Recent land subsidence caused by the rapid urban development in the Hanoi region (Vietnam) using ALOS InSAR data

Abstract. Since the 1990s the land subsidence due to the rapid urbanization has been considered a severely destructive hazard in the center of Hanoi City. Although previous studies and measurements have quantified the subsiding deformation in Hanoi center, no data exist for the newly established districts in the south and the west, where construction development has been most significant and where groundwater pumping has been very intensive over the last decade. With a multi-temporal InSAR approach, we quantify the spatial distribution of the land subsidence in the entire Hanoi urban region using ALOS images over the 2007–2011 period. The map of the mean subsidence velocity reveals that the northern bank of the Red River appears stable, whereas some areas in southern bank are subsiding with a mean vertical rate up to 68.0 mm yr−1, especially within the three new urban districts of Hoang Mai, Ha Dong – Thanh Xuan and Hoai Duc – Tu Liem. We interpret the spatial distribution of the surface deformation as the combination of the nature of the unsaturated layer, the lowering of groundwater in the aquifers due to pumping withdrawal capacity, the increase of built-up surfaces and the type of building foundation. The piezometric level in Qp aquifer lowers particularly after 2008, whereas the groundwater level in Qh aquifer remains steady, even if it loses its seasonal fluctuation in urban areas and drawdowns in neighboring water production plants. The time evolution deduced from the InSAR time series is consistent with previous leveling data and shows that the lowering rate of the surface slightly decreases till 2008. The analysis of groundwater levels in instrumented wells shows a correlation between the behavior of groundwater with the urban development and the acceleration of groundwater withdrawal. Also, the time variations suggest that the deformation became non-stationary, with upward and downward transient displacements related to the charge and discharge of the aquifers.

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Recent land subsidence caused by the rapid urban development in the Hanoi urban region (Vietnam) using ALOS InSAR data

Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/nhessd-1-6155-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (6) ◽

pp. 6155-6197 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

V. K. Dang ◽

C. Doubre ◽

C. Weber ◽

F. Masson ◽

N. Gourmelen

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Land Subsidence ◽

Surface Deformation ◽

Red River ◽

Urban Region ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Building Foundation ◽

Multi Temporal ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

The Mean

Abstract. Since the 1990s the land subsidence due to the rapid urbanization has been considered a severely destructive hazard in the center of Hanoi City. Although previous studies and measurements have quantified the subsiding deformation in Hanoi center, no data exist for the newly established districts in the south and the west, where construction development has been most significant and where groundwater pumping has been very intensive over the last decade. With a multi-temporal InSAR approach, we quantify the spatial distribution of the land subsidence in the whole Hanoi urban region using ALOS images over the 2007–2011 period. The map of the mean subsidence velocity reveals that the northern bank of the Red River appears stable, whereas some areas in southern bank are subsiding with a mean vertical rate up to 68 mm yr−1, especially within the three new urban districts of Hoang Mai, Ha Dong and Hoai Duc. We interpret the spatial distribution of the surface deformation as the combination of the nature of the unsaturated layer, the lowering of groundwater in the aquifers due to pumping withdrawal capacity, the increase of built-up surfaces and the type of building foundation. The time evolution deduced from the InSAR time series is consistent with previous leveling data and shows that the lowering rate of the surface slightly decreases till 2008. Then, a seasonal variation suggests that the deformation became non-stationary, with upward and downward transient displacements related to the charge and discharge of the aquifer following the changes between rainy and dry seasons.

