scholarly journals WHAT IS THE NEED FOR BUILDING PARTS? – A COMPARISON OF CITYGML, INSPIRE BUILDING AND A SWEDISH BUILDING STANDARD

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W10 ◽  
pp. 27-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Eriksson ◽  
L. Harrie ◽  
J. M. Paasch
Keyword(s):  
Industry Foundation Classes ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
Information Models ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
City Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
City Models

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The need for digital building information is increasing, both in the form of 3D city models (as geodata) and of more detailed building information models (BIM). BIM models are mainly used in the architecture, engineering and construction industry, but have recently become interesting also for municipalities. The overall aim of this paper is to study one way of dividing a building, namely the division of a building into building parts in both 3D city models and in BIM models. The study starts by an inventory of how building parts are defined in 3D city model standards (CityGML, the INSPIRE building specification and a Swedish national specification for buildings) and in BIM models (Industry Foundation Classes, IFC). The definition of building parts in these specifications are compared and evaluated. The paper also describes potential applications for the use of building parts, on what grounds a building could be divided into building parts, advantages and disadvantages of having building parts and what consequences it can have on the usage of the building information. One finding is that building parts is defined similar, but not identical in the studied geodata specifications and there are no requirements, only recommendations on how buildings should be divided into building parts. This can complicate the modelling, exchange and reuse of building information, and in a longer perspective, it would be desirable to have recommendations of how to define and use building parts in for example a national context.</p>

scholarly journals Tools for BIM-GIS Integration (IFC Georeferencing and Conversions): Results from the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Noardo ◽  
Lars Harrie ◽  
Ken Arroyo Ohori ◽  
Filip Biljecki ◽  
Claire Ellul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Design ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
Data Conversion ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Building Permits ◽  
Information Models ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
City Models

The integration of 3D city models with Building Information Models (BIM), coined as GeoBIM, facilitates improved data support to several applications, e.g., 3D map updates, building permits issuing, detailed city analysis, infrastructure design, context-based building design, to name a few. To solve the integration, several issues need to be tackled and solved, i.e., harmonization of features, interoperability, format conversions, integration of procedures. The GeoBIM benchmark 2019, funded by ISPRS and EuroSDR, evaluated the state of implementation of tools addressing some of those issues. In particular, in the part of the benchmark described in this paper, the application of georeferencing to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) models and making consistent conversions between 3D city models and BIM are investigated, considering the OGC CityGML and buildingSMART IFC as reference standards. In the benchmark, sample datasets in the two reference standards were provided. External volunteers were asked to describe and test georeferencing procedures for IFC models and conversion tools between CityGML and IFC. From the analysis of the delivered answers and processed datasets, it was possible to notice that while there are tools and procedures available to support georeferencing and data conversion, comprehensive definition of the requirements, clear rules to perform such two tasks, as well as solid technological solutions implementing them, are still lacking in functionalities. Those specific issues can be a sensible starting point for planning the next GeoBIM integration agendas.

scholarly journals AN IMPROVED LOD FRAMEWORK FOR THE TERRAINS IN 3D CITY MODELS

2019 ◽  
Vol IV-4/W8 ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kumar ◽  
A. Labetski ◽  
H. Ledoux ◽  
J. Stoter
Keyword(s):  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
Terrain Models ◽  
City Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
3D City Modelling ◽  
Software Prototype ◽  
City Models

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Level of Detail (LOD) concept in CityGML 2.0 is meant to differentiate the multiple representations of semantic 3D city models. Despite the popularity and general acceptance of the concept by the practitioners and stakeholders in 3D city modelling, there are still some limitations. While the CityGML LOD concept is well defined for buildings, bridges, tunnels, and to some extent for roads, there is no clear definition of LODs for terrain/relief, vegetation, land use, water bodies, and generic city objects in CityGML. In addition, extensive research has been done to refine the LOD concept of CityGML for buildings but little is known on requirements and possibilities to model city object types as terrain at different LODs. To address this gap, we focus in this paper on the terrain of a 3D city model and propose a framework for modelling terrains at different LODs in CityGML. As a proof of concept of our framework, we implemented a software prototype to generate terrain models with other city features integrated (e.g. buildings) at different LODs in CityGML.</p>

scholarly journals Tools for BIM-GIS Integration (IFC Georeferencing and Conversions): Results from the GeoBIM Benchmark 2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Noardo ◽  
Lars Harrie ◽  
Ken Arroyo Ohori ◽  
Filip Biljecki ◽  
Claire Ellul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Design ◽  
Reference Standards ◽  
Data Conversion ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Building Permits ◽  
Information Models ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
City Models

