scholarly journals Dynamics of ionic species in Svalbard annual snow: the effects of rain event and melting

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Barbaro ◽  
Cristiano Varin ◽  
Xanthi Pedeli ◽  
Jean Marc Christille ◽  
Torben Kirchgeorg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Chemical Signal ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Seasonal Snow ◽  
Melting Season

Abstract. The Arctic and middle latitude (such as the Alps) ice core archives, except for the Greenland summit, are strongly influenced by melting processes, able to modify the original chemical signal of the annual snowfall. In the last decades, the increase of the average Arctic temperature has caused and enhanced surface snow melting in the higher ice cap, especially in the Svalbard Archipelago. The increase of the frequency and altitude of winter “rain on snow” events as well as the increase of the length of the melting season has a direct impact on the chemical composition of the seasonal and permanent snow layers due to different migration processes of water-soluble compounds, such as ionic species. The re-allocation along the snowpack of ionic species could significantly modify the original chemical signal present in the annual snow, making comprehensive interpretation of climate records difficult. The chemical composition of the first 100 cm of the seasonal snow at Austre Brøggerbreen Glacier (Spitsbergen, Svalbard Islands, Norway) was monitored daily from the 27th of March until to the 31st of May 2015. The experiment period covers almost the entire Arctic spring until the melting season. During the experiment, a rain event occurred on the 16th to 17th of April while from the 15th of May the snowpack reached an isothermal profile. The presented dataset is unique and helps to better understand the behaviour of cations (K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+), anions (Br−, I−, SO42−, NO3−, Cl−, MSA) and two carboxylic acids (C2-glycolic and C5-glutaric acids) in the snowpack during this melting period. The results obtained from the experiment give us an overview of how the chemicals are remobilized in the snowpack during a rain event or due to the melting at the end of the spring season. The aim of this paper is to give a picture of the evolution of the seasonal snow strata with the aim to better understand the processes that can influence the chemical distribution in the annual snow. The results of the present work are unique and helpful for future analyses and interpretation of ice core paleoclimatic archives.

scholarly journals Analysis of CCN activity of Arctic aerosol and Canadian biomass burning during summer 2008

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2735-2756 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Lathem ◽  
A. J. Beyersdorf ◽  
K. L. Thornhill ◽  
E. L. Winstead ◽  
M. J. Cubison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Physical Aging ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Air Masses

Abstract. The NASA DC-8 aircraft characterized the aerosol properties, chemical composition, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations of the summertime Arctic during the 2008 NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) campaign. Air masses characteristic of fresh and aged biomass burning, boreal forest, Arctic background, and anthropogenic industrial pollution were sampled. Observations were spatially extensive (50–85° N and 40–130° W) and exhibit significant variability in aerosol and CCN concentrations. The chemical composition was dominated by highly oxidized organics (66–94% by volume), with a water-soluble mass fraction of more than 50%. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, κ, ranged between κ = 0.08–0.32 for all air mass types. Industrial pollution had the lowest κ of 0.08 ± 0.01, while the Arctic background had the highest and most variable κ of 0.32 ± 0.21, resulting from a lower and more variable organic fraction. Both fresh and aged (long-range transported) biomass burning air masses exhibited remarkably similar κ (0.18 ± 0.13), consistent with observed rapid chemical and physical aging of smoke emissions in the atmosphere, even in the vicinity of fresh fires. The organic hygroscopicity (κorg) was parameterized by the volume fraction of water-soluble organic matter (εWSOM), with a κ = 0.12, such that κorg = 0.12εWSOM. Assuming bulk (size-independent) composition and including the κorg parameterization enabled CCN predictions to within 30% accuracy for nearly all environments sampled. The only exception was for industrial pollution from Canadian oil sands exploration, where an external mixture and size-dependent composition was required. Aerosol mixing state assumptions (internal vs. external) in all other environments did not significantly affect CCN predictions; however, the external mixing assumption provided the best results, even though the available observations could not determine the true degree of external mixing and therefore may not always be representative of the environments sampled. No correlation was observed between κorg and O : C. A novel correction of the CCN instrument supersaturation for water vapor depletion, resulting from high concentrations of CCN, was also employed. This correction was especially important for fresh biomass burning plumes where concentrations exceeded 1.5×104 cm−3 and introduced supersaturation depletions of ≥25%. Not accounting for supersaturation depletion in these high concentration environments would therefore bias CCN closure up to 25% and inferred κ by up to 50%.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Spatial variations in ionic chemistry and water-stable isotopes in the snowpack on glaciers across Svalbard during the 2015–2016 snow accumulation season