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Monitoring Land Surface Displacement over Xuzhou (China) in 2015–2018 through PCA-Based Correction Applied to SAR Interferometry

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs11121494 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1494 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chen ◽

Tan ◽

Yan ◽

Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Subsidence ◽

Land Surface ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Surface Deformation ◽

Surface Displacement ◽

Underground Water ◽

Deformation Monitoring ◽

Water Levels ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Geological Conditions

Land surface deformation in metropolitan areas, which can cause varying degrees of hazard to both human lives and to properties, has been documented for decades in cities worldwide. Xuzhou, is one of the most important energy and industrial bases in eastern China, and has experienced significant land subsidence due to both excessive extraction of karst underground water and exploitation of mineral resources in recent decades. Furthermore, Xuzhou has recently undergone rapid urbanization in terms of urban expansion and underground construction, which could induce additional pressure on the urban land surface. However, most previous research on land surface deformation in the Xuzhou urban areas has been conducted based on traditional ground-based deformation monitoring techniques with sparse measurements. Little is known about the regional spatiotemporal behavior of land surface displacement in Xuzhou. In this study, a detailed interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series analysis was performed to characterize the spatial pattern and temporal evolution of land surface deformation in central areas of Xuzhou during 2015–2018. A method based on principal component analysis was adopted to correct artifacts in the InSAR signal. Results showed the correction strategy markedly reduced the discrepancy between global navigation satellite systems and InSAR measurements. Noticeable land subsidence (−5 to −41 mm/yr) was revealed widely within the Xuzhou urban areas, particularly along subway lines under construction, newly developed districts, and in old coal goafs. Remarkable consistent land uplift (up to +25 mm/yr) was found to have significantly affected two long narrow areas within the old goafs since 2015. The possible principal influencing factors contributing to the land surface displacements such as subway tunneling, building construction, mining, underground water levels and geological conditions are then discussed.

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Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Land Subsidence and Rebound over Xi’an in Western China Revealed by SBAS-InSAR Analysis

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs12223756 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (22) ◽

pp. 3756

Author(s):

Wei Shi ◽

Guan Chen ◽

Xingmin Meng ◽

Wanyu Jiang ◽

Yan Chong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Subsidence ◽

Groundwater Level ◽

Surface Deformation ◽

Western China ◽

Ground Subsidence ◽

Underground Space ◽

Large Area ◽

Space Utilization ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Ground Fissures

Land subsidence is one of the major urban geological hazards, which seriously restricts the development of many cities in the world. As one of the major cities in China, Xi’an has also been experiencing a large area of land subsidence due to excessive exploitation of groundwater. Since the Heihe Water Transfer Project (HWTP) became fully operational in late 2003, the problem of subsidence has been restrained, but other issues, such as ground rebounds, have appeared, and the effect of the underground space utilization on land subsidence remains unsolved. The spatial-temporal pattern of land subsidence and rebound in Xi’an after HWTP and their possible cause have so far not been well understood. In this study, the evolutionary characteristics of land subsidence and rebound in Xi’an city from 2007–2019 was investigated using Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-SAR) technology to process the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and Sentinel-1A SAR datasets, and their cause and the correlation with groundwater level changes and the underground space utilization were discussed. We found that the land subsidence rate in the study area slowed from 2007–2019, and the subsidence area shrank and gradually developed into three relatively independent and isolated subsidence areas primarily. Significant local rebound deformation up to 22 mm/y commenced in the groundwater recharge region during 2015–2019. The magnitude of local rebound was dominated by the rise in groundwater level due to HWTP, whereas tectonic faults and ground fissures control the range of subsidence and the uplift area. The influence of building load on surface deformation became increasingly evident and primarily manifested by slowing the subsidence reduction trend. Additionally, land subsidence caused by the disturbances during the subway construction period was stronger than that in the operational stage. Future land subsidence in Xi’an is predicted to be alleviated overall, and the areas of rebound deformation will continue increasing for a limited time. However, uneven settlement range may extend to the Qujiang and Xixian New District due to the rapid urban construction. Our results could provide a scientific basis for land subsidence hazard mitigation, underground space planning, and groundwater management in Xi’an or similar regions where severe ground subsidence was induced by rapid urbanization.

