Site investigation of masonry buildings damaged during the 23 October and 9 November 2011 Van Earthquakes in Turkey

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to scrutinize and interpret the damages to masonry buildings after a series of earthquakes that occurred in Van, which is an eastern city of Turkey, within 17 days in 2011, i.e., the first earthquake hit on 23 October having the magnitude 7.1, and the second on 9 November with the magnitude 5.6 on the Richter scale. These consecutive earthquakes and their aftershocks caused extensive damage and the collapse of buildings in the city of Van and its villages and especially its near town, namely Ercis. For the investigation of masonry buildings, Hacibekir district, which is one of the regions comprising the highest density of masonry buildings in the city of Van, was selected and the seismic performance of these buildings was observed, tested in the field, and interpreted according to the Turkish earthquake-resistant design codes. In this region, masonry buildings were classified as adobe, unreinforced and confined masonry buildings. As a result of this field study, it was observed that whereas the confined masonry buildings had usually shown good performance during the earthquakes, the adobe and the unreinforced masonry buildings were seriously damaged and some of them were partially collapsed.

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Proposal of orientation-independent measure of intensity for earthquake-resistant design

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1177/87552930211038240 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 875529302110382

Author(s):

Alan Poulos ◽

Eduardo Miranda

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Ground Motion ◽

The United States ◽

Design Codes ◽

Intensity Measure ◽

Independent Measure ◽

Earthquake Resistant Design ◽

Earthquake Resistant ◽

Ground Motion Records ◽

Structural Engineers

A new measure of ground motion intensity in the horizontal direction is proposed. Similarly to other recently proposed measures of intensity, the proposed intensity measure is also independent of the as-installed orientation of horizontal sensors at recording stations. This new measure of horizontal intensity, referred to as MaxRotD50, is defined using the maximum 5%-damped response spectral ordinate of two orthogonal horizontal directions and then computing the 50th percentile for all non-redundant rotation angles, that is, the median of the set of spectral ordinates in a range of 90°. This proposed measure of intensity is always between the median and maximum spectral ordinate for all non-redundant orientations, commonly referred to as RotD50 and RotD100, respectively. A set of 5065 ground motion records is used to show that MaxRotD50 is, on average, approximately 13%–16% higher than Rot50 and 6% lower than RotD100. The new measure of intensity is particularly well suited for earthquake-resistant design where a major concern for structural engineers is the probability that the design ground motion intensity is exceeded in at least one of the two principal horizontal components of the structure, which for most structures are orthogonal to each other. Currently, design codes in the United States are based on RotD100, and hence using MaxRotD50 for structures with two orthogonal principal horizontal components would result in a reduction of the ground motion intensities used for design purposes.

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Seismic Performance of Engineered Masonry Buildings in the 2010 Maule Earthquake

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1193/1.4000040 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 28 (1_suppl1) ◽

pp. 385-406 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Maximiliano Astroza ◽

Ofelia Moroni ◽

Svetlana Brzev ◽

Jennifer Tanner

Keyword(s):

Seismic Performance ◽

Housing Construction ◽

Masonry Buildings ◽

Single Family ◽

Similar Statement ◽

Confined Masonry ◽

Maule Earthquake ◽

Extent Of Damage ◽

2010 Maule Earthquake ◽

Extensive Damage

Engineered masonry, namely reinforced and confined masonry, has been widely used for housing construction in Chile over the last few decades. Most one- and two-story single-family masonry dwellings did not experience any damage due to the 27 February 2010 Maule earthquake, with the exception of a few dwellings of pre-1970 vintage, which suffered moderate damage. A similar statement can be made for three- and four-story confined masonry buildings: a large majority of buildings remained undamaged. However, several reinforced and partially confined three- and four-story masonry buildings suffered extensive damage, and two three-story partially confined buildings collapsed. The key damage patterns and the causes of damage are discussed in the paper. The extent of damage observed in the field was correlated with calculated vulnerability indices, and relevant recommendations were made related to the design and construction practices.

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Earthquake-Resistant Design of Masonry Buildings

10.1142/p055 ◽

1999 ◽

Cited By ~ 130

Author(s):

Miha Tomazevic

Keyword(s):

Masonry Buildings ◽

Earthquake Resistant Design ◽

Earthquake Resistant

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Damage as a measure for earthquake-resistant design of masonry structures: Slovenian experienceThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on Masonry.