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 3163-3180
Author(s):  
Elena Barbaro ◽  
Krystyna Koziol ◽  
Mats P. Björkman ◽  
Carmen P. Vega ◽  
Christian Zdanowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Snow Chemistry ◽  
Deposition Patterns

Abstract. The Svalbard archipelago, located at the Arctic sea-ice edge between 74 and 81∘ N, is ∼60 % covered by glaciers. The region experiences rapid variations in atmospheric flow during the snow season (from late September to May) and can be affected by air advected from both lower and higher latitudes, which likely impact the chemical composition of snowfall. While long-term changes in Svalbard snow chemistry have been documented in ice cores drilled from two high-elevation glaciers, the spatial variability of the snowpack composition across Svalbard is comparatively poorly understood. Here, we report the results of the most comprehensive seasonal snow chemistry survey to date, carried out in April 2016 across 22 sites on seven glaciers across the archipelago. At each glacier, three snowpits were sampled along the altitudinal profiles and the collected samples were analysed for major ions (Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, NH4+, SO42-, Br−, Cl−, and NO3-) and stable water isotopes (δ18O, δ2H). The main aims were to investigate the natural and anthropogenic processes influencing the snowpack and to better understand the influence of atmospheric aerosol transport and deposition patterns on the snow chemical composition. The snow deposited in the southern region of Svalbard is characterized by the highest total ionic loads, mainly attributed to sea-salt particles. Both NO3- and NH4+ in the seasonal snowpack reflect secondary aerosol formation and post-depositional changes, resulting in very different spatial deposition patterns: NO3- has its highest loading in north-western Spitsbergen and NH4+ in the south-west. The Br− enrichment in snow is highest in north-eastern glacier sites closest to areas of extensive sea-ice coverage. Spatial correlation patterns between Na+ and δ18O suggest that the influence of long-range transport of aerosols on snow chemistry is proportionally greater above 600–700 m a.s.l.

scholarly journals Investigation on the Sources and Impact of Trace Elements in the Annual Snowpack and the Firn in the Hansbreen (Southwest Spitsbergen)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Spolaor ◽  
Beatrice Moroni ◽  
Bartłomiej Luks ◽  
Adam Nawrot ◽  
Marco Roman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Polar Vortex ◽  
Enrichment Factors ◽  
Trace Element Composition ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
A Minor

We present a thorough evaluation of the water soluble fraction of the trace element composition (Ca, Sr, Mg, Na, K, Li, B, Rb, U, Ni, Co, As, Cs, Cd, Mo, Se, Eu, Ba, V, Ge, Ga, Cr, Cr, P, Ti, Mn, Zr, Ce, Zn, Fe, Gd, Y, Pb, Bi, Yb, Al, Nb, Er, Nd, Dy, Sm, Ho, Th, La, Lu, Tm, Pr, Tb, Fe, In, Tl) and their fluxes in the annual snowpack and the firn of the Hansbreen (a tidewater glacier terminating in the Hornsund fjord, southwest Spitsbergen). The trace element samples were obtained from a 3 m deep snow pit dug at the plateau of the glacier (450 m a.s.l.), and from a 2 m deep firn core collected from the bottom of the snow pit. The comparison of elemental fluxes and enrichment factors allowed us to constrain specific summer and wintertime deposition patterns of water soluble trace elements in the southern part of the Svalbard archipelago. Our results suggest that the chemical composition of the Hansbreen (and likely other glaciers where the summit is close to the equilibrium line) is mainly affected by summertime deposition of trace elements from local sources and some volatile elements, which may be transported into the Arctic when polar vortex is weak. The melting of the annual snowpack seems to have a minor influence on the overall chemical signature of the glacier ice.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Spatial variations in snowpack ionic chemistry and water stable isotopes across Svalbard

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Barbaro ◽  
Krystyna Koziol ◽  
Mats P. Björkman ◽  
Carmen P. Vega ◽  
Christian Zdanowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Sea Ice ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Snow Chemistry ◽  
Deposition Patterns

