 is required for a faint trail and 0.01 gm/m3 for a distinct trail. This last requirement proved of no importance in determining whether or not a trail would form, but did affect its persistence. Curves were constructed showing the critical temperature for the formation of a visible trail as a function of the pressure and relative humidity of the environment and the amount of air entrained into the exhaust. It is shown that these curves are applicable to any aircraft which has the same water to heat ratio in its exhaust as the case discussed in this report. In general this ratio is fairly constant regardless of the type of airplane, control settings, or fuel. The major exception occurs with aircraft powered by reciprocating engines in which case a considerable portion of the heat produced may be dissipated outside of the trail. A separate, but similar, study would be necessary for each aircraft with a significantly different proportion of such heat loss.

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