scholarly journals A multidisciplinary drought catalogue for southwestern Germany dating back to 1801

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 2979-2995
Author(s):  
Mathilde Erfurt ◽  
Georgios Skiadaresis ◽  
Erik Tijdeman ◽  
Veit Blauhut ◽  
Jürgen Bauhus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Tree Ring Data ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Societal Impacts ◽  
Hydrological Droughts ◽  
Drought Occurrence

Abstract. Droughts are multidimensional hazards that can lead to substantial environmental and societal impacts. To understand causes and impacts, multiple perspectives need to be considered. Many studies have identified past drought events and investigated drought propagation from meteorological droughts via soil moisture to hydrological droughts, and some studies have included the impacts of these different types of drought. However, it is not certain whether the increased frequency and severity of drought events in the past decade is unprecedented in recent history. Therefore, we analyze different droughts and their impacts in a regional context using a multidisciplinary approach. We compile a comprehensive and long-term dataset to investigate possible temporal patterns in drought occurrence and place recent drought events into a historical context. We assembled a dataset of drought indices and recorded impacts over the last 218 years in southwestern Germany. Meteorological and river-flow indices were used to assess the natural drought dynamics. In addition, tree-ring data and recorded impacts were utilized to investigate drought events from an ecological and social perspective. Since 1801, 20 extreme droughts have been identified as common extreme events when applying the different indices. All events were associated with societal impacts. Our multi-dataset approach provides insights into similarities but also the unique aspects of different drought indices.

scholarly journals Exploring the added value of a long-term multidisciplinary dataset in drought research – a drought catalogue for southwestern Germany dating back to 1801

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilde Erfurt ◽  
Georgios Skiadaresis ◽  
Erik Tijdeman ◽  
Veit Blauhut ◽  
Jürgen Bauhus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Flow ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Tree Ring Data ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
Societal Impacts ◽  
Hydrological Droughts

Abstract. Droughts are multidimensional hazards that can lead to substantial environmental and societal impacts. To understand causes and impacts, multiple variables need to be considered. Many studies identified past drought events and investigated drought propagation from meteorological droughts via soil moisture to hydrological droughts and some studies have included the impacts of these different types of drought. Here, we analyse different droughts and their impacts in a regional context using a multidisciplinary approach and compiled a comprehensive and long-term data set to place recent drought events into a historical context. We assembled a dataset of drought indices and recorded impacts over the last 218 years in southwestern Germany. Meteorological and river-flow indices were used to assess the natural drought dynamics. In addition, tree-ring data and recorded impacts were utilized to investigate drought events from an ecological and social perspective. Since 1801, 20 extreme droughts were identified as common extreme events when applying the different indicators. All events were associated with societal impacts. Our multi-dataset approach provides insights into similarities but also the unique aspects of different drought indices and highlights the unprecedented frequency and severity of droughts in the 21st century.

Exploring the added value of a long-term multidisciplinary dataset in drought research - a drought catalogue for southwestern Germany dating back to 1801

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilde Erfurt ◽  
Georgios Skiadaresis ◽  
Erik Tijdeman ◽  
Veit Blauhut ◽  
Jürgen Bauhus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Events ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Tree Ring Data

<p>Droughts are multidimensional hazards that can lead to substantial negative environmental, societal and economic impacts. To understand drought processes, multiple perspectives need to be considered. Numerous studies have investigated drought propagation from meteorological droughts via soil moisture to hydrological droughts. Regional variation in drought regimes and anthropogenic influences make it difficult to find a direct connection between the multiple aspects of drought. Additionally, the lack of a comprehensive long-term multi data compilation limits our understanding of the severity and frequency of current drought events and therefore drought risk management strategies.</p><p>This study developed a multidisciplinary long-term dataset of drought indices and impact records in southwestern Germany for the time period between 1800 and 2018. It is based on meteorological data, streamflow records and tree-ring data as well as reported information on drought impacts. Drought events were classified into moderate, severe and extreme events based on each datatype separately, leading to a regional drought catalogue. Within this catalogue, 22 extreme drought events were identified as common events among different archives and data types. Ranking the ten most severe droughts per indicator uncovers extreme events in the 19th century. However the development of drought frequency and severity over the last two centuries highlights a unique intensification of drought events in the 21st century.</p><p>The multidisciplinary approach provides new insights into similarities but also unique aspects of different drought indicators. The catalogue identifies and includes numerous drought events of the past, which can be used for further risk related analysis as well as for planning and management of future events.</p>

scholarly journals An Introduction to Probabilistic Record Linkage with a Focus on Linkage Processing for WTC Registries