Abstract. The Svalbard archipelago, between 74° and 81° N, is ∼60 % covered by glaciers and located at the Arctic sea ice edge. The region experiences rapid variations in atmospheric flow during the snow season (from late September to May) and can be affected by air advected both from lower and higher latitudes, which likely impact the chemical composition of snowfall. While long-term changes in Svalbard snow chemistry have been documented in ice cores drilled from two high-elevation glaciers, the spatial variability of the snowpack composition across Svalbard is comparatively poorly understood. Here, we report the results of the most comprehensive seasonal snow chemistry survey to date, carried out in April 2016 across 22 sites on 7 glaciers across the archipelago. At each glacier, three snow pits were sampled along altitudinal profiles and the collected samples were analysed for major ions (Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, NH+4, SO42−, Br−, Cl− and NO3−) and stable water isotopes (δ18O, δ2H). The main aims were to investigate the natural and anthropogenic processes influencing the snowpack and to better understand the influence of atmospheric aerosol transport and deposition patterns on the snow chemical composition. The snow deposited in the southern region of Svalbard was characterized by the highest total ionic loads, mainly attributed to sea salt particles. Both NO3− and NH4+ in the seasonal snowpack reflected secondary aerosol formation and post-depositional changes, resulting in very different spatial deposition patterns: NO3− had its highest loading in northwestern Spitsbergen, and NH4+ in the southwest. The Br− enrichment in snow was highest in northeastern glacier sites closest to areas of extensive sea ice coverage. Spatial correlation patterns between Na+ and δ18O suggest that the influence of long-range transport of aerosols on snow chemistry is proportionally greater above 600–700 m a.s.l.

scholarly journals Analysis of CCN activity of Arctic aerosol and Canadian biomass burning during summer 2008

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 24677-24733 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Lathem ◽  
A. J. Beyersdorf ◽  
K. L. Thornhill ◽  
E. L. Winstead ◽  
M. J. Cubison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Industrial Pollution ◽  
Physical Aging ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Cloud Condensation Nuclei ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Air Masses

Abstract. The NASA DC-8 aircraft characterized the aerosol properties, chemical composition, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations of the summertime Arctic during the 2008 NASA Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) campaign. Air masses characteristic of fresh and aged biomass burning, boreal forest, Arctic background, and anthropogenic industrial pollution were sampled. Observations were spatially extensive (50–85° N and 40–130° W) and exhibit significant variability in aerosol and CCN concentrations. The chemical composition was dominated by highly oxidized organics (66–94% by volume), more than half of which was water-soluble. The aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, κ, ranged between κ = 0.1–0.32 for all air mass types. Industrial pollution had the lowest κ of 0.08 ± 0.01, while the Arctic background had the highest and most variable κ of 0.32 ± 0.21, resulting from a lower and more variable organic fraction. Both fresh and aged (long-range transported) biomass burning air masses exhibited remarkably similar κ (0.18 ± 0.13), consistent with observed rapid chemical and physical aging of smoke emissions in the atmosphere, even in the vicinity of fresh fires. The organic hygroscopicity (κorg) was parameterized by the volume fraction of water-soluble organic matter (ϵWSOM), with a κ = 0.12, such that κorg = 0.12ϵWSOM. Assuming bulk (size-independent) composition and including the κorg parameterization enabled CCN predictions to within 30% accuracy for nearly all environments sampled. The only exception was for industrial pollution from Canadian oil sands exploration, where an external mixture and size-dependent composition was required. Aerosol mixing state assumptions (internal vs. external) in all other environments did not significantly affect CCN predictions; however, the external mixing assumption provided the best results, even though the available observations could not determine the true degree of external mixing. No correlation was observed between κorg and O : C. A novel correction of the CCN instrument supersaturation for water vapor depletion, resulting from high concentrations of CCN, was also employed. This correction was especially important for fresh biomass burning plumes where concentrations exceeded 1.5 × 104 cm−3 and introduced supersaturation depletions of ≥25%. Not accounting for supersaturation depletion in these high concentration environments would therefore bias CCN closure and inferred κ by up to 50%.

Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol in the Arctic Region and Adjoining Seas along the Routes of Marine Expeditions in 2018–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 480-489
Author(s):  
L. P. Golobokova ◽  
T. V. Khodzher ◽  
O. N. Izosimova ◽  
P. N. Zenkova ◽  
A. O. Pochyufarov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosol ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
The Arctic Region

scholarly journals Svalbamides A and B, Pyrrolidinone-Bearing Lipodipeptides from Arctic Paenibacillus sp.

