scholarly journals A plan for a 5 km-deep borehole at Reykjanes, Iceland, into the root zone of a black smoker on land

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ó. Friðleifsson ◽  
W. A. Elders ◽  
G. Bignall
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Deep Borehole ◽  
Deep Drilling ◽  
Black Smoker ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Current Production ◽  
International Participation ◽  
Production Zone ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract. A summary workshop report describing the progress made so far by the Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP) is presented below. The report provides recommendations concerning technical aspects related to deep drilling, and invites international participation in both the engineering and the scientific activities of the next phase of the IDDP. No issues were identified at the workshop that should rule out attempting the drilling, sampling and testing of the proposed IDDP-2 well. Although technically challenging, the consensus of the workshop was that the drilling of such a hot deep well, and producing potentially hostile fluids, is possible but requires careful contingency planning. The future well will be explored for supercritical fluid and/or superheated steam beneath the current production zone of the Reykjanes geothermal field in SW Iceland. This deep borehole will provide the first opportunity worldwide to directly investigate the root zone of a magma-hydrothermal system which is likely to be similar to those beneath the black smokers on the world-encircling mid-ocean rift systems.

scholarly journals The Iceland Deep Drilling Project at Reykjanes: Drilling into the root zone of a black smoker analog

2020 ◽  
Vol 391 ◽  
pp. 106435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guðmundur Ó. Friðleifsson ◽  
Wilfred A. Elders ◽  
Robert A. Zierenberg ◽  
Andrew P.G. Fowler ◽  
Tobias B. Weisenberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Deep Drilling ◽  
Black Smoker ◽  
Drilling Project

The Deeper the Better? A Thermogeological Analysis of Medium-deep Borehole Heat Exchanger Efficiency in Crystalline Rocks

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaiu Piipponen ◽  
Annu Martinkauppi ◽  
Sami Vallin ◽  
Teppo Arola ◽  
Nina Leppäharju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Crystalline Rocks ◽  
Deep Borehole ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Borehole Heat Exchangers

Abstract The energy sector is undergoing a fundamental transformation, with significant investment in low-carbon technologies to replace fossil-based systems. In densely populated urban areas, deep boreholes offer an alternative over shallow geothermal systems, which demand extensive surface area to attain large-scale heat production. This paper presents numerical calculations of the thermal energy that can be extracted from the medium-deep borehole heat exchangers of depths ranging from 600-3000 m. We applied the thermogeological parameters of three locations across Finland and tested two types of coaxial borehole heat exchangers to understand better the variables that affect heat production in low permeability crystalline rocks. For each depth, location, and heat collector type, we used a range of fluid flow rates to examine the correlation between thermal energy production and resulting outlet temperature. Our results indicate a trade-off between thermal energy production and outlet fluid temperature depending on the fluid flow rate, and that the vacuum-insulated tubing outperforms high-density polyethylene pipe in energy and temperature production. In addition, the results suggest that the local thermogeological factors impact heat production. Maximum energy production from a 600-m-deep well achieved 170 MWh/a, increasing to 330 MWh/a from a 1000-m-deep well, 980 MWh/a from a 2-km-deep well, and up to 1880 MWh/a from a 3-km-deep well. We demonstrate that understanding the interplay of the local geology, heat exchanger materials, and fluid circulation rates is necessary to maximize the potential of medium-deep geothermal boreholes as a reliable long-term baseload energy source.

scholarly journals New Innovating Processes of Rock Disintegration

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 01052
Author(s):  
Gabriel Wittenberger ◽  
Erika Škvareková ◽  
Martin Ocilka
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Deep Drilling ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Rock Disintegration ◽  
Drilling Technology ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
Physical Impact

Over the past years, deep drilling technology developed quickly. New technologies better quality of drilling work and accelerated the drilling process. At present, 20-25% are new techniques while 75-80% drilling methods used worldwide are traditional. Slovakia is quite at the rear of this tendency: our utilization ration shows 95-98% traditional drilling methods, in comparison to only 2-5% new ones. Advancement of new deep well boring technologies causes the evolution of new types of drilling sets for deep drilling (depending on applied techniques). Techniques used have a mechanical and physical impact for drilling of rock. Several tests and analyses of disintegration and drilling methods were performed over the last years. The article focuses on a description of the working principle and utilization possibilities.

scholarly journals Element distribution in the root zone of ultramafic-hosted black smoker-like systems: Constraints from an Alpine analog

2021 ◽  
Vol 559 ◽  
pp. 119916
Author(s):  
R. Coltat ◽  
P. Boulvais ◽  
T. Riegler ◽  
E. Pelleter ◽  
Y. Branquet
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Black Smoker

scholarly journals Specific enrichment of hyperthermophilic electroactive Archaea from deep-sea hydrothermal vent on electrically conductive support

