scholarly journals How to Be a Naturalist and a Social Constructivist about Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon A. Conley ◽  
Shane N. Glackin
Keyword(s):  
Social Constructivism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Constructivist ◽  
Concept Of Disease ◽  
Naturalistic Approach ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The One

Debates about the concept of disease have traditionally been framed as a competition between two conflicting approaches: naturalism, on the one hand, and normativism or social constructivism, on the other. In this article, we lay the groundwork for a naturalistic form of social constructivism by (1) dissociating the presumed link between value-free conceptions of disease and a broadly naturalistic approach; (2) offering a naturalistic argument for a form of social constructivism; and (3) suggesting avenues that strike us as especially promising for filling in the details of an alternative approach and addressing the most obvious objections.

scholarly journals Gdy Europa choruje, Rosja nie jest lekarstwem

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 41-57
Author(s):  
Marek Menkiszak
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Policy ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
New Situation ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Ambiguous Position

In the face of a new serious crisis in Europe caused by the coronavirus pandemic, Russia has taken an ambiguous position. On the one hand, it was spreading fake news and, on the other hand, it was providing Italy with symbolic support. Russia’s immediate goal was to persuade the European Union (EU) to reduce or lift sanctions. The new situation provides a new argument to those participants of the European debate who are in favour of normalisation and even reset of relations with Russia. Among them, the voice of France is particularly clear since its President Emanuel Macron has taken up the initiative to build the ‘architecture of trust and security’ with Russia. These proposals, which are now quite vague, are based on questionable  assumptions and deepen divisions in Europe and the crisis in transatlantic relations. By rising Moscow’s hopes for some form of (geo)political bargain, they in fact encourage Russia to continue its aggressive policy towards its European neighbours. An alternative approach based on several principles is needed in the debate on EU policy towards Russia: developing all five Mogherini’s points; maintaining sanctions against Russia until the reasons for their introduction cease to exist; symmetry of commitments and benefits related to limited cooperation with Russia; inviolability of key interests, security and sovereignty of EU and NATO member and partner states; and balancing the dialogue with the Russian authorities by supporting Russian civil society. Europe can survive without Russia but Russia cannot survive without Europe, which is why European policy needs consistency and strategic patience.

Answerability

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Stoljar
Keyword(s):  
Moral Responsibility ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The One ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

This chapter defends externalist or “constitutively relational” conceptions of autonomy through an examination of an alternative approach developed by Andrea Westlund. Westlund develops her approach in response to what has been called the “agency dilemma.” On the one hand, constraining external circumstances seem to undermine autonomy; on the other, the claim that people are nonautonomous because of their circumstances seems to erase their agency and disrespect their evaluative commitments. This chapter distinguishes the necessary and sufficient conditions of several interrelated aspects of agency: autonomy, authentic agential perspective, and moral responsibility. I argue that whereas answerability may be sufficient for moral responsibility, it is not sufficient for autonomy. Objections to externalist conceptions of autonomy, including the agency dilemma, wrongly assume that denying autonomy implies erasing agency. Once it is recognized that autonomy does not always overlap with authentic agential perspective or moral responsibility, the objections lose their force.

How do Facts Speak for Themselves? The Doctrine and Practice of Classical Empiricism

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ben-Chaim
Keyword(s):  
Social Constructivism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Factual Knowledge ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Human Conduct ◽  
Human Understanding ◽  
Collective Processes ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

This study concerns the relationship between agent, author, and matters of fact in the doctrine and practice of classical empiricism. More particularly, it aims to provide a tentative answer to the following questions: how were empirical facts originally considered the principal object of scientific research and communication? What were the images of human conduct and the ethical codes which accompanied the rise of the fact as the prime object of human understanding? What rhetorical sources were originally deployed for the purpose of the communication of scientific factual knowledge? The historical study of empiricism provides a critical perspective on positivism on the one hand, and social constructivism on the other. It yields important insights into the linkage between experience and intentionality and its role in establishing trust in collective processes of learning.