The integration of 3D city models with Building Information Models (BIM), abbreviated as GeoBIM, facilitates improved data support to several applications, e.g. 3D map updates, building permits issuing, detailed city analysis, infrastructure design, context-based building design, to name a few. To solve the integration, several issues need to be tackled and solved, i.e. harmonization of features, interoperability, format conversions, integration of procedures. The GeoBIM benchmark 2019, funded by ISPRS and EuroSDR, evaluated the state of implementation of tools addressing some of those issues. In particular, in the part of the benchmark described in this paper, the application of georeferencing to Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) models and making consistent conversions between 3D city models and BIM are investigated, considering the OGC CityGML and buildingSMART IFC as reference standards. In the benchmark, sample datasets in the two reference standards were provided. External volunteers were asked to describe and test georeferencing procedures for IFC models and conversion tools between CityGML and IFC. From the analysis of the delivered answers and processed datasets, it was possible to notice that while there are tools and procedures available to support georeferencing and data conversion, comprehensive definition of the requirements, clear rules to perform such two tasks, as well as solid technological solutions implementing them, are still lacking in functionalities. Those specific issues can be a sensible starting point for planning the next GeoBIM integration agendas.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATING INTEROPERABILITY CAPABILITIES BETWEEN IFC AND CITYGML LOD 4 – RETAINING SEMANTIC INFORMATION

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W10 ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Floros ◽  
C. Ellul ◽  
E. Dimopoulou
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Open Data ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
Information Models ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
3D Information ◽  
City Models

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Applications of 3D City Models range from assessing the potential output of solar panels across a city to determining the best location for 5G mobile phone masts. While in the past these models were not readily available, the rapid increase of available data from sources such as Open Data (e.g. OpenStreetMap), National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies and increasingly Building Information Models facilitates the implementation of increasingly detailed 3D Models. However, these sources also generate integration challenges relating to heterogeneity, storage and efficient management and visualization. CityGML and IFC (Industry Foundation Classes) are two standards that serve different application domains (GIS and BIM) and are commonly used to store and share 3D information. The ability to convert data from IFC to CityGML in a consistent manner could generate 3D City Models able to represent an entire city, but that also include detailed geometric and semantic information regarding its elements. However, CityGML and IFC present major differences in their schemas, rendering interoperability a challenging task, particularly when details of a building’s internal structure are considered (Level of Detail 4 in CityGML). The aim of this paper is to investigate interoperability options between the aforementioned standards, by converting IFC models to CityGML LoD 4 Models. The CityGML Models are then semantically enriched and the proposed methodology is assessed in terms of model’s geometric validity and capability to preserve semantics.</p>

Smart City and Digital Twins

2021 ◽  
pp. 243-264
Author(s):  
Sara Giaveno
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Building Information Modeling ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Building Information ◽  
City Model ◽  
Technical Features

The chapter proposed aims at facing the various implications underlying the smart city concept based on digital twins. The structure of the text is articulated in three main themes: the use of the term “smart city” and the role that technologies had in its definition; the “3D city model” meaning and the integration procedures between BIM (building information modeling) and GIS (geographic information system); the classification of 3D city models by use cases. The chapter can provide researchers with a detailed dissertation aimed at clarifying both the theoretical and technical features belonging to smart city and its related innovative technologies.

Scalable Multi-Platform Distribution of Spatial 3D Contents

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Klimke ◽  
Benjamin Hagedorn ◽  
Jürgen Döllner
Keyword(s):  
3D Visualization ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Web Based ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
3D Rendering ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
City Model ◽  
Rendering Techniques ◽  
City Models

Virtual 3D city models provide powerful user interfaces for communication of 2D and 3D geoinformation. Providing high quality visualization of massive 3D geoinformation in a scalable, fast, and cost efficient manner is still a challenging task. Especially for mobile and web-based system environments, software and hardware configurations of target systems differ significantly. This makes it hard to provide fast, visually appealing renderings of 3D data throughout a variety of platforms and devices. Current mobile or web-based solutions for 3D visualization usually require raw 3D scene data such as triangle meshes together with textures delivered from server to client, what makes them strongly limited in terms of size and complexity of the models they can handle. This paper introduces a new approach for provisioning of massive, virtual 3D city models on different platforms namely web browsers, smartphones or tablets, by means of an interactive map assembled from artificial oblique image tiles. The key concept is to synthesize such images of a virtual 3D city model by a 3D rendering service in a preprocessing step. This service encapsulates model handling and 3D rendering techniques for high quality visualization of massive 3D models. By generating image tiles using this service, the 3D rendering process is shifted from the client side, which provides major advantages: (a) The complexity of the 3D city model data is decoupled from data transfer complexity (b) the implementation of client applications is simplified significantly as 3D rendering is encapsulated on server side (c) 3D city models can be easily deployed for and used by a large number of concurrent users, leading to a high degree of scalability of the overall approach. All core 3D rendering techniques are performed on a dedicated 3D rendering server, and thin-client applications can be compactly implemented for various devices and platforms.

scholarly journals Semi-Automatic 3D City Model Generation from Large-Format Aerial Images