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CONTINUOUS CHANGE DETECTION OF URBAN LAKES IN WUHAN, CHINA USING MULTI-TEMPORAL REMOTE SENSING IMAGES

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-2315-2018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol XLII-3 ◽

pp. 2315-2320

Author(s):

W. Zhang ◽

X. Kong ◽

G. Tan ◽

S. Zheng

Keyword(s):

Change Detection ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Central Area ◽

Strong Impact ◽

Continuous Change ◽

Landsat Images ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Urban Lakes ◽

Multi Temporal ◽

Lake Change

Urban lakes are important natural, scenic and pattern attractions of the city, and they are potential development resources as well. However, lots of urban lakes in China have been shrunk significantly or disappeared due to rapid urbanization. In this study, four Landsat images were used to perform a case study for lake change detection in downtown Wuhan, China, which were acquired on 1991, 2002, 2011 and 2017, respectively. Modified NDWI (MNDWI) was adopted to extract water bodies of urban areas from all these images, and OTSU was used to optimize the threshold selection. Furthermore, the variation of lake shrinkage was analysed in detail according to SVM classification and post-classification comparison, and the coverage of urban lakes in central area of Wuhan has decreased by 47.37&thinsp;km2 between 1991 and 2017. The experimental results revealed that there were significant changes in the surface area of urban lakes over the 27 years, and it also indicated that rapid urbanization has a strong impact on the losses of urban water resources.

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Study on Population Distribution Pattern at the County Level of China

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su10103598 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 3598 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Minmin Li ◽

Biao He ◽

Renzhong Guo ◽

You Li ◽

Yu Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Distribution Pattern ◽

Urban Areas ◽

System Analysis ◽

Population Distribution ◽

National Level ◽

County Level ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Structure Of Population ◽

Distribution Structure

With the accelerating urbanization process, the population increasingly concentrates in urban areas. In view of the huge population in China and a series of problems in the process of rapid urbanization, there are no unified measures for characterizing the population pattern. This study explores the distribution pattern of the Chinese population and proposes a spatial distribution structure of population using GIS (Geographic Information System) analysis. The main findings are as follows: (1) In 2015, the distribution of population density in China presents a pattern of high in the southeast and low in the northwest based on the county-level administrative regions. The population main lives in the southeast of China based on the “Hu Huanyong Line”. (2) There is a great difference of the spatial correlation between land area, population and GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in China. The economic concentration in China is higher than the population concentration. In the areas where population and GDP are aggregated, per capita GDP is higher. (3) Based on the areas with highly aggregated population and GDP, the spatial distribution structure of population of “1 + 4 + 11” for China’s urbanization is put forward, namely, one national-level aggregated area of population and GDP, 4 regional-level aggregated areas of population and GDP, and 11 local regionally aggregated areas of population and GDP. This spatial structure represents an attempt to explore the direction of China’s urbanization, and it can be used to optimize the spatial development pattern and provide scientific guidance for the future urbanization plan.

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Land Subsidence in Delhi, India investigated using Sentinel-1 InSAR measurements

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-21138 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Shagun Garg ◽

Mahdi Motagh ◽

Indu Jayaluxmi

Keyword(s):

Land Subsidence ◽

Land Surface ◽

Surface Deformation ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Groundwater Depletion ◽