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Pillot ◽  
Eléonore Frouin ◽  
Emilie Pasero ◽  
Anne Godfroy ◽  
Yannick Combet-Blanc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vent ◽  
Black Smoker ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Microbial Electrolysis Cells ◽  
Electrolysis Cells ◽  
Direct Inoculation ◽  
Current Production ◽  
Taxonomic Affiliation ◽  
A Current

AbstractWhile more and more investigations are done to isolate hyperthermophilic exoelectrogenic communities from environments, none have been performed yet on deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Samples of black smoker chimney from Rainbow site on the Atlantic mid-oceanic ridge have been harvested for enriching exoelectrogens in microbial electrolysis cells under hyperthermophilic (80°C) condition. Two enrichments have been performed: one from direct inoculation of crushed chimney and the other one from inoculation of a pre-cultivation on iron (III) oxide. In both experiments, a current production was observed from 2.4 A/m2 to 5.8 A/m2 with a set anode potential of +0.05 vs SHE. Taxonomic affiliation of the exoelectrogen communities obtained exhibited a specific enrichment of Archaea from Thermococcales and Archeoglobales orders on the electrode, even when both inocula were dominated by Bacteria.

Inversion of self‐potential data from the Cerro Prieto geothermal field, Mexico

Geophysics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 938-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
David V. Fitterman ◽  
Robert F. Corwin
Keyword(s):  
Source Region ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Reservoir Rock ◽  
Coupling Coefficients ◽  
Vertical Extent ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Cerro Prieto ◽  
Vertical Contact ◽  
Self Potential ◽  
Production Zone

Self‐potential (SP) data from the Cerro Prieto geothermal field in Baja California, Mexico have been inverted using a model consisting of a vertical contact separating regions of different electrical properties. A temperature source is assumed to coincide with the vertical contact between materials with different thermoelectric coupling coefficients. A derivative‐free Levenberg‐Marquardt algorithm is used to estimate values for the depth, vertical extent, length, and intensity of the source region. The depth to the top of the source is estimated to be about 1.3 ± 0.2 km, which agrees quite well with the depth to the top of the production zone determined from drilling. The vertical extent and length of the source region are estimated to be 11 ± 3 km and 9.9 ± 0.4 km, respectively. There appears to be geologic evidence for the presence of a fault or fault zone within the geothermal field that roughly coincides in location with the self‐potential source region. The conductivity on the east side of the production zone is estimated to be 80 percent of the value to the west, which is in general agreement with field resistivity measurements. Thermoelectric coupling coefficients measured in the laboratory on samples of reservoir rock are not large enough to explain the −340 ± 40 mV source intensity predicted by the model, possibly because the laboratory measurements were made at temperatures about 300°C lower than the reservoir value. These results do not rule out the possibility of a streaming potential source mechanism.

Expanding a Geothermal Field Downwards. The Challenge of Drilling a Deep Well in the Hengill Area, SW Iceland.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Gunnarsson ◽  
Vignir Demusson ◽  
Ingvi Gunnarsson ◽  
Bjarni Reyr Kristjánsson ◽  
Sigrún Tómasdóttir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Hydrothermal Systems ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Geothermal Systems ◽  
Magma Body ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Well Design ◽  
Geothermal Fields ◽  
Original Plan ◽  
Promising Target

