Historical and technical insight into the human motifs in the glass sculpture

Although glass proto-sculptures were made with deep artistic value since the most remote times, in the late 19th century the glass sculpture was developed, and during the 20th century the Studio Glass Movement reached the maximum level of technical perfection and aesthetic variety. The scientific and technical glass knowledge contributed to achieve appropriate hot and cold working procedures, and the artists improved their designs and creations. This paper focuses on the binomial glass sculpture and human motifs. The historic evolution of the glass sculpture with human motifs is analyzed, taking into account the production techniques and the relationships between the glass work and the expression of the finished artwork. A set of sculptures and sculptors are shown as representative examples of the main historical periods in which the glass plays an important role in the sculpture scene. The human representation in the glass sculpture can be considered as a constant throughout centuries, even though it is not the most frequent creative or ornamental motif. Either figurative or abstract human references can be found, although the former are the majority. This tendency is also present in the contemporary Studio Glass Movement sculptures.

Art and Industry in Abbasid Governance Era

Abbasid governance era has a special place in history and is considered a huge civilization area of economy, agriculture, industry, and art with its achievements. The aim of this article is to present the Abbasid civilization industry and art. From the art aspect, beautiful artwork, painting, architecture, and music were under severe considerations and stated how music and art were considered and valued by Abbasid caliphs in their artistic meetings. But in as a look toward the industry of the era, papermaking, glass work, carpet weaving, and others introduced as their industry. The result of this article stated some parts of Abbasid governance era art and industry besides their helpful civilization practices in which would be a helpful task for art and industry history fans.

Experimental Study of Micromachining on Borosilicate Glass Using CO2 Laser

Laser beam machining (LBM) is a versatile process that can shape a wide range of engineering materials such as metals, ceramics, polymers, and composite materials. However, machining of glass materials by LBM is a challenge as most of the laser energy is not absorbed by the surface. In this study, an attempt has been made to increase the absorptivity of the glass material by using a coating on the surface of the material. Glass has been used in this study because of its extensive applications in the micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems. The optimal machining depends on both laser parameters and properties of the workpiece material. There are number of laser parameters that can be varied in the laser machining process. It is difficult to find optimal laser parameters due to the mutual interaction of laser parameters. A statistical study based on design of experiment (DoE) has been made to study the effect of coating and parameters like laser power, laser scanning speed, angle of inclination of the workpiece on depth of the slot, width of the slot, aspect ratio, and material removal rate (MRR) in the laser machining process using 2k factorial design and analysis of variance (ANOVA). On an average, four times increase in depth of the slot, two times increase in width of the slot and seven times increase in the MRR were observed in the glass samples with coating when compared to uncoated glass work samples.

Experimental Study of Micromachining on Reflective Surface Using CO2 Laser

Laser Beam Machining (LBM) is one of the versatile non-traditional manufacturing processes. Material removal in LBM is based on high heat flux generated by laser beam which melts and vaporizes the workpiece material in the focused point. Laser Beam Machining process can shape almost all range of engineering materials from metallic alloys to non-metallic alloys as well as composite materials. But one of the main limitations of laser beam machining is the machining of reflective materials. When laser beam is focused on the reflective surface, part of the energy is reflected by the surface and the remaining is absorbed. In this study, an attempt has been made to increase the absorptivity of the reflective material by coating anti-reflective coating on the surface of the material. Glass has been used as reflective material in this study because of its extensive applications in the micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems. The optimal machining depends on both laser parameters and properties of the workpiece material. There are number of laser parameters that can be varied in the laser machining process. It is difficult to find optimal laser parameters due to mutual interaction of laser parameters. A statistical study based on design of experiment (DoE) has been made to study the effect of anti-reflective coating and parameters like laser power, laser scanning speed, angle of inclination of the workpiece on depth of the slot, width of the slot, aspect ratio and material removal rate (MRR) in the laser machining process using 2k factorial design and ANOVA. On an average 4 times increase in depth of the slot, 2 times increase in width of the slot and 7 times increase in the MRR was observed in the glass work samples with anti-reflective coating when compared to glass work samples without anti-reflective coating.

Abrasive Jet Drilling of Glass using Normal-bed and Fluidized-bed AJM Setup

Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM) is a promising unconventional modern machining process used to machine hard and brittle materials. This paper focuses on machining of borosilicate-glass work piece with various grits of zircon abrasives using normal and fluidised bed mixing chamber based AJM setups.The normal AJM setup is first designed and fabricated to conduct the experiments according to the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. Again, some modifications are made in the existing normal mixed chamber to fabricate the fluidized bed mixing chamber based AJM setup and experiments are carried out with the same input parameters on both the AJM setups. The SEM micrograph analysis is performed to study the impact-mechanism and crack-propagation due to AJM.

Modeling of Top Burr Formation in Micro-End Milling of Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass

In this study, an analysis is presented for the formulation of a model in top burr formation to estimate the width of the top burrs formed in micro-end milling process. In this analysis, the width of the top burrs, considered to be the measure of burr size of top burrs, represents the extent of burr formation. The model is applied to quantify the burr formation in Zr-based bulk metallic glass, an amorphous metallic alloy. In this study, micromilling experiments were carried out on the bulk metallic glass work material at different levels of feed rate, axial depth of cut, and cutting speed to compare the experimental values of top burr width with the predicted values. Analysis is carried out to characterize top burr formation based on the experimental results of burr sizes in the up-milling and down-milling side edges, and the influential effects of the cutting parameters on the burr formation are analyzed.

MASONRY WALLS ANALYSIS FROM SHISH MAHAL IN LAHORE - PAKISTAN

Lahore Fort is situated in the north-west corner of the Walled City of Lahore. Shish Mahal within the Lahore Fort was built in 1631-1632 by the then Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. The restoration works were done recently for the ceiling of Shish Mahal including the fixing of the roof, glass work and re-plaster. The side rooms and main courtyard were also restored. Nothing, however was properly proposed and implemented for masonry walls of Shish Mahal on which it is standing. Patches of bricks and plaster have deteriorated from walls due to effect of weather conditions. The main part of Lahore Fort was made of burnt bricks with lime mortar which has deterioration over time due to various reasons. The brick work in Lahore Fort and its special monument Shish Mahal are badly distressed. This research has been done to underscore the reasons behind decay of masonry walls of Shish Mahal and propose some remedial solutions for them. Keywords: Dampness, Deterioration, Erosion, Mortar, Masonry Walls, Shish Mahal, Lahore.