scholarly journals Novel Blood Biomarkers for an Earlier Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shiavax Rao ◽  
Andrew J. Boileau
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches

Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative condition associated with neurofibrillary tangles and cortical deposition of amyloid plaques. Clinical presentation of the disease involves manifestations such as memory loss, cognitive decline and dementia with some of the earliest reported deficits being episodic memory impairment and olfactory dysfunction. Current diagnostic approaches rely on autopsy characterization of gross brain pathology, or brain imaging of biomarkers late in the disease course. The aim of this literature review is to identify and compare newly emerging and novel CSF, serum and mucosal biomarkers, with the potential of making an earlier clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Utilizing such techniques may allow for earlier therapeutic intervention, reduction of disability and enhancement of quality of life. Literature review and analysis was performed by screening the PubMed database for relevant studies within the past 5 years. All studies showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences in testing between AD patients and controls. Two categories of serum biomarkers (redox-reactive antiphospholipid antibodies and microRNAs) and an olfactory mucosal marker (microRNA-206) could discriminate between early AD patients and controls with high sensitivity and specificity. In conclusion, certain studies have shown promising results with high sensitivity and specificity, high discriminative potential for Alzheimer’s disease early in its progression, and statistically significant results in larger study samples. Utilization of such diagnostic techniques should increase the efficacy of making an earlier clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals The items in the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic discriminate among different severities of Alzheimer’s disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-rong Zhang ◽  
Yun-Long Ding ◽  
Ke-liang Chen ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Can Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
Montreal Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Recall Memory ◽  
Item Scores ◽  
Severity Of Dementia

Abstract Background To determine whether items of the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic (MoCA-BC) could discriminate among cognitively normal controls (NC), and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and moderate-severe (AD), as well as their sensitivity and specificity.Methods MCI (n=456), mild AD (n=502) and moderate-severe AD (n=102) patients were recruited from the memory clinic, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China. NC (n=329) were recruited from health checkup outpatients. Five MoCA-BC item scores were collected in interviews.Results The MoCA-BC orientation test had high sensitivity and specificity for discrimination among MCI, mild AD and moderate-severe AD. The delayed recall memory test had high sensitivity and specificity for MCI screening. The verbal fluency test was efficient for detecting MCI and differentiating AD severity.Conclusions Various items of the MoCA-BC can identify MCI patients early and identify the severity of dementia.

scholarly journals The items in the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic discriminate among different severities of Alzheimer’s disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-rong Zhang ◽  
Yun-Long Ding ◽  
Ke-liang Chen ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Can Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
Montreal Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Recall Memory ◽  
Item Scores ◽  
Severity Of Dementia

Abstract Background To determine whether items of the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic (MoCA-BC) could discriminate among cognitively normal controls (NC), and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and moderate-severe (AD). Methods MCI (n=456), mild AD (n=502) and moderate-severe AD (n=102) patients were recruited from the memory clinic, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China. NC (n=329) were recruited from health checkup outpatients. Five MoCA-BC item scores were collected in interviews. Results The MoCA-BC orientation test had high sensitivity and specificity for discrimination among MCI, mild AD and moderate-severe AD. The delay recall memory test had high sensitivity and specificity for MCI screening. The verbal fluency test was efficient for detecting MCI and differentiating AD severity. Conclusions Various items of the MoCA-BC can identify MCI patients early and identify the severity of dementia.

scholarly journals The items in the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic discriminate among different severities of Alzheimer’s disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-rong Zhang ◽  
Yun-Long Ding ◽  
Ke-liang Chen ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Can Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
Montreal Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Recall Memory ◽  
Item Scores ◽  
Severity Of Dementia

Abstract Background To determine whether items of the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic (MoCA-BC) could discriminate among cognitively normal controls (NC), and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and moderate-severe (AD), as well as their sensitivity and specificity.Methods MCI (n=456), mild AD (n=502) and moderate-severe AD (n=102) patients were recruited from the memory clinic, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China. NC (n=329) were recruited from health checkup outpatients. Five MoCA-BC item scores were collected in interviews.Results The MoCA-BC orientation test had high sensitivity and specificity for discrimination among MCI, mild AD and moderate-severe AD. The delayed recall memory test had high sensitivity and specificity for MCI screening. The verbal fluency test was efficient for detecting MCI and differentiating AD severity.Conclusions Various items of the MoCA-BC can identify MCI patients early and identify the severity of dementia.

Lower Plasma Klotho Concentrations Are Associated with Vascular Dementia but Not Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease

Gerontology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 414-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Brombo ◽  
Francesco Bonetti ◽  
Beatrice Ortolani ◽  
Mario Luca Morieri ◽  
Cristina Bosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cognitive Status

Background: The protein Klotho is involved in biological processes related to longevity, cardiovascular health, and cognition. Serum Klotho levels have been associated with better cognition in animal models; moreover, lower Klotho concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid from subjects with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) have been reported. Objective: Our study aimed to examine the possible relationship between Klotho plasma concentrations and cognitive status in the elderly. Methods: We evaluated plasma Klotho levels in a sample of 320 elderly patients admitted to a Memory Clinic. Four groups of subjects were enrolled, including cognitively intact individuals complaining about memory loss (controls) and patients affected by LOAD, mild cognitive impairment, or vascular dementia (VD). The sample was stratified by plasma Klotho tertiles. Results: Lower levels of plasma Klotho (1st tertile) were associated with older age, higher prevalence of VD, single/multiple lacunar infarcts and leukoaraiosis, coronary heart disease and stroke, and higher levels of creatinine, homocysteine, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the risk of VD was 3- and 4-fold in subjects belonging to the 1st tertile (≤514.8 pg/mL, OR 3.54, 95% CI 1.05–11.93) and 2nd tertile (> 514.8, < 659.1 pg/mL, OR 4.28, 95% CI 1.30–14.06) compared to the 3rd tertile (≥659.1 pg/mL). A significantly increased VD risk was found for Klotho values < 680 pg/mL. Conclusion: In a sample of elderly individuals, we found a significant association between low plasma Klotho levels and VD, but not LOAD. This finding suggests that, although these 2 forms of dementia might overlap, some physiopathological mechanisms related to VD and LOAD remain distinct.