<p><span>In 1986 a well, which was planned as a convetional production well in the Nesjavellir Field in the Hengill Area, SW Iceland, was unexpectedly drilled into a very hot formation at the depth of 2.1 km. The measured temperature in the lowest part of the well was 380°C, which was the upper range of the measuring tool used. Thus, the bottom-hole temperature was most probably higher. No one expected to hit such a hot body in this place and the well design was not appropriate to handle such high temperatures and resulting pressures. Thus, the lower parts of that well were closed off and it has since then been operated as a conventional geothermal well.</span></p><p><span>This incidence sparked the idea of drilling deeper into volcanic hydrothermal systems in Iceland in order to gain a better understanding of the roots of the geothermal systems and to be able to produce fluids with higher enthalpy. The Iceland Deep Drilling Project (IDDP) is supposed to realize that idea. The IDDP project is a consortium of domestic and international partners, both from industry and academia. The three power companies in Iceland, which operate power-production in volcanic geothermal fields (Landsvirkjun, HS-Orka, OR), committed themselves to drill one deep well each in a field of theirs. </span></p><p><span>To date two wells have been drilled in the IDDP project. The first one, IDDP-1, was drilled in the Krafla Field, N Iceland, which is operated by Landsvirkjun, and the second well, IDDP-2, was drilled in the Reykjanes Field, which is operated by HS-Orka. The original plan was to drill down to 4-5 km. However, the IDDP-1 in Krafla was drilled into magma of rhyolite composition at the depth of 2.1 km and could therefore not be drilled further. During flow tests, it was flowing superheated steam at high pressure at well head temperature of 450°C. The power capacity was estimated to be 36 MW<sub>e</sub>. However, due to hostile chemistry of the fluid and damaged casing, the well had to be abandoned and closed after the well tests. IDDP-2 was drilled down to 4,659 m. The highest temperature measured in the bottom of the well was 426°C at a pressure of 340 bar. It was also possible to obtain core samples from the bottom of the well. However, due to damaged casing it hasn't been possible to do further temperature and pressure measurements in the lower parts of IDDP-2. To date flow tests in IDDP-2 have not started.</span></p><p><span>The next well in the IDDP project is planned in the Hengill Area. The most promising target is the hot body that started it all in the Nesjavellir Field. According to experience from IDDP-1 and IDDP-2 the main techincal obstacle is the casing. Both wells have serious casing problems. The magma body unexpectedly hit by IDDP-1 illustrated that careful interdisciplinary preperations are needed when drilling into the unknown. Currently, few projects are ongoing to fill the knowledge gaps in order to minimize risk and maximize the probability of successful drilling. </span></p>

Drilling Fluid Development and Performance Evaluation of Deep and Ultra-Deep High-Density Saturated Brine

2012 ◽  
Vol 524-527 ◽  
pp. 1382-1388
Author(s):  
Ping Quan Wang ◽  
Yang Bai ◽  
Gang Peng ◽  
Zhi Wei Qian
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
High Density ◽  
Deep Drilling ◽  
Fluid System ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Performance Factors ◽  
Complex Formulation ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
Processing Optimization

Due to the high temperature , great pressure and complex lithology of super-deep well bottom, there exist such problems such as high solid concentration, multiple but inaccurate treating chemicals, complex formulation with instability of drilling fluid system, resulting in a frequent occurrence of underground complex accident and a waste of a lot of manpower and material resources. Therefore, based on the analysis of performance factors of ultra-deep drilling fluid system, the approach of regulating water based drilling fluid properties of super-deep well has been found. Moreover, through screening and processing optimization of treating chemicals of ultra-deep well by single-factor method, three sets of anti-high-density and anti-high-temperature saturated brine drilling fluid systems with few kinds of treating chemicals, concise and simplified system, including: ① saturated brine drilling fluid with anti-temperature 180 °C and density 2.40 g/cm3 ; ② saturated brine drilling fluid with anti-temperature 200 °C and density 2.40g/cm3; ③ saturated brine drilling fluid with anti-temperature 220 °C and density 2.40g/cm3 . After the the evaluation of the overall performance of these three systems under respective experimental conditions, the results show that all of these systems have such advantages as good and strong rheology, water loss building capacity, inhibition, lubricity and blocking ability, etc, which could meet the requirements of ultra-deep drilling under different circumstances.

Deep borehole disposal of higher burn up spent nuclear fuels

2012 ◽  
Vol 76 (8) ◽  
pp. 3003-3017 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. G. F. Gibb ◽  
K. P. Travis ◽  
K. W. Hesketh
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Deep Borehole ◽  
Nuclear Fuels ◽  
Deep Drilling ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Flow Modelling ◽  
Fuel Assemblies ◽  
Drilling Technology ◽  
Potential Benefits

AbstractThe heat outputs of higher burn up spent fuels (SF) create problems for disposal in mined repositories, including needs for reduced container loadings and extended pre-disposal cooling. An alternative that is less temperature sensitive is deep borehole disposal (DBD) which offers safety, cost, security and other potential benefits and could be implemented relatively quickly using currently available deep-drilling technology. We have modified our previously proposed version of DBD to be more appropriate for higher burn-up fuels by using smaller (0.36 m diameter) stainless steel containers, a smaller (0.56 m diameter) borehole, and different support matrices. We present the results of new heat-flow modelling for DBD of UO2 and MOX SF with burn ups of 55 and 65 GWd/t showing how temperatures evolve, especially on the outer surface of the containers. Consequences for the performance of the support matrices and the disposal concept are discussed. The thermal modelling indicates DBD is a viable option for higher burn-up SF and could be a practical disposal route for many combinations of fuel types, burn ups, ages and container loadings. Further, the results suggest that DBD of complete fuel assemblies, a desirable option, would be feasible and require much shorter pre-disposal cooling than necessary for disposal in mined repositories.

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