Energy, Communication, Health, Irrigation and Security Infrastructure and its impact on Household Poverty in Pakistan: A Case Study of District Rajanpur, Punjab

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-226
Author(s):  
Furrukh Bashir ◽  
Ismat Nasim ◽  
Rashid Ahmad ◽  
Saddam Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Internet Technologies ◽  
Solar Systems ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Large Family Size ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Security Infrastructure

Infrastructure plays a pivotal role in economic development and for reduction of Households Poverty. The present study aims at investigating the effect of various kinds of infrastructure like Energy, Communication, Health, Irrigation, and Security on Households Poverty in one of the most under-developed districts of Pakistan namely Rajanpur. The survey was conducted for this purpose in the rural and urban areas and the researchers were successful to collect primary data from 300 households. The outcome of logistic regression suggests that Infrastructure in its various kinds i.e. Energy, Communication, Health, Irrigation, and Security are found as sources of lower Households Poverty. Moreover, Age, Education, Income, and value of assets tend to reduce Households poverty while Households poverty is increasing due to large family size and in urban areas of District Rajanpur. It is suggested that Government should give special attention to the provision of 5G internet technologies, access to clean drinking water, and disbursal of soft loans for the solar systems for the under-developed districts of Pakistan.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Managerial Challenges of Affiliated Credit Unions to Cameroon Cooperative Credit Union League (CamCCUL)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Neba Noela Buwah ◽  
Chofor Joyvice
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Credit Unions ◽  
Credit Union ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Corporate Parenting

Aim: This study seeks to analyse the managerial challenges that affiliated Credit Unions to Cameroon Cooperative Credit Union League (CamCCUL) are exposed to. The prevalence of Credit Unions with limited managerial capacities in most Cameroonian communities both in rural and urban areas invites corporate parenting from bigger support and supervisory organizations like CamCCUL. This parenting relationship between CamCCUL and her affiliates presumes superior managerial capabilities to affiliates which in most cases is a misplaced expectation. This is prompted by the fact that these institutions affect a multitude of lives both directly and indirectly. The Agency and Stakeholder theories served as foundation. Study Design: The study adopted a survey and causal exploratory design with both qualitative and quantitative parameters. The focus of the researcher was to explore managerial challenges from the managers themselves and members of credit unions who are better placed to gauge the effectiveness of managerial actions in terms of the service they receive. Place and Duration: This study was conducted between April 2016 and November 2018, involving 138 of the 210 Credit Unions operating mostly in the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon. Methodology: The major instrument for data collection was questionnaire and a pilot study of 50 copies was carried out across various Chapters of CamCCUL. With a population of 210, a stratified sample of 138 was obtained using the Taro Yamane Formula.The primary data was tested to be reliable with a 0.701 consistency coefficient using Cronbach alpha. The study employed Chi-Square as a tool of analysis to measure Credit Unions’ affiliation to CamCCUL and specific Managerial Challenges. Findings: The findings revealed that affiliate Credit Unions to face numerous managerial challenges ranging from structural to resources deficiencies. The most alarming of these problems were the lack of autonomy to take managerial decisions and threats from CamCCUL supervisors. Conclusion: The study concluded that CamCCUL as a league is not operating solely to achieve its mission and has rather kept its affiliated Credit Unions in a tight corner. The researchers recommended that the regulating authorities should render Credit Unions more autonomous where possible. Additionally, there should be well-structured and comprehensive governance policies for the management of all affiliated Credit Unions to comply with.

Discrimination Against People With HIV and AIDS in the Workplace

2022 ◽  
pp. 1255-1275
Author(s):  
Chinwe Rosabelle Nwanna
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Lagos State

The main thrust of the chapter was to explore the discrimination experienced by people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIV) in the workplace in Lagos State. A purposive sample of 80 PLHIV was selected from two local government areas (LGAs) of Lagos state: Epe, a rural setting, and Lagos Mainland, an urban one. Secondary data were obtained from internet sources while primary data were collected through structured interviews September 2005–April 2006. Data were analyzed using SPSS versions 11 and 13. Data between and within the rural and urban areas were also analyzed comparatively. The results indicate that PLHIV experienced instant dismissal from offices, mandatory HIV tests, alienation, denial of promotion, and exclusion from insurance schemes. This indicates that PLHIV's rights were violated. The study recommends intensive HIV education and enforcement of national HIV policy and international legal instruments in the workplace to protect PLHIV's rights.

Age-wise Analysis of Children's Influence in Family Purchase Decisions

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harikishni Harikishni
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
Urban Indian ◽  
The Impact

Children’s age is the most commonly researched variable involving purchase decision influence (Mangleburg, 1990). Previous studies found child's age to be a predominating factor with regard to child's influence across the decision making stages (Beatty and Talpade, 1994). These studies have also found positive correlation between the age of children and the quantum of influence exerted by them on family purchase decisions (Laczniak and Palan, 2004). This study has been undertaken with the specific objective to extend these findings in Indian context, more precisely, to examine the impact of age on Indian children’s influence in family purchase decisions. A “structured non-disguised” pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect the primary data from the students of class eighth to twelfth from 766 families residing in rural and urban areas in Delhi, India. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation and repeated measures ANOVA have been used to analyze and interpret the collected data. As per the analysis results children’s age do not moderate the influence exerted by them in family decision making process, in general, as well as across rural and urban Indian families.

