scholarly journals Damages to unreinforced masonry buildings by the Van earthquakes of 23 October and 9 November 2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. S. Tama ◽  
A. Solak ◽  
N. Çetinkaya ◽  
G. Şen ◽  
S. Yılmaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Site Survey ◽  
Van Earthquakes ◽  
A Site ◽  
Extensive Damage

Abstract. Van, a city in Eastern Anatolian Turkey, was hit by two earthquakes with magnitudes of Mw = 7.2 and Mw = 5.6 in October and November 2011. Both earthquakes caused extensive damage to many buildings. Unreinforced masonry buildings, especially in rural areas, suffered from those earthquakes extensively as in many other cases observed in Turkey during other previous earthquakes. This paper presents a site survey of damaged masonry buildings. Reasons for the wide spread damages are discussed in the paper.

scholarly journals 29 October 2007, Çameli earthquake and structural damages at unreinforced masonry buildings

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 919-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kaplan ◽  
S. Yilmaz ◽  
E. Akyol ◽  
G. Sen ◽  
Y. S. Tama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Region ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Site Survey ◽  
A Site ◽  
Infrequent Event

Abstract. A recent earthquake of M=4.9 occurred on 29 October 2007 in Çameli, Denizli, which is located in a seismically active region at southwest Anatolia, Turkey. It has caused extensive damages at unreinforced masonry buildings like many other cases observed in Turkey during other previous earthquakes. Most of the damaged structures were non-engineered, seismically deficient, unreinforced masonry buildings. This paper presents a site survey of these damaged buildings. In addition to typical masonry damages, some infrequent, event-specific damages were also observed. Reasons for the relatively wide spread damages considering the magnitude of the event are discussed in the paper.

scholarly journals 2010 Karakocan-Elazig earthquake and masonry structures

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Cetinkaya
Keyword(s):  
Local Time ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Masonry Structures ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Eastern Turkey ◽  
Site Survey ◽  
A Site

Abstract. Karakocan-Elazig-Turkey earthquake with M = 6.0 occurred on 8 March 2010 at 04:32 a.m. (local time) in eastern Turkey and caused the loss of life and heavy damages, as well. The majority of the damaged structures were seismically deficient, unreinforced masonry buildings. In this paper, a site survey of the damaged buildings is presented and the reasons behind the damages are discussed.

scholarly journals Van earthquakes (23 October 2011 and 9 November 2011) and performance of masonry and adobe structures

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3337-3342 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Güney
Keyword(s):  
Local Time ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Unreinforced Masonry ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Eastern Turkey ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Social Disaster ◽  
Van Earthquakes ◽  
The Town

Abstract. Earthquakes, which are unavoidable natural phenomena in Turkey, have often produced economic and social disaster. The latest destructive earthquakes happened in Van city. Van, Turkey, earthquakes with M = 7.2 occurred on 23 October 2011 at 13:41 (local time), whose epicenter was about 16 km north of Van (Tabanlı village) and M = 5.6 on 9 November 2011 epicentered near the town of Edremit south of Van in eastern Turkey and caused the loss of life and heavy damages. Both earthquakes killed 644 people and 2608 people were injured. Approximately 4000 buildings collapsed or were seriously damaged. The majority of the damaged structures were seismically insufficient, unreinforced masonry and adobe buildings in rural areas. In this paper, site surveys of the damaged masonry and adobe buildings are presented and the reasons for the caused damages are discussed in detail.

scholarly journals Site investigation of masonry buildings damaged during the 23 October and 9 November 2011 Van Earthquakes in Turkey

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 689-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Piroglu ◽  
K. Ozakgul
Keyword(s):  
Site Investigation ◽  
Masonry Buildings ◽  
Design Codes ◽  
Confined Masonry ◽  
Earthquake Resistant Design ◽  
Richter Scale ◽  
Earthquake Resistant ◽  
Van Earthquakes ◽  
The City ◽  
Extensive Damage

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to scrutinize and interpret the damages to masonry buildings after a series of earthquakes that occurred in Van, which is an eastern city of Turkey, within 17 days in 2011, i.e., the first earthquake hit on 23 October having the magnitude 7.1, and the second on 9 November with the magnitude 5.6 on the Richter scale. These consecutive earthquakes and their aftershocks caused extensive damage and the collapse of buildings in the city of Van and its villages and especially its near town, namely Ercis. For the investigation of masonry buildings, Hacibekir district, which is one of the regions comprising the highest density of masonry buildings in the city of Van, was selected and the seismic performance of these buildings was observed, tested in the field, and interpreted according to the Turkish earthquake-resistant design codes. In this region, masonry buildings were classified as adobe, unreinforced and confined masonry buildings. As a result of this field study, it was observed that whereas the confined masonry buildings had usually shown good performance during the earthquakes, the adobe and the unreinforced masonry buildings were seriously damaged and some of them were partially collapsed.

scholarly journals Are Honey Bees at Risk from Microplastics?

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Yahya Al Naggar ◽  
Markus Brinkmann ◽  
Christie M. Sayes ◽  
Saad N. AL-Kahtani ◽  
Showket A. Dar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Persistent Pollutants ◽  
Research Questions

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous and persistent pollutants, and have been detected in a wide variety of media, from soils to aquatic systems. MPs, consisting primarily of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyacrylamide polymers, have recently been found in 12% of samples of honey collected in Ecuador. Recently, MPs have also been identified in honey bees collected from apiaries in Copenhagen, Denmark, as well as nearby semiurban and rural areas. Given these documented exposures, assessment of their effects is critical for understanding the risks of MP exposure to honey bees. Exposure to polystyrene (PS)-MPs decreased diversity of the honey bee gut microbiota, followed by changes in gene expression related to oxidative damage, detoxification, and immunity. As a result, the aim of this perspective was to investigate whether wide-spread prevalence of MPs might have unintended negative effects on health and fitness of honey bees, as well as to draw the scientific community’s attention to the possible risks of MPs to the fitness of honey bees. Several research questions must be answered before MPs can be considered a potential threat to bees.

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