scholarly journals Historical and technical insight into the human motifs in the glass sculpture

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 589-604
Author(s):  
Maria A. Villegas-Broncano ◽  
J. Alberto Durán-Suárez
Keyword(s):  
Cold Working ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Glass Work ◽  
Technical Glass ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Artistic Value ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Glass Movement

Although glass proto-sculptures were made with deep artistic value since the most remote times, in the late 19th century the glass sculpture was developed, and during the 20th century the Studio Glass Movement reached the maximum level of technical perfection and aesthetic variety. The scientific and technical glass knowledge contributed to achieve appropriate hot and cold working procedures, and the artists improved their designs and creations. This paper focuses on the binomial glass sculpture and human motifs. The historic evolution of the glass sculpture with human motifs is analyzed, taking into account the production techniques and the relationships between the glass work and the expression of the finished artwork. A set of sculptures and sculptors are shown as representative examples of the main historical periods in which the glass plays an important role in the sculpture scene. The human representation in the glass sculpture can be considered as a constant throughout centuries, even though it is not the most frequent creative or ornamental motif. Either figurative or abstract human references can be found, although the former are the majority. This tendency is also present in the contemporary Studio Glass Movement sculptures.

scholarly journals UNREALIZED ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS IN LITHUANIA: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT / NEĮGYVENDINTI ARCHITEKTŪRINIAI PROJEKTAI LIETUVOJE: ISTORINĖ RAIDA

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indrė Gudelytė
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Specific Design ◽  
Building Projects ◽  
Design Task ◽  
Artistic Value ◽  
Architectural Styles ◽  
Historical Periods

The “unrealized architectural projects” are the building projects, carried out under the specific design task and intended to be built in a particular place (site), though, for certain reasons and circumstances, have never been constructed. However, up to the present day, the topic of the “unbuilt” has been analyzed just episodically in literature and sources. The article touches upon the historical development of unrealized architectural works, as well as their artistic value and role within various historical periods of Lithuanian architecture. One of the chapters briefly reviews the relevance and development of unrealized projects during the period since Czarist Russian occupation (1795) to the restoration of Lithuanian independence (1990). Furthermore, the deeper analysis of the Soviet period (1940–1990) “dead” architecture is presented. While exploring “the unrealized”, attention has been also paid to what was actu ally built, therefore the prevailing architectural styles, tendencies and examples of the corresponding decade (in Lithuania and worldwide) have been studied. Santrauka Neįgyvendinti projektai – tai pastatų projektai, atlikti pagal konkrečią projektavimo užduotį ir skirti realizuoti konkrečioje vietoje (sklype), tačiau dėl tam tikrų priežasčių ir aplinkybių neįgavę realaus statinio pavidalo. Iki šiol ši tema literatūros šaltiniuose nagrinėta epizodiškai. Straipsnyje kalbama apie nerealizuotų darbų istorinę raidą, meninę vertę, jų vaidmenį įvairių laikotarpių Lietuvos architektūroje. Viename iš skyrių trumpai apžvelgiamas nerealizuotų projektų aktualumas ir raida nuo carinės Rusijos okupacijos (1795) iki Nepriklausomybės atgavimo metų (1990). Nuodugniau analizuojama sovietinio laikotarpio (1940–1990) vadinamoji mirusi architektūra. Tyrinėjant tai, kas nerealizuota, tenka atkreipti dėmesį ir į tai, kas buvo įgyvendinta: kokios architektūrinės srovės, mados, stiliai, tendencijos vyravo tam tikru periodu ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir pasaulyje.

Folklorism and the Chronotope in the Works of Komitas

10.34690/03 ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 166-175
Author(s):  
А.И. Демченко
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
National Character ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Deep Insight ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Artistic Value ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
The Times ◽  
Insight Into