scholarly journals Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Early Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 4748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia Toyos-Rodríguez ◽  
Francisco Javier García-Alonso ◽  
Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensing ◽  
Biological Recognition ◽  
Sensitivity And Selectivity ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an untreatable neurodegenerative disease that initially manifests as difficulty to remember recent events and gradually progresses to cognitive impairment. The incidence of AD is growing yearly as life expectancy increases, thus early detection is essential to ensure a better quality of life for diagnosed patients. To reach that purpose, electrochemical biosensing has emerged as a cost-effective alternative to traditional diagnostic techniques, due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. Of special relevance is the incorporation of nanomaterials in biosensors, as they contribute to enhance electron transfer while promoting the immobilization of biological recognition elements. Moreover, nanomaterials have also been employed as labels, due to their unique electroactive and electrocatalytic properties. The aim of this review is to add value in the advances achieved in the detection of AD biomarkers, the strategies followed for the incorporation of nanomaterials and its effect in biosensors performance.

scholarly journals The items in the Chinese version of the Montreal cognitive assessment basic discriminate among different severities of Alzheimer’s disease

BMC Neurology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-Rong Zhang ◽  
Yun-Long Ding ◽  
Ke-liang Chen ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Can Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
Montreal Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Recall Memory ◽  
Item Scores ◽  
Severity Of Dementia

Abstract Background To determine whether items of the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic (MoCA-BC) could discriminate among cognitively normal controls (NC), and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and moderate-severe (AD), as well as their sensitivity and specificity. Methods MCI (n = 456), mild AD (n = 502) and moderate-severe AD (n = 102) patients were recruited from the memory clinic, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China. NC (n = 329) were recruited from health checkup outpatients. Five MoCA-BC item scores were collected in interviews. Results The MoCA-BC orientation test had high sensitivity and specificity for discrimination among MCI, mild AD and moderate-severe AD. The delayed recall memory test had high sensitivity and specificity for MCI screening. The verbal fluency test was efficient for detecting MCI and differentiating AD severity. Conclusions Various items of the MoCA-BC can identify MCI patients early and identify the severity of dementia.

Stem Cell-based Therapeutic and Diagnostic Approaches in Alzheimer's Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadaf Abdi ◽  
Nima Javanmehr ◽  
Maryam Ghasemi-Kasman ◽  
Hanie Yavarpour Bali ◽  
Marzieh Pirzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Stem Cell Therapies ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative impairment mainly recognized by memory loss and cognitive deficits. However, the current therapies against AD are mostly limited to palliative medications, prompting researchers to investigate more efficient therapeutic approaches for AD, such as stem cell therapy. Recent evidence has proposed that extensive neuronal and synaptic loss and altered adult neurogenesis, which is perceived pivotal in terms of plasticity and network maintenance, occurs early in the course of AD, which exacerbates neuronal vulnerability to AD. Thus, regeneration and replenishing the depleted neuronal networks by strengthening the endogenous repair mechanisms or exogenous stem cells and their cargoes is a rational therapeutic approach. Currently, several stem cell-based therapies as well as stem cell products like exosomes, have shown promising results in the early diagnosis of AD. Objective: This review begins with a comparison between AD and normal aging pathophysiology and a discussion on open questions in the field. Next, summarizing the current stem cell-based therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, we declare the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Also, we comprehensively evaluate the human clinical trials of stem cell therapies for AD. Methodology: Peer-reviewed reports were extracted through Embase, PubMed, and Google Scholar until 2021. Results: With several ongoing clinical trials, stem cells and their derivatives (e.g., exosomes) are an emerging and encouraging field in diagnosing and treating neurodegenerative diseases. Although stem cell therapies have been successful in animal models, numerous clinical trials in AD patients have yielded unpromising results, which we will further discuss.

scholarly journals The items in the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic discriminate among different severities of Alzheimer’s disease

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan-rong Zhang ◽  
Yun-Long Ding ◽  
Ke-liang Chen ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Can Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Chinese Version ◽  
Montreal Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Recall Memory ◽  
Item Scores ◽  
Severity Of Dementia

Abstract Background To determine whether items of the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic (MoCA-BC) could discriminate among cognitively normal controls (NC), and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and moderate-severe (AD), as well as their sensitivity and specificity.Methods MCI (n=456), mild AD (n=502) and moderate-severe AD (n=102) patients were recruited from the memory clinic, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai, China. NC (n=329) were recruited from health checkup outpatients. Five MoCA-BC item scores were collected in interviews.Results The MoCA-BC orientation test had high sensitivity and specificity for discrimination among MCI, mild AD and moderate-severe AD. The delayed recall memory test had high sensitivity and specificity for MCI screening. The verbal fluency test was efficient for detecting MCI and differentiating AD severity.Conclusions Various items of the MoCA-BC can identify MCI patients early and identify the severity of dementia.

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