National Capital Region ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

In Situ Data ◽

Persistent Scatterers ◽

The Government

Groundwater induced land subsidence is a growing problem worldwide and has been documented in places like Mexico, Jakarta, Tehran, and China. India is the largest user of groundwater and pumps more than the USA and China combined. The National capital region(NCR) of India, due to rapid urbanization and illegal extraction, is facing severe groundwater depletion of the order of 0.5m-2m per year and is declared as a critical zone by the government of India. The looming crisis of groundwater depletion and supporting hydrogeology makes this region prone to land surface deformation.Monitoring subsidence by conventional methods such as extensometers, leveling, hydrogeology modeling, and GPS requires precise field measurements and are time-consuming. With the advent of Interferometry, monitoring deformation precisely from the microwave sensors onboard satellite is possible. In our study, we demonstrate the result of the Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PS-InSAR) technique to monitor the subsidence in the Delhi NCR region using Sentinel -1 Interferometric wide swath (IW) mode. Descending pass datasets are used to identify the PSs over the study area. Fifty-six differential interferograms from Aug 2016 to Sep 2018 are formed after removing flat earth and topographic phase using SRTM 30m DEM. The PS-InSAR processing is done using Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS), where an amplitude threshold index of 0.4 is selected for Initial PS candidate. The PS points are the stable targets which do not decorrelate much over time. &#160;The deformation is calculated for all these PS points and a time series, and hence a velocity map is formed.The rate of deformation in Southwest Delhi is found to be approximately 15 cm/year (max) in the radar line of sight direction. The in-situ data provided by the Central groundwater board (CGWB) India is not consistent and has many gaps. However, after applying Spatio-temporal interpolation, it follows the decreasing trend of Land subsidence which suggests that the groundwater extraction is the major cause for the subsidence in the southwest region of NCR during the observed period i.e., from 2016 -2018.

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Land Subsidence Induced by Rapid Urbanization in Arid Environments: A Remote Sensing-Based Investigation

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13061109 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1109

Author(s):

Abdulaziz Aljammaz ◽

Mohamed Sultan ◽

Moein Izadi ◽

Abotalib Z. Abotalib ◽

Mohamed S. Elhebiry ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Subsidence ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Integrated Approach ◽

Test Site ◽

Google Earth ◽

Septic Systems ◽

Arid Environments ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Groundwater Levels ◽

Wastewater Effluents

The rapid increase in the population of many of the older major cities within the countries of the Saharan-Arabian Desert is steering vast and disorganized urban expansion and in many cases introducing adverse environmental impacts such as soil erosion, rise in groundwater levels, and contamination of shallow aquifers, as well as development of deformational features including land subsidence. Using the rapidly growing city of Riyadh (1992: 467 km2; 2018: 980 km2), the capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia as a test site, we utilized Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) interferometric analyses of 2016 to 2018 Sentinel-1 images together with multi-temporal high-resolution images viewable on Google Earth, GPS, field, land use land cover (LULC), and geological data to assess the distribution and rates of land subsidence and their causal effects. Three main causes of subsidence were identified and assessed: (1) discharge of wastewater effluents from septic systems in newly urbanized areas that lead to an increase in soil moisture, rise in groundwater levels, waterlogging, and wetting and hydrocompaction of dry alluvium loose sediments causing land subsidence (up to −20 mm/y) in wadis and lowlands; (2) the subsurface dissolution of karst formation by wastewater effluents and the collapse of voids and cavities at depth under stresses introduced by heavy construction machinery, causing sagging and land subsidence (up to −5 mm/y); and (3) leveling, compaction, and degradation of municipal and building waste materials in organized landfills and disorganized dump sites that resulted in significant land subsidence (up to −21 mm/y) and differential settling that could jeopardize the stability of structures erected over these sites. Our findings highlight the potential use of the advocated integrated approach to assess the nature and extent of land deformation associated with rapid urban growth in arid lands, and to identify areas most impacted for the purpose of directing and prioritizing remediation efforts.

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Forms of urbanization: critical evaluation of the model of stages of urban development and alternative method of classification of forms of urbanization

Geografie ◽

10.37040/geografie2011116010001 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

pp. 1-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luděk Sýkora ◽

Darina Posová

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Urban Development ◽

Empirical Research ◽

Critical Evaluation ◽

Urban Region ◽

Urban Regions ◽

Alternative Method

The article critically examines the model of stages of urban development and its operationalization for empirical research. We identify and display shortcomings in the model through an analysis of changes in the spatial distribution of the population and dwellings in Prague and Vienna urban regions from 1980 to 2001. We therefore suggest an alternative method of classifying forms of urbanization. Using the combination of growth or decline of an entire urban region and the centralization or decentralization within an urban region, the method clearly determines the four forms of urbanization, suburbanization, desurbanization and reurbanization.