Будучи одним из самых самобытных музыкантов начала ХХ века, Комитас претворил в своем искусстве ряд характерных для этого времени художественных идей, наиболее примечательные из которых связаны с музыкальным фольклоризмом и с понятием хронотопа. Блистательное композиторское мастерство Комитаса выводило его очень далеко за пределы привычных представлений о жанре фольклорной обработки. Глубокое проникновение в дух и законы родной музыкальной речи позволяло ему широко применять методы полифонической обработки народных мелодий, активно развивать фактуру сопровождения, которая в ряде случае приобретала самостоятельную художественную ценность. Самобытность песен и хоров Комитаса в ряде случаев определяется связью с восточным миросозерцанием, для которого в сравнении с европейским менталитетом характерно особое восприятие времени и пространства. При этом наибольший интерес представляют те образцы, где раскрывается сопричастность к категориям всеобщей материи и вечности. Особенно широко представлено в творчестве Комитаса погружение в природную сферу с растворением в ней человеческого начала. Восхождение к надвременным категориям композитор чаще всего совершает, когда делает основой сочинений фольклорные мелодии, пришедшие из толщи времен и запечатлевшие в себе устойчивые, коренные черты народного характера. Особым достижением Комитаса является то, что он не ограничивается претворением пантеистического и надвременного как отдельных сущностей. В ряде сочинений композитор дает их в соединении, чему опять-таки способствовали особенности восточного понимания хронотопа. Being one of the most original musicians of the early 20th century, Komitas has put into his art a number of typical for this time of artistic ideas, the most notable of which are associated with the musical folklorism and with the concept of the chronotope. His brilliant compositional skills took him far beyond the usual ideas about the genre of folklore processing. A deep insight into the spirit and laws of his native musical speech allowed him to widely apply the methods of polyphonic processing of folk melodies, actively develop the texture of accompaniment, which in some cases acquired an independent artistic value. The identity of Komitass songs and choirs is in some cases determined by the connection with the Eastern worldview, which is characterized by a special perception of time and space in comparison with the European mentality. At the same time, the most interesting are the samples, which reveal participation in the categories of universal matter and eternity. Especially widely represented in the works of Komitas deep immersion in the natural sphere with the dissolution of the human principle in it. The ascent to supra-temporal categories the composer often does, when making the basis of the works of folk tunes, came from strata of the times and depicting in a sustainable, indigenous features of the national character. A special achievement of Komitas is that it is not limited to the implementation of the pantheistic and supra-temporal as separate entities. In a number of works the composer gives them in conjunction, which again contributed to the features of the Eastern understanding of the chronotope.

Conclusions

2020 ◽  
pp. 240-258
Author(s):  
Mary E. Sommar
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Church History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
General Reader ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specialist Knowledge ◽  
Church Law ◽  
The Church ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Insight Into

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter summarizes the conclusions drawn in earlier chapters and provides a brief overview of the question of ecclesiastical servitude up to the twentieth century.

Carolingians and Ecclesiastical Servitude

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-189
Author(s):  
Mary E. Sommar
Keyword(s):  
Church History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
British Isles ◽  
General Reader ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specialist Knowledge ◽  
Church Law ◽  
The Church ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Insight Into

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter discusses slavery in the Carolingian Empire (c. 750–900) and includes an overview of slavery in the British Isles in the first Christian millennium.

scholarly journals The history of neurosurgery and its relation to the development and refinement of the frontotemporal craniotomy

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. E12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ryan Ormond ◽  
Costas G. Hadjipanayis
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
History Of Neurosurgery ◽  
Technical Advances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cerebral Localization ◽  
Great Odds ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

The history of neurosurgery is filled with descriptions of brave surgeons performing surgery against great odds in an attempt to improve outcomes in their patients. In the distant past, most neurosurgical procedures were limited to trephination, and this was sometimes performed for unclear reasons. Beginning in the Renaissance and accelerating through the middle and late 19th century, a greater understanding of cerebral localization, antisepsis, anesthesia, and hemostasis led to an era of great expansion in neurosurgical approaches and techniques. During this process, frontotemporal approaches were also developed and refined over time. Progress often depended on the technical advances of scientists coupled with the innovative ideas and courage of pioneering surgeons. A better understanding of this history provides insight into where we originated as a specialty and in what directions we may go in the future. This review considers the historical events enabling the development of neurosurgery as a specialty, and how this relates to the development of frontotemporal approaches.

The Classical Canon Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 190-239
Author(s):  
Mary E. Sommar
Keyword(s):  
Canon Law ◽  
Church History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specialist Knowledge ◽  
Church Law ◽  
The Church ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Insight Into

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter discusses ecclesiastical slavery in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries and provides an in-depth analysis of the official canon law relevant to the question of ecclesiastical servitude.

Slavery in the Early Church

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-63
Author(s):  
Mary E. Sommar
Keyword(s):  
Church History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Early Church ◽  
General Reader ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specialist Knowledge ◽  
Church Law ◽  
The Church ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Insight Into

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter discusses slavery in the first three centuries of Christianity.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mary E. Sommar
Keyword(s):  
Church History ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
General Reader ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specialist Knowledge ◽  
Church Law ◽  
The Church ◽  
Historical Periods ◽  
Insight Into

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter introduces the question and considers some methodological issues.

The Iron Henry: How One Sword Swallower Advanced Modern Medicine

2020 ◽  
pp. 019459982097616
Author(s):  
Barry D. Long ◽  
Harold S. Pine
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Aerodigestive Tract ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Working Relationship ◽  
Upper Aerodigestive Tract ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Historical Practices ◽  
Insight Into

Sword swallowing is an ancient skill that was developed by the fakirs of India and slowly permeated the globe leading up to the late 19th century. Its rise as a popular circus act in Europe coincided with the surge of inventive young minds in the medical community. This crossroad brought about a working relationship between Dr Adolf Kussmaul and a sword swallower named the “Iron Henry.” Together, they developed a scope that could be passed through the esophagus for evaluation of disease states from the upper aerodigestive tract all the way to the antrum of the stomach. The unique abilities refined by years of sword swallowing were vital in the work to develop and perform the first successful esophagoscopy and then disseminate the technology. This story should not be forgotten and can give insight into how historical practices and modern invention can come together to great effect.

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