Having discovered this fact, the defendant refused to deliver. A majority of the court held that the parties had contracted on the understanding that that the cow was incapable of breeding. Accordingly, there had been a mistake not merely as to quality, but as to the very nature of the thing sold. It was thought that there was as much difference between an ox and a cow as there was between the animal the plaintiff bought and the one which both parties believed to be the subject matter of the contract. The difficulty with Sherwood v Walker when compared with the reasoning employed in Bell v Lever Bros is that the former looks suspiciously like a case in which the court has rectified what amounts to little more than a bad bargain. One way of viewing the difference between Sherwood and Bell is that the cases reveal a policy conflict in the way different judges approach the issue of risk allocation. On the one hand, there is a market-individualist approach to cases of mistake which seeks to uphold the sanctity of contracts and will therefore result in only the smallest number of cases in which the courts will upset a bargain on the ground of a shared mistake. On the other hand, there are cases in which the courts are more prepared to consider notions of fairness and justice in determining whether a mistake invalidates an agreement. It is not surprising that this alternative approach has developed in equity rather than at common law, as a simple glance at the form of relief granted in each case reveals a substantial difference. The common law answer in cases of shared fundamental mistake is that the contract is void ab initio – the contract is treated as if it never existed. In contrast, the equitable solution is to order rescission of the contract, but on terms that attempt to do justice between the parties. Thus, it is possible in equity to order rescission of the contract but then to add a rider to the effect that there should be a renegotiation of the contract on terms which take account of the fact in respect of which the parties were mistaken. In Solle v Butcher, the defendant leased to the plaintiff a flat. Both parties believed that the relevant property was not covered by the provisions of the Rent Restriction Acts, with the result that the defendant could charge a rent of £250 per annum. However, it later transpired that the relevant legislation was applicable with the result that the maximum rent payable was only £140. Such a mistake would not have been operative at common law, but the court held that the contract was voidable in equity, provided there was a fundamental mistake and no fault on the part of the person seeking relief: Solle v Butcher [1950] 1 KB 671, CA, p 690

1995 ◽  
pp. 324-330
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
The Other ◽  
Risk Allocation ◽  
Policy Conflict ◽  
Relevant Property ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Diskurs-Konstruktionen als mentale Raumkonstruktionen. Zur emotiven Funktion von Literatur aus der Perspektive kognitionslinguistischer Theoriebildungen

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharina Mucha
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Constructivist ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Conceptual Blending ◽  
Literary Context ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Cognitive Narratology ◽  
Mental Spaces ◽  
The One