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6937
Author(s):  
Jana Asher ◽  
Dean Resnick ◽  
Jennifer Brite ◽  
Robert Brackbill ◽  
James Cone
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Record Linkage ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
World War ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Data Standardization ◽  
Probabilistic Record Linkage ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
Different Types

Since its post-World War II inception, the science of record linkage has grown exponentially and is used across industrial, governmental, and academic agencies. The academic fields that rely on record linkage are diverse, ranging from history to public health to demography. In this paper, we introduce the different types of data linkage and give a historical context to their development. We then introduce the three types of underlying models for probabilistic record linkage: Fellegi-Sunter-based methods, machine learning methods, and Bayesian methods. Practical considerations, such as data standardization and privacy concerns, are then discussed. Finally, recommendations are given for organizations developing or maintaining record linkage programs, with an emphasis on organizations measuring long-term complications of disasters, such as 9/11.

scholarly journals An Introduction to Probabilistic Record Linkage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Asher ◽  
Dean Resnick ◽  
Jennifer Brite ◽  
Robert Brackbill ◽  
James Cone
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Record Linkage ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
World War ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Data Standardization ◽  
Probabilistic Record Linkage ◽  
Academic Fields ◽  
Different Types

Since its post-World War II inception, the science of record linkage has grown exponentially and is used across industrial, governmental, and academic agencies. The academic fields that rely on record linkage are diverse, ranging from history to public health to demography. In this paper, we introduce the different types of data linkage and give a historical context to their development. We then introduce the three types of underlying models for probabilistic record linkage: Fellegi-Sunter based methods, machine learning methods, and Bayesian methods. Practical considerations such as data standardization and privacy concerns are then discussed. Finally, recommendations are given for organizations developing or maintaining record linkage programs, with an emphasis on organizations measuring long-term complications of disasters such as 9/11.

scholarly journals ASSESSING DROUGHT CHARACTERISTICS OF MELAKA BASIN USING JOINT METEOROLOGICAL AND STREAMFLOW INDICES

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kee An Hong ◽  
Jer Lang Hong ◽  
Izihan Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Drought Index ◽  
Meteorological Drought ◽  
Hydrological Drought ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Streamflow Data ◽  
Hydrological Droughts ◽  
Drought Occurrence ◽  
Meteorological Droughts

In this study, drought occurrence in the Melaka basin has been assessed using the meteorological and hydrological drought indices. A continuous rainfall and streamflow data of 40 years were used for drought analysis. Results show that in terms of meteorological drought index, the severe drought occurred in 1986-1988. The streamflow drought index indicates that the extreme drought occurred in 1982-1984. Further analysis based on seasonal precipitation and streamflow data shows that there is no drought for 79% of the time for the period 1960-2000 where there are hydrological records. For most of the dry and wet seasons, it is more likely that the frequency of occurrence of hydrological droughts only is higher than the frequency of occurrence of meteorological and hydrological droughts simultaneously or only meteorological droughts.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the relationship between meteorological and hydrological droughts in the southern Iberian Peninsula

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio Romero-Jiménez ◽  
Matilde García-Valdecasas Ojeda ◽  
Patricio Yeste ◽  
Juan José Rosa-Cánovas ◽  
Sonia Raquel Gámiz-Fortis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Meteorological Drought ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Hydrological Drought ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Hydrological Response ◽  
Hydrological Droughts

<p>Society is facing a challenge due to climate change. Particularly, there are several areas where droughts will impact economic activities and landscapes, and decisions must be made in order to alleviate these effects. River flow regulation plays a major role in this regard, since it reduces the existing correlation between meteorological and hydrological droughts.<br>The aim of this work is to investigate the response of hydrological drought to meteorological drought under the influence of reservoir. To this effect, the Guadalquivir River Basin, in the southern Iberian Peninsula, has been studied. The aridity of this basin is expected to increase in the future, with longer and more severe meteorological droughts. Moreover, the Guadalquivir presents a strong regulation along its course. Therefore, streamflow and precipitation data have been analysed. With these data, meteorological and hydrological drought indices, such as the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI), have been calculated, focusing on how they correlate based on time scale and spatial distribution. The meteorological drought indices have been calculated in varying time scales, showing that the hydrological response is different depending on characteristics such as orography and river section. The correlation between the indices is generally strong in the study area, but the results show that its importance decreases as the streamflow becomes more regulated.<br>The results of this study could be added to the current tools for decision making in the economic fields that are most affected by droughts. Since droughts are a major effect of climate change in the area, this study could also act as a first step for the study of future droughts through climate and hydrological models.<br>Keywords: Drought indices, river regulation, hydrological response.<br>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This work was funded by the FEDER / Junta de Andalucía - Ministry of Economy and Knowledge / Project [B-RNM-336-UGR18], and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, with additional support from the European Community Funds (FEDER) [CGL2017-89836-R].</p>