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Framework Planning for Reconstruction and Development of the Kurdistan Region Iraq

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-121
Author(s):  
Othman Karim Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Spatial Integration ◽  
Development Problem ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Agriculture Industry ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Comprehensive Framework

The concept of the case study "comprehensive framework planning" is crucial to consider it encompasses a number of important issues relevant to rebuild and develop the Iraqi Kurdistan– especially the countryside- after miss-failure of the regional government to master the reconstruction and development problem, of which three major interconnected issues that of integration, coordination and sustainable development. It begins to produce connections of integrated governance, spatial integration, and sustainability to those of very local- and regional-based needs. Accordingly, it specifies the root causes the entire accumulated-chronically problems in both rural and urban areas and worked out the related solutions in form of a "frame work planning", within which the interconnected sphere, of Agriculture, industry, environment impacts, housing and related infrastructures integrated.  Then the study assumes that most of the reasons that have led to miss-failure of the regional governments lie in the miss-definition the problem itself that results in the sporadic, disintegrated, disjointed manner of planning actions of institutions that involved directly or indirectly in rehabilitation and development affair of the region. In addition to this, the development problem is still seeing to be as if the provision of housing only.

scholarly journals Few urban–rural differences in older carers' access to community services

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayne Lucke ◽  
Anne Russell ◽  
Leigh Tooth ◽  
Christina Lee ◽  
Melanie Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Perceived Quality ◽  
Community Services ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Caregiving Roles

To examine perceived adequacy of access to information and services, and perceived quality of health and community services, among older female carers across rural and urban areas primary data were collected as part of the ongoing Australian Longitudinal Study on Women?s Health (ALSWH). In all, 306 women in their 70s who had family caregiving roles responded to a nested substudy of the ALSWH. There were few reported differences between urban and rural older carers in their access to health and community services for the people they cared for. In fact, those in rural areas fared slightly better than those in urban areas in awareness of service availability and perceived quality of service. Many older carers in both rural and urban areas do not access health and community services even when appropriate services are available. A better understanding is needed of how support can be delivered to complement older carers? existing arrangements.

scholarly journals ANALISIS STRATEGI PENERIMAAN PAJAK BUMI DAN BANGUNAN PEDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN (PBB P2) SERTA EFEKTIVITAS PENERIMAANNYA DI PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN MINAHASA SELATAN TAHUN 2016-2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernando Viki Tambingon ◽  
Hendrik Manossoh ◽  
Novi S. Budiarso
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Collection Process ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Implementation Of The Strategy ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Based on Law Number 28 of 2009 states that the Land and Building Tax for Rural and Urban Areas is a tax that is controlled by the regional governmentThe purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of the strategy, measure the level of PBB-P2 and countries in South Minahasa Regency in PBB P2 collection. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative data where the primary data to be used will then be analyzed, namely data that can be used for the main purpose of this study.The results of the study indicate that the strategy in UN PBB P2 collection was well implemented, although there were some obstacles in the UN collection process P2. Whereas the acceptance of PBB in P2 in 2016 and 2017 is classified as less effective.

scholarly journals Analysis of Influence on The Level of The Economy, Knowledge of Taxes, and Sanctions on Compliance with Land and Building Tax Payments in Rural and Urban Areas (PBB-P2)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Refi Pratiwi ◽  
Mas Iman Kusnandar
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The People ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Tax Payments ◽  
Linear Regressions

The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the level of the economy, knowledge of taxes, and sanctions on compliance with land and building tax payments in rural and urban areas (PBB-P2) for the people of Cadasari District, Pandeglang Regency. This research uses a quantitative approach. The data source used in this study is primary data; this research was taken by distributing questionnaires to the respondents, namely land and building taxpayers in Cadasari District, Pandeglang Regency. The data analysis method used in this study is multiple linear regressions (Multiple Regression Analysis). This analysis is intended to reveal the influence between several independent variables and the dependent variable. The population in this study was the people of Cadasari District who were registered as land and building taxpayers (PBB-P2) at the end of 2020, namely 2417 people, while the sample using Slovin’s formula was determined as many as 44 samples. The results of the research on the hypothesis that part there is an influence on the level of the economy, knowledge of taxes and sanctions on compliance with the payment of Rural and Urban Land and Building Tax (PBB-P2) for the people of Cadasari District, Pandeglang Regency.

scholarly journals Effects of relative pricing of alternative cooking energy sources on their substitution between rural and urban households in Enugu State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-84
Author(s):  
Anthony NwaJesus Onyekuru ◽  
Eric Eboh ◽  
Chukwuma Otum Ume
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Relative Pricing ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Substitution ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Cooking Energy ◽  
Enugu State

This study investigated the effects of relative pricing of alternative cooking energy sources on their substitution. The study was conducted in Enugu State Nigeria using primary data collected from two hundred and four households from rural and urban areas of the state, using structured questionnaires. The information collected were pattern and levels of energy use, relative pricing of alternative energies and energy substitution pattern. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and Chow test. Results show that the energy sources used in the rural areas are fuelwood (51.5%) and kerosene (48.5), while those used in the urban areas are fuelwood (30.6%), charcoal (31.6%), kerosene (33.7%) and liquefied petroleum gas (4.1%). There was a relative cross inelastic nature of the energy sources. The price of fuel wood varied inversely and directly with quantities of kerosene demanded in the rural and urban areas, respectively, while the price of charcoal had an inverse relationship with the quantities of kerosene consumed in both urban and rural areas. In particular, policies geared towards subsidizng cost of kerosene and LPG and making them more readily available will lead to reduction in the use of fuelwoods and charcoal in both the rural and urban areas, thereby reducing excessive pressure on our forest and green house gas emission..Keywords: Energy substitution, energy pricing, forest conservation

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