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
Young Eun Du ◽  
Eun Seo Bae ◽  
Yeonjung Lim ◽  
Jang-Cheon Cho ◽  
Sang-Jip Nam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reductase Activity ◽  
Quinone Reductase ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Amino Acid Residues ◽  
Chemopreventive Agents ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Paenibacillus Sp ◽  
Combinational Analysis ◽  
Culture Extract ◽  
The Absolute

Two new secondary metabolites, svalbamides A (1) and B (2), were isolated from a culture extract of Paenibacillus sp. SVB7 that was isolated from surface sediment from a core (HH17-1085) taken in the Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. The combinational analysis of HR-MS and NMR spectroscopic data revealed the structures of 1 and 2 as being lipopeptides bearing 3-amino-2-pyrrolidinone, d-valine, and 3-hydroxy-8-methyldecanoic acid. The absolute configurations of the amino acid residues in svalbamides A and B were determined using the advanced Marfey’s method, in which the hydrolysates of 1 and 2 were derivatized with l- and d- forms of 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl-5-alanine amide (FDAA). The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were completely assigned by deducing the stereochemistry of 3-hydroxy-8-methyldecanoic acid based on DP4 calculations. Svalbamides A and B induced quinone reductase activity in Hepa1c1c7 murine hepatoma cells, indicating that they represent chemotypes with a potential for functioning as chemopreventive agents.

scholarly journals Phylogeography of the Brittle Star Ophiura sarsii Lütken, 1855 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from the Barents Sea and East Atlantic

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Evgeny Genelt-Yanovskiy ◽  
Yixuan Li ◽  
Ekaterina Stratanenko ◽  
Natalia Zhuravleva ◽  
Natalia Strelkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Brittle Star ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
Mitochondrial Coi ◽  
The Barents Sea

Ophiura sarsii is a common brittle star species across the Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions of the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Ophiurasarsii is among the dominant echinoderms in the Barents Sea. We studied the genetic diversity of O.sarsii by sequencing the 548 bp fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene. Ophiurasarsii demonstrated high genetic diversity in the Barents Sea. Both major Atlantic mtDNA lineages were present in the Barents Sea and were evenly distributed between the northern waters around Svalbard archipelago and the southern part near Murmansk coast of Kola Peninsula. Both regions, and other parts of the O.sarsii range, were characterized by high haplotype diversity with a significant number of private haplotypes being mostly satellites to the two dominant haplotypes, each belonging to a different mtDNA clade. Demographic analyses indicated that the demographic and spatial expansion of O.sarsii in the Barents Sea most plausibly has started in the Bølling–Allerød interstadial during the deglaciation of the western margin of the Barents Sea.

scholarly journals Seasonal variations in PM10 inorganic composition in the Andean city

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rasa Zalakeviciute ◽  
Katiuska Alexandrino ◽  
Yves Rybarczyk ◽  
Alexis Debut ◽  
Karla Vizuete ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Urban Pollution ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Soluble Ions

Abstract Particulate matter (PM) is one of the key pollutants causing health risks worldwide. While the preoccupation for increased concentrations of these particles mainly depends on their sources and thus chemical composition, some regions are yet not well investigated. In this work the composition of chemical elements of atmospheric PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 10 µm), collected at the urban and suburban sites in high elevation tropical city, were chemically analysed during the dry and wet seasons of 2017–2018. A large fraction (~ 68%) of PM10 composition in Quito, Ecuador is accounted for by water-soluble ions and 16 elements analysed using UV/VIS spectrophotometer and Inductively Coupled Plasma—Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Hierarchical clustering analysis was performed to study a correlation between the chemical composition of urban pollution and meteorological parameters. The suburban area displays an increase in PM10 concentrations and natural elemental markers during the dry (increased wind intensity, resuspension of soil dust) season. Meanwhile, densely urbanized area shows increased total PM10 concentrations and anthropogenic elemental markers during the wet season, which may point to the worsened combustion and traffic conditions. This might indicate the prevalence of cardiovascular and respiratory problems in motorized areas of the cities in the developing world.

Chemical Composition of Ice Containing Tephra Layers in the Byrd Station Ice Core, Antarctica

1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie M. Palais ◽  
Philip R. Kyle
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Silicate Glass ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Tephra Layers ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The chemical composition of ice containing tephra (volcanic ash) layers in 22 sections of the Byrd Station ice core was examined to determine if the volcanic eruptions affected the chemical composition of the atmosphere and precipitation in the vicinity of Byrd Station. The liquid conductivity, acidity, sulfate, nitrate, aluminum, and sodium concentrations of ice samples deposited before, during, and after the deposition of the tephra layers were analyzed. Ice samples that contain tephra layers have, on average, about two times more sulfate and three to four times more aluminum than nonvolcanic ice samples. The acidity of ice samples associated with tephra layers is lowered by hydrolysis of silicate glass and minerals. Average nitrate, sodium, and conductivity are the same in all samples. Because much of the sulfur and chlorine originally associated with these eruptions may have been scavenged by ash particles, the atmospheric residence time of these volatiles would have been minimized. Therefore the eruptions probably had only a small effect on the composition of the Antarctic atmosphere and a negligible effect on local or global climate.

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