scholarly journals THE FACADE’S DOME OF THE ST. ANTHONY’S BASILICA IN PADUA

2019 ◽  
Vol XLII-2/W11 ◽  
pp. 481-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Diaz ◽  
S. M. Holzer
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Time Consumption ◽  
Stratigraphic Analysis ◽  
Entire Structure ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Human Effort

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The basilica of St. Anthony in Padua (13th–14th cent.) is one of the most remarkable pilgrimage sites in Italy. To date, the monument itself has never been subject to a comprehensive stratigraphic analysis. Important information about the construction sequence of the building may be conserved in the domed roofs protecting the inner masonry shells.</p><p>The present paper will focus on the dome next to the facade. During the survey, data acquisition via laser scanner have been flanked by standard tasks. Specifically, the stratification analysis of the timber framework of the dome requires to measure the entire structure, including parts with difficult access, and calls for many scan bases to go further the sight obstacles represented by the rafters and the horizontal collar-beams. Therefore, application of laser scanning might appear difficult at first sight.</p><p>The authors will show that the approach confirms the suitability of the laser scanner technology in facing the general complexity of the structure. The development of a graphic documentation in CAD environment entailed a manageable complexity in terms of time-consumption and precision in data processing. So far, the plans reveal the irregular profile of the dome in its inner masonry shell, and of the outer masonry drum. The sections show a two-centre curvature of the elevation of the outer timber shell. However, the joints among the rafters, ribs, and tie-beams still require a series of traditional in-depth assessments acquired in close-range access.</p><p>Nevertheless, the pragmatic investigative modus operandi, tested up to now, does represent a fixed protocol suitable to be iterated and perfected for each cupola. In such complex structures, the laser scanning process confirms to be a valid strategy to reach a good compromise between time consumption, human effort, and millimetre precision. In this way, the collected material provides a first contribution to acquire knowledge on this Italian medieval masterpiece, which stands out on the international scenario for its historical richness and architectural complexity.</p>

scholarly journals Terrestrial Laser Scanning and Settled Techniques: A Support to Detect Pathologies and Safety Conditions of Timber Structures

2013 ◽  
Vol 778 ◽  
pp. 350-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Bertolini-Cestari ◽  
Filiberto Chiabrando ◽  
Stefano Invernizzi ◽  
Tanja Marzi ◽  
Antonia Spanò
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Texture Mapping ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Resolution Model ◽  
Close Range ◽  
High Resolution Model ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Non Destructive

Nowadays, there is an increasing demand for detailed geometrical representation of the existing cultural heritage, in particular to improve the comprehension of interactions between different phenomena and to allow a better decisional and planning process. The LiDAR technology (Light Detection and Ranging) can be adopted in different fields, ranging from aerial applications to mobile and terrestrial mapping systems. One of the main target of this study is to propose an integration of innovative and settled inquiring techniques, ranging from the reading of the technological system, to non-destructive tools for diagnosis and 3D metric modeling of buildings heritage. Many inquiring techniques, including Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) method, have been exploited to study the main room of the Valentino Castle in Torino. The so-called “Salone delle Feste”, conceived in the XVIIth century under the guidance of Carlo di Castellamonte, has been selected as a test area. The beautiful frescos and stuccoes of the domical vault are sustained by a typical Delorme carpentry, whose span is among the largest of their kind. The dome suffered from degradation during the years, and a series of interventions were put into place. A survey has revealed that the suspender cables above the vault in the region close to the abutments have lost their tension. This may indicate an increase of the vault deformation; therefore a structural assessment of the dome is mandatory. The high detailed metric survey, carried out with integrated laser scanning and digital close range photogrammetry, reinforced the structural hypothesis of damages and revealed the deformation effects. In addition, the correlation between the survey-model of the intrados and of the extrados allowed a non-destructive and extensive determination of the dome thickness. The photogram-metrical survey of frescos, with the re-projection of images on vault surface model (texture mapping), is purposed to exactly localize formers restoration and their signs on frescos continuity. The present paper illustrates the generation of the 3D high-resolution model and its relations with the results of the structural survey; both of them support the Finite Element numerical simulation of the dome.

scholarly journals ONLY IMAGE BASED FOR THE 3D METRIC SURVEY OF GOTHIC STRUCTURES BY USING FRAME CAMERAS AND PANORAMIC CAMERAS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B5 ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Pérez Ramos ◽  
G. Robleda Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
External Quality ◽  
Panoramic Cameras ◽  
Dense Point ◽  
Close Range

Indoor Gothic apse provides a complex environment for virtualization using imaging techniques due to its light conditions and architecture. Light entering throw large windows in combination with the apse shape makes difficult to find proper conditions to photo capture for reconstruction purposes. Thus, documentation techniques based on images are usually replaced by scanning techniques inside churches. Nevertheless, the need to use Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for indoor virtualization means a significant increase in the final surveying cost. So, in most cases, scanning techniques are used to generate dense point clouds. However, many Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) internal cameras are not able to provide colour images or cannot reach the image quality that can be obtained using an external camera. Therefore, external quality images are often used to build high resolution textures of these models. This paper aims to solve the problem posted by virtualizing indoor Gothic churches, making that task more affordable using exclusively techniques base on images. It reviews a previous proposed methodology using a DSRL camera with 18-135 lens commonly used for close range photogrammetry and add another one using a HDR 360° camera with four lenses that makes the task easier and faster in comparison with the previous one. Fieldwork and office-work are simplified. The proposed methodology provides photographs in such a good conditions for building point clouds and textured meshes. Furthermore, the same imaging resources can be used to generate more deliverables without extra time consuming in the field, for instance, immersive virtual tours. In order to verify the usefulness of the method, it has been decided to apply it to the apse since it is considered one of the most complex elements of Gothic churches and it could be extended to the whole building.

scholarly journals Applicability Assessments of Close-Range Photogrammetry for Slope Face 3D Modelling

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Haqul Baramsyah ◽  
Less Rich
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Digital Photogrammetry ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
3D Data ◽  
Image Capturing ◽  
Close Range

The digital single lens reflex (DSLR) cameras have been widely accepted to use in slope face photogrammetry rather than the expensive metric camera used for aerial photogrammetry. 3D models generated from digital photogrammetry can approach those generated from terrestrial laser scanning in term of scale and level of detail. It is cost effective and has equipment portability. This paper presents and discusses the applicability of close-range digital photogrammetry to produce 3D models of rock slope faces. Five experiments of image capturing method were conducted to capture the photographs as the input data for processing. As a consideration, the appropriate baseline lengths to capture the slope face to get better result are around 1/6 to 1/8 of target distance.  A fine quality of 3D model from data processing is obtained using strip method and convergent method with 80% overlapping in each photograph. A random camera positions with different distances from the slope face can also generate a good 3D model, however the entire target should be captured in each photograph. The accuracy of the models is generated by comparing the 3D models produced from photogrammetry with the 3D data obtained from laser scanner. The accuracy of 3D models is quite satisfactory with the mean error range from 0.008 to 0.018 m.

Use of Laser Scanner for Digital Surveying of the Sarnicli Inn and the Byzantine Cistern Underneath

2017 ◽  
pp. 227-254
Author(s):  
Gülhan Benli ◽  
Eylem Görmüş Ekizce
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Laser Scanners ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Photogrammetric Measurement

Measurement methods including traditional measurement methods, topographic and photogrammetric measurement methods, measurements via laser scanning devices and aerial photogrammetric measurement methods obtained using model airplane or model helicopters are used in documentation of the cultural heritage and protected areas in our country. Although data obtained by Aerial Lidar technology accepted as advanced technology over the past decade, enables faster data comparing to others as data obtained by terrestrial laser scanners provide millimetre level accuracy close-range scanning methods are preferred in architectural facades scanning during the process of surveying of a single building. Inclusion process of a Byzantine cistern in Istanbul, Turkey, which was undiscovered for centuries, in our cultural heritage as well as surveying stages of the cistern along with the inn structure built over, using 3D scanning technology shall be described within this study.

scholarly journals THE FLORENCE BAPTISTERY: 3-D SURVEY AS A KNOWLEDGE TOOL FOR HISTORICAL AND STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B5 ◽  
pp. 977-984 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Tucci ◽  
V. Bonora ◽  
L. Fiorini ◽  
A. Conti
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Outer Wall ◽  
Structural Investigations ◽  
Survey Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Historical Architecture ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Main Instrument ◽  
New Research

The Baptistery of San Giovanni is one of the most important pieces of architecture in Florence. It is an octagonal building, encrusted with marble both internally and externally (including the pyramidal roof) and covered inside by a magnificent dome with sparkling gold mosaics. During Dante’s time, it appeared much older than the other monuments, so its origins were considered as hailing straight from Florence’s most remote and mythical history. Even though we have much more data now, scholars still disagree over the interpretations on the origin and construction sequence of the monument. <br><br> Survey has always been considered a main instrument for understanding historical architecture, mostly from constructional and structural points of view. During the last century, the Baptistery was surveyed using both traditional techniques and the most up-to-date instruments available at the time, such as topography, close-range photogrammetry and laser scanning. So, a review of those early applications, even if partial or isolated, can significantly attest to the state of the art and evolution of survey techniques. <br><br> During recent years, the Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore promoted new research and a wide range of diagnostic investigations aimed at acquiring greater knowledge of the monument in anticipation of the cleaning and restoration of the outer wall surfaces during 2015. <br><br> Among this research, GeCo Lab carried out a new systematic and complete laser scanner survey of the whole Baptistery, acquiring data for the more inaccessible parts that were given little attention during other survey campaigns. <br><br> First of all, the paper analyses recent contributions given by instrumental surveys in advancing knowledge of the building, with references to the cutting-edge techniques and measurement tools used at the time. Then, it describes the new survey campaign, illustrating the approach followed in the planning, data acquisition and data elaboration phases; finally, it gives examples of some interpretations of the structure stemming from the new acquisitions.

scholarly journals The New Approach to Camera Calibration – GCPs or TLS Data?

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B3 ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
J. Markiewicz ◽  
P. Podlasiak ◽  
M. Kowalczyk ◽  
D. Zawieska
Keyword(s):  
Camera Calibration ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Automatic Identification ◽  
Test Field ◽  
Control Points ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Laser Measurements ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Processed Products

Camera calibration is one of the basic photogrammetric tasks responsible for the quality of processed products. The majority of calibration is performed with a specially designed test field or during the self-calibration process. The research presented in this paper aims to answer the question of whether it is necessary to use control points designed in the standard way for determination of camera interior orientation parameters. Data from close-range laser scanning can be used as an alternative. The experiments shown in this work demonstrate the potential of laser measurements, since the number of points that may be involved in the calculation is much larger than that of commonly used ground control points. The problem which still exists is the correct and automatic identification of object details in the image, taken with a tested camera, as well as in the data set registered with the laser scanner.

scholarly journals BIM applied in historical building documentation and refurbishing

2015 ◽  
Vol XL-5/W7 ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.-M. Cheng ◽  
W.-B. Yang ◽  
Y.-N. Yen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Survey Methods ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Digital Documentation ◽  
Building Conservation

Historical building conservation raises two important issues which are documentation and refurbishing. For the recording and documentation, we already have developed 3d laser scanner and such photogrammetry technology those represent a freeze object of virtual reality by digital documentation. On the other hand, the refurbished engineering of historic building is a challenge for conservation heritage which are not only reconstructing the damage part but also restoring tangible cultural heritage. 3D digital cultural heritage models has become a topic of great interest in recent years. One reason for this is the more widespread use of laser scanning and photogrammetry for recording cultural heritage sites. These technologies have made it possible to efficiently and accurately record complex structures remotely that would not have been possible with previous survey methods. In addition to these developments, digital information systems are evolving for the presentation, analysis and archival of heritage documentation.

Use of Laser Scanner for Digital Surveying of the Sarnicli Inn and the Byzantine Cistern Underneath

2019 ◽  
pp. 275-303
Author(s):  
Gülhan Benli ◽  
Eylem Görmüş Ekizce
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
3D Scanning ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Laser Scanners ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Photogrammetric Measurement

Measurement methods including traditional measurement methods, topographic and photogrammetric measurement methods, measurements via laser scanning devices and aerial photogrammetric measurement methods obtained using model airplane or model helicopters are used in documentation of the cultural heritage and protected areas in our country. Although data obtained by Aerial Lidar technology accepted as advanced technology over the past decade, enables faster data comparing to others as data obtained by terrestrial laser scanners provide millimetre level accuracy close-range scanning methods are preferred in architectural facades scanning during the process of surveying of a single building. Inclusion process of a Byzantine cistern in Istanbul, Turkey, which was undiscovered for centuries, in our cultural heritage as well as surveying stages of the cistern along with the inn structure built over, using 3D scanning technology shall be described within this study.

scholarly journals ONLY IMAGE BASED FOR THE 3D METRIC SURVEY OF GOTHIC STRUCTURES BY USING FRAME CAMERAS AND PANORAMIC CAMERAS

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B5 ◽  
pp. 363-370
Author(s):  
A. Pérez Ramos ◽  
G. Robleda Prieto
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Point Clouds ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
External Quality ◽  
Panoramic Cameras ◽  
Dense Point ◽  
Close Range

Indoor Gothic apse provides a complex environment for virtualization using imaging techniques due to its light conditions and architecture. Light entering throw large windows in combination with the apse shape makes difficult to find proper conditions to photo capture for reconstruction purposes. Thus, documentation techniques based on images are usually replaced by scanning techniques inside churches. Nevertheless, the need to use Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for indoor virtualization means a significant increase in the final surveying cost. So, in most cases, scanning techniques are used to generate dense point clouds. However, many Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) internal cameras are not able to provide colour images or cannot reach the image quality that can be obtained using an external camera. Therefore, external quality images are often used to build high resolution textures of these models. This paper aims to solve the problem posted by virtualizing indoor Gothic churches, making that task more affordable using exclusively techniques base on images. It reviews a previous proposed methodology using a DSRL camera with 18-135 lens commonly used for close range photogrammetry and add another one using a HDR 360° camera with four lenses that makes the task easier and faster in comparison with the previous one. Fieldwork and office-work are simplified. The proposed methodology provides photographs in such a good conditions for building point clouds and textured meshes. Furthermore, the same imaging resources can be used to generate more deliverables without extra time consuming in the field, for instance, immersive virtual tours. In order to verify the usefulness of the method, it has been decided to apply it to the apse since it is considered one of the most complex elements of Gothic churches and it could be extended to the whole building.

scholarly journals Accuracy Assessment of Stonex X-300 Laser Scanner Cameras

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Luma Khalid Jasim
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Accuracy Assessment ◽  
Laser Scanner ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Ground Control Points ◽  
Actual Evaluation ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
Actual Accuracy

Assessment the actual accuracy of laboratory devices prior to first use is very important to know the capabilities of such devices and employ them in multiple domains. As the manual of the device provides information and values in laboratory conditions for the accuracy of these devices, thus the actual evaluation process is necessary. In this paper, the accuracy of laser scanner (stonex X-300) cameras were evaluated, so that those cameras attached to the device and lead supporting role in it. This is particularly because the device manual did not contain sufficient information about those cameras. To know the accuracy when using these cameras in close range photogrammetry, laser scanning (stonex X-300) device is used to obtain photos of a board including (23) ground control points on it, those observed from two stations and adjusted by using equations of the 3D adjusted triangulation networks by lengths and angles (hybrid routine). (10) GCPs and (13) checkpoints were used to compare the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of checkpoints that result from using laser scan cameras with (RMSE) of the same checkpoints that result from using digital photos (Nikon 5200D). The result of (RMSE) comparison was ) in the X direction, ) in the Y direction and ) in the Z direction.  

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