AbstractThe article begins with a sketch of the state of research in cognitive science with regard to processes of constructing meaning and space in the field of the literary and everyday production and understanding of texts. Constructions of cognitive-linguistic models (conceptual blending, cognitive narratology) in connection with studies in conversational linguistics, research on language acquisition, and social-constructivist theories and ›linguistics of space‹ are considered in the process. Based on this, it is suggested that (emotive) constructions of significance and sense, processes of production and reception in everyday and literary dis­courses, should be regarded as situational and yet at the same time tied to processes of social cognition. This section is followed by a short excursus on Goodman’s theory of the symbol, which presupposes not a reality outside of language but worlds/discourses/realities motivated by cognitive constructivism, which language users produce on a socio-cultural (convention) and an individual and experiential-based level (creativity) and which is developed with a dependence on thought systems.This is followed by a deepened representation of conceptual blending theory in combination with the discussion of frame-semantic approaches. It is pre­sumed that structures of knowledge (frames) are evoked by lexical units (frame elements) and are linked, composed, and elaborated in mental spaces (blends). Moreover, it is on the one hand assumed that frames indeed offer socioculturally anchored structures of knowledge, but that these structures of knowledge stand in a relation of dependence to thought systems and are correspondingly an­chored in emotively different ways for language users. On the other hand, it is assumed that while the linking of elements in mental spaces offers recipients a (potentially) universal possibility of spatiotemporal localizing (for example, from X to Y MOVEMENT), it is at the same time tied to processes of social cognition that for their part are supplied by sociocultural and individual experientially-based structures of knowledge (frames). These theorems are then exemplified by selected literary examples (of the beginnings of novels).This is followed by a sketch of the research on the topic of »language and emotion«. Here, it is assumed that linguistic constructions of emotions are less bound to a so-called vocabulary of emotions than they are to an online process of construction and the use of schematized discourse constructions. On the basis of social-constructivist as well as trends in cognitive grammar construction, the model of (nets of) discourse constructions is developed that is attached to the concept of the sign in construction grammar movements and the concept of the scheme in the cognitive grammar of Langacker as well as to considerations regarding Fauconnier’s notion of construction. Discourse constructions are located on an abstract schema level and represent neither language nor meaning nor reality, but solely general cognitive functions. They can hold fixed space-builders (for example, »if«) by which a mental space is marked from the outset as emotive (in the primordial sense of a marking of delight vs. aversion). Lexical elements which are instantiated, evoke in turn frames whose elements and relations in turn structure the emotively marked space and are linked to blends. Discourse constructions are thus tied on a schema level to cognitive and emotive routines and on an instantiation level on the one hand to socioculturally shaped (emotive elements of) frames and their relations and on the other hand to individual experientially-based (variable) elements of frames and their relations.From this, I derive that emotions are socioculturally formed in their linguistic realization and arise from social cognition, habit, and routine that can also be steered and trained by literary discourse.Drawing on a corpus-based study of Pfeil’sLinguistic constructions in literary discourses also serve, in this perspective, as social steering instruments that offer for composition and elaboration realities of action and emotion in mental constructions of space – embedded in a specific sociopolitical context – and hence contribute to the construction of social cogni­tion. If we remove individual discourse constructions from their literary context, they represent everyday phenomena of interactions by which realities are produced. In this sense, literary constructions of reality and everyday constructions of reality can be considered as two sides of the same (emotive) coin.

scholarly journals Accepting the Exceptional?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochem Zwier
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Technology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Constructivist ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Constructivist Approaches

AbstractThis commentary attempts to contribute to a further elucidation of Dominic Smith’s call for a rehabilitation of the transcendental in philosophy of technology. On the one hand, it focuses on why such a rehabilitation is deemed necessary, particularly in light of Smith’s diagnosis of a contemporary tendency towards reification and presentism. Postphenomenology is discussed as a challenge and invitation to further clarify the stakes. On the other hand, this commentary inquires into how Smith envisages the achievement of a rehabilitation of the transcendental. Further attention is given to Smith’s idea of a renewed sense of the transcendental. Following his own cues and situating this renewal in the philosophical tradition, the question whether the involved philosophical praxis should be primarily understood as political is brought to the fore. In so doing, Smith’s reading and extension of Luciano Floridi’s attempts to move beyond Kant receive special attention, since the transcendental is here understood in terms of conditions of feasibility. The challenge put to Smith is to contrast this approach with social-constructivist approaches on the one hand, and Stiegler’s thought regarding technics and the transcendental on the other. Finally, Smith’s commitment to taking exception is analyzed to ask how and which logic is at play there.

scholarly journals The Performance of Poeticity: Stage Fright and Text Anxiety in Dutch Performance Poetry since the 1960s

Authorship ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaston Franssen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Performance Poetry ◽  
Performance Traditions ◽  
Text Anxiety ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Analysis Of Performance

The relation between performance poetry and poetry criticism, as the latter is generally practiced in newspapers and journals, appears to be strained. This is the result of a clash between two different performance traditions: on the one hand, a tradition that goes back to eighteenth- and nineteenth-century conventions of poetry declamation or recitation; and on the other hand, a tradition based on performance experiments carried out by avant-garde movements during the first half of the twentieth-century. This article charts the different sets of expectations associated with these traditions by analyzing how these expectations became manifest during the Dutch poetry event ‘Poëzie in Carré’ (Febraury 28th, 1966). As will become clear, individual authorship, textual unity, and poetic significance play important, yet very different roles in these two traditions. Furthermore, I put forward an alternative approach to the issue at hand, by focusing on one particular participant in ‘Poëzie in Carré,’ Johnny van Doorn (1944-1991). Thus, this article aims to contribute to a historically aware and more constructive analysis of performance poetry.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document