scholarly journals Potential caveats in Land Surface Model evaluations using the U.S. Drought Monitor: roles of base periods and drought indicators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailan Wang ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Mimi Hughes ◽  
Muthuvel Chelliah ◽  
David G DeWitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Land Surface Model ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sst Variability ◽  
Drought Occurrence ◽  
The U.S

Abstract The U.S. Drought Monitor (USDM) has been widely used as an observational reference for evaluating Land Surface Model (LSM) simulation of drought. This study investigates potential caveats in such evaluation when the USDM and LSMs use different base periods and drought indices to identify drought. The retrospective National Water Model (NWM) v2.0 simulation (1993-2018) was used to exemplify the evaluation, supplemented by North American Land Data Assimilation System Phase 2 (NLDAS-2). In distinct contrast with the USDM which shows high drought occurrence (>50%) in the western half of the continental U.S. (CONUS) and the southeastern U.S. with low occurrence (<30%) elsewhere, the NWM and NLDAS-2 based on soil moisture percentiles (SMPs) consistently show higher drought occurrence (30-40%) in the central and southeastern U.S. than the rest of the CONUS. Much of the differences between the LSMs and USDM, particularly the strong LSM underestimation of drought occurrence in the western and southeastern U.S., are not attributed to the LSM deficiencies, but rather the lack of long-term drought in the LSM simulations due to their relatively short lengths. Specifically, the USDM integrates drought indices with century-long periods of record, which enables it to capture both short-term (<6 months) drought and long-term (>=6 months) drought, whereas the relatively short retrospective simulations of the LSMs allows them to adequately capture short-term drought but not long-term drought. In addition, the USDM integrates many drought indices whereas the NWM results are solely based on the SMP, further adding to the inconsistency. The high occurrence of long-term drought in the western and southeastern U.S. in the USDM is further found to be driven collectively by the post-2000 long-term warm SST trend, cold Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and warm Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO), all of which are typical leading patterns of global Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variability that can induce drought conditions in the western, central, and southeastern U.S. Our findings highlight the effects of the above caveats and suggest that LSM evaluation should stay qualitative when the caveats are considerable.

scholarly journals Drought Trends in the Polish Carpathian Mts in the Years 1991–2020

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1259
Author(s):  
Anita Bokwa ◽  
Mariusz Klimek ◽  
Paweł Krzaklewski ◽  
Wojciech Kukułka
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Drought Indices ◽  
Drought Intensity ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Polish Carpathians ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Drought Occurrence

Mountains are highly sensitive to the effects of climate change, including extreme short- and long-term weather phenomena. Therefore, in spite of relatively high annual precipitation totals, mountains might become endangered by droughts. The paper presents drought trends in the Polish Carpathians located in Central Europe. Data from the period 1991–2020 from 12 meteorological stations located in various vertical climate zones of the mountains were used to define drought conditions using the following indices: Standardized Precipitation (SPI), Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration (SPEI), Relative Precipitation (RPI) and Sielianinov. Additionally, four forest drought indices were used in order to estimate the impact of drought on beech as a typical Carpathian tree species, i.e., the Ellenberg (EQ), Forestry Aridity (FAI), Mayr Tetratherm (MT) and De Martonne Aridity (AI) indices. Statistically significant but weak trends were obtained for the 6-month SPI for four stations (indicating an increase in seasonal to mid-term precipitation), for the 1-month SPEI for three stations, for the 3-month SPEI for four stations, and for MT for all stations (indicating an increase in drought intensity). The analysis of dry month frequency according to particular indices shows that at most of the stations during the last decade of the study period, the frequency of dry months was much higher than in previous decades, especially in the cold half-year. Two zones of the Polish Carpathians are the most prone to drought occurrence: the peak zone due to the shift in climatic vertical zones triggered by the air temperature increase, and the forelands and foothills, together with basins located about 200–400 m a.s.l., where the mean annual air temperature is the highest in all the vertical profile, the annual sums of precipitation are very diversified, and the conditions for beech are already unfavorable.

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

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