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Anthropogenic and geogenic influences on peri-urban aquifers in semi-arid regions: insights from a case study in northeast Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

Hydrogeology Journal ◽

10.1007/s10040-021-02301-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 1261-1278

Author(s):

Theresa Frommen ◽

Maike Groeschke ◽

Maximilian Nölscher ◽

Paul Koeniger ◽

Michael Schneider

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Anthropogenic Impacts ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Groundwater Resources ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Groundwater Levels ◽

Planning Strategy ◽

Quality Aspects ◽

Management Concept

AbstractRapid urbanization has exerted considerable pressure on groundwater resources in Jaipur, India. Peri-urban areas are particularly affected as the public supply infrastructure often does not reach this fast-growing fringe, which often lacks a planning strategy, leading to an informal water supply based on groundwater. At the same time, the hills and historic reservoirs located in these areas are important for groundwater recharge and, therefore, critical for sustainable groundwater-resource management. To understand the local hydrogeology and the role of anthropogenic influences, a 2-year field study was carried out in northeastern Jaipur. The aim was to develop a conceptual model on which a management concept can be built. The study comprised hydrochemical and stable isotope analyses of water samples, depth-to-water measurements, a leveling survey and geophysical investigations. The study revealed that the groundwater from both the Proterozoic hard rock and the overlying Quaternary alluvial aquifer generally does not meet the Indian drinking water thresholds for nitrate concentration and/or total dissolved solids (TDS). While anthropogenic activities are the main source of quantity problems (declining groundwater levels through overabstraction), the biggest quality problems (nitrate up to 550 mg/L and TDS >500 mg/L) are most likely of geogenic origin and only enhanced by anthropogenic impacts. Quantity and quality aspects improve significantly in areas influenced by recharge from the historic reservoirs, leading to the conclusion that artificial recharge structures may be the way forward to improving community water supply and that groundwater protection should be given priority in these areas.

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Forests as the key component of green belts surrounding urban areas

BALTIC FORESTRY ◽

10.46490/vol25iss1pp141 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Agnieszka Szczepańska ◽

Adam Senetra

Keyword(s):

Quality Of Life ◽

Spatial Distribution ◽

Urban Development ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Urban Centers ◽

Location Quotient ◽

Spatial Continuity ◽

Green Belts

The development of Polish cities leads to the urbanization of the surrounding rural areas. This process induces changes in the land-use structure, which is manifested by the expansion of urbanized and developed areas at the expense of open areas. The National Urban Development Plan until 2030 has introduced the concept of obligatory green belts around metropolitan and regional hubs to prevent uncontrolled suburbanization and to promote rational urban development. Green belts are protective areas that serve numerous functions, increase the quality of life and promote the ecological cohesion of space. Green belts limit urban sprawl and maintain urban open spaces that are accessible to city residents for recreational purposes. They also contribute to the local climate and act as sanitary cordons. The main components of green belts are green spaces, river valleys and forests. Therefore, the size as well as the distribution of forests around urban centers are important considerations. This study analyzes the distribution and spatial continuity of forests and the spatial relationships (spatial autocorrelations) between the forests situated in the rural suburbia of Olsztyn in north-eastern Poland. Suburban municipalities were analyzed at the level of cadastral districts (villages). The aim of the analysis was to evaluate the spatial continuity of forests by grouping similar objects and identifying areas which could be included in green belts. The location quotient (LQ) and Gini’s coefficient were taken into account in the analysis of the spatial distribution of forests. Local Moran’s statistics were calculated and spatial clusters were identified to illustrate the diversity of the examined suburban space based on the similarity of the neighboring objects (cadastral districts) and to determine the statistical significance of these relationships. The results of the study reveal spatial irregularities and disproportions in the distribution of forests in the suburban zone of Olsztyn as well as the presence of local instabilities and discontinuities. The applied methods are a useful tool for evaluating, planning and optimizing the spatial distribution of forests around large urban centers. Spatial management solutions in the suburban zone should aim to eliminate spatial discontinuities and improve the quality of life of the local communities.

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