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/l07-128 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 34 (11) ◽

pp. 1403-1412 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Miha Tomaževič

Keyword(s):

Lateral Displacement ◽

Reduction Factor ◽

Shaking Table ◽

Eurocode 8 ◽

Masonry Buildings ◽

Limit States ◽

Masonry Construction ◽

Displacement Capacity ◽

Earthquake Resistant Design ◽

Earthquake Resistant

The results of lateral resistance tests of masonry walls and shaking table tests of a number of models of masonry buildings of various structural configurations, built with various materials in different construction systems, have been analyzed to find a correlation between the occurrence of different grades of damage to structural elements, characteristic limit states, and lateral displacement capacity. On the basis of correlation between acceptable level of damage and displacement capacity, it has been shown that the range of elastic force reduction factor values used to determine the design seismic loads for different masonry construction systems proposed by the recently adopted European standard Eurocode 8 EN-1998-1 for earthquake resistant design are adequate. By using the recommended design values, satisfactory performance of the masonry buildings that have been analyzed may be expected when subjected to design intensity earthquakes with respect to both the no-collapse and damage-limitation requirements.

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Calibration of the Ground Motion Model Using a Simplified Stochastic Model in the Case of the Central Exhibition Pavilion ROMEXPO

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.430.335 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 430 ◽

pp. 335-341

Author(s):

Patricia-Florina Murzea

Keyword(s):

Stochastic Model ◽

Ground Motion ◽

Design Codes ◽

Motion Model ◽

Ambient Vibrations ◽

Ground Motion Model ◽

Earthquake Resistant Design ◽

Earthquake Resistant ◽

Induced Motion ◽

Macroscopic Parameters

The aim of the paper is to present the results of applying the formulae of a simplified stochastic model for the calibration of some macroscopic parameters of the ground motion, on the basis of rather rough estimates. For this purpose the basic records combinations results obtained with the aid of computer programs (DaisyLab and LABView) are used, after digital recordings on the large span and rather isolated structure of the ROMEXPO Pavilion in Bucharest were performed. A stochastic model of stationary, low intensity, ground motion (referred to in literature as microtremors or ambient vibrations) was proposed by H. Sandi (1982, 2005). This lay at the basis of the specification of input for a consistent analysis of 3D earthquake induced motion of structures, adopted in the Romanian earthquake resistant design codes.

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Earthquake Resistant Design of Masonry Buildings

Advances in Indian Earthquake Engineering and Seismology ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-76855-7_12 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 259-271

Author(s):

Anand Swarup Arya

Keyword(s):

Masonry Buildings ◽

Earthquake Resistant Design ◽

Earthquake Resistant

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The building features acquired from the indigenous technology contributing in the better performance during earthquake: a case study of Bhaktapur City

Journal of Science and Engineering ◽

10.3126/jsce.v2i0.22486 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 41-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dipendra Gautam

Keyword(s):

Unreinforced Masonry ◽

Building Construction ◽

Masonry Buildings ◽

Construction Technology ◽

Engineering Construction ◽

Masonry Construction ◽

Earthquake Resistant Design ◽

Earthquake Resistant ◽

Historical Database

This paper compiles the indigenous technologies adopted in the Bhaktapur municipality, Nepal in the unreinforced masonry construction of traditional Newari houses constituting more than 90% buildings in Bhaktapur municipality and their significance during the earthquake. The building units adopted in this area are studied with respect to their performance during earthquake on the basis of seismic resistant design philosophy. The traditionally built non-engineered buildings have drawn the attention of disaster managers for many years; in this regard, the unreinforced masonry buildings (Newari houses) were assessed after the Sikkim-Nepal boarder earthquake of 2011.Still, the buildings constructed before the starting of engineering construction in Nepal are widely used for residential purpose at this culturally rich city and the traditional building construction technology which is the indigenous technology has been practiced for centuries too. The building features are analyzed with respect to their seismic performance and their contribution was analyzed as per the historical database; established practices and theories for earthquake resistant design (EQRD). The collected features and the analyses proved the features of the buildings to be sound during earthquake, though; the buildings were constructed with indigenous technology which nevertheless consults the EQRD within it. The indigenous technology at this city has been attached with the culture of the Newars for centuries.

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Damages to unreinforced masonry buildings by the Van earthquakes of 23 October and 9 November 2011

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-13-329-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 329-337 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Y. S. Tama ◽

A. Solak ◽

N. Çetinkaya ◽

G. Şen ◽

S. Yılmaz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Unreinforced Masonry ◽

Masonry Buildings ◽

Wide Spread ◽

Site Survey ◽

Van Earthquakes ◽

A Site ◽

Extensive Damage

Abstract. Van, a city in Eastern Anatolian Turkey, was hit by two earthquakes with magnitudes of Mw = 7.2 and Mw = 5.6 in October and November 2011. Both earthquakes caused extensive damage to many buildings. Unreinforced masonry buildings, especially in rural areas, suffered from those earthquakes extensively as in many other cases observed in Turkey during other previous earthquakes. This paper presents a site survey of damaged masonry buildings. Reasons for the wide spread damages are discussed in the paper.

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