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Buyukdemircioglu ◽  
Sultan Kocaman ◽  
Umit Isikdag
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Aerial Images ◽  
Model Generation ◽  
City Management ◽  
Large Format ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
City Model ◽  
City Models

3D city models have become crucial for better city management, and can be used for various purposes such as disaster management, navigation, solar potential computation and planning simulations. 3D city models are not only visual models, and they can also be used for thematic queries and analyzes with the help of semantic data. The models can be produced using different data sources and methods. In this study, vector basemaps and large-format aerial images, which are regularly produced in accordance with the large scale map production regulations in Turkey, have been used to develop a workflow for semi-automatic 3D city model generation. The aim of this study is to propose a procedure for the production of 3D city models from existing aerial photogrammetric datasets without additional data acquisition efforts and/or costly manual editing. To prove the methodology, a 3D city model has been generated with semi-automatic methods at LoD2 (Level of Detail 2) of CityGML (City Geographic Markup Language) using the data of the study area over Cesme Town of Izmir Province, Turkey. The generated model is automatically textured and additional developments have been performed for 3D visualization of the model on the web. The problems encountered throughout the study and approaches to solve them are presented here. Consequently, the approach introduced in this study yields promising results for low-cost 3D city model production with the data at hand.

scholarly journals Building Virtual 3D City Model for Smart Cities Applications: A Case Study on Campus Area of the University of Novi Sad

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dušan Jovanović ◽  
Stevan Milovanov ◽  
Igor Ruskovski ◽  
Miro Govedarica ◽  
Dubravka Sladić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Airborne Lidar ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
City Model ◽  
Novi Sad ◽  
The University ◽  
The City ◽  
City Models

The Smart Cities data and applications need to replicate, as faithfully as possible, the state of the city and to simulate possible alternative futures. In order to do this, the modelling of the city should cover all aspects of the city that are relevant to the problems that require smart solutions. In this context, 2D and 3D spatial data play a key role, in particular 3D city models. One of the methods for collecting data that can be used for developing such 3D city models is Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), a technology that has provided opportunities to generate large-scale 3D city models at relatively low cost. The collected data is further processed to obtain fully developed photorealistic virtual 3D city models. The goal of this research is to develop virtual 3D city model based on airborne LiDAR surveying and to analyze its applicability toward Smart Cities applications. It this paper, we present workflow that goes from data collection by LiDAR, through extract, transform, load (ETL) transformations and data processing to developing 3D virtual city model and finally discuss its future potential usage scenarios in various fields of application such as modern ICT-based urban planning and 3D cadaster. The results are presented on the case study of campus area of the University of Novi Sad.

scholarly journals 3D CITY MODELS FOR SUPPORTING SIMULATIONS IN CITY DENSIFICATIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol XLVI-4/W4-2021 ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
L. Harrie ◽  
J. Kanters ◽  
K. Mattisson ◽  
P. Nezval ◽  
P.-O. Olsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Model Design ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
City Model ◽  
Good Living ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
City Models

Abstract. In order to meet the increasing needs of housing and services in urban areas, cities are densified. When densifying a city, it is important to provide good living conditions while maintaining a low environmental impact. To ensure this, the urban planning process should include simulations of e.g. noise and daylight conditions. In this paper we describe a newly started projected directed towards the need for quality-assured and harmonised input data to the simulations, in the form of 3D city models. The first part of the paper includes the background and research questions of the project and in the second part a tool for daylight simulations on neighbourhood level is introduced, a tool that will be utilized for evaluating the 3D city model design.

scholarly journals Services Oriented Smart City Platform Based On 3d City Model Visualization

2014 ◽  
Vol II-4 ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Prandi ◽  
M. Soave ◽  
F. Devigili ◽  
M. Andreolli ◽  
R. De Amicis
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
3D City Models ◽  
3D City Model ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
City Model ◽  
City Models

The rapid technological evolution, which is characterizing all the disciplines involved within the wide concept of smart cities, is becoming a key factor to trigger true user-driven innovation. However to fully develop the Smart City concept to a wide geographical target, it is required an infrastructure that allows the integration of heterogeneous geographical information and sensor networks into a common technological ground. In this context 3D city models will play an increasingly important role in our daily lives and become an essential part of the modern city information infrastructure (Spatial Data Infrastructure). <br><br> The work presented in this paper describes an innovative Services Oriented Architecture software platform aimed at providing smartcities services on top of 3D urban models. 3D city models are the basis of many applications and can became the platform for integrating city information within the Smart-Cites context. <br><br> In particular the paper will investigate how the efficient visualisation of 3D city models using different levels of detail (LODs) is one of the pivotal technological challenge to support Smart-Cities applications. The goal is to provide to the final user realistic and abstract 3D representations of the urban environment and the possibility to interact with a massive amounts of semantic information contained into the geospatial 3D city model. <br><br> The proposed solution, using OCG standards and a custom service to provide 3D city models, lets the users to consume the services and interact with the 3D model via Web in